Provided by: man-db_2.8.3-2ubuntu0.1_amd64 
NAME
man - an interface to the on-line reference manuals
SYNOPSIS
man [-C file] [-d] [-D] [--warnings[=warnings]] [-R encoding] [-L locale] [-m
system[,...]] [-M path] [-S list] [-e extension] [-i|-I] [--regex|--wildcard]
[--names-only] [-a] [-u] [--no-subpages] [-P pager] [-r prompt] [-7] [-E encoding]
[--no-hyphenation] [--no-justification] [-p string] [-t] [-T[device]] [-H[browser]]
[-X[dpi]] [-Z] [[section] page[.section] ...] ...
man -k [apropos options] regexp ...
man -K [-w|-W] [-S list] [-i|-I] [--regex] [section] term ...
man -f [whatis options] page ...
man -l [-C file] [-d] [-D] [--warnings[=warnings]] [-R encoding] [-L locale] [-P pager]
[-r prompt] [-7] [-E encoding] [-p string] [-t] [-T[device]] [-H[browser]] [-X[dpi]] [-Z]
file ...
man -w|-W [-C file] [-d] [-D] page ...
man -c [-C file] [-d] [-D] page ...
man [-?V]
DESCRIPTION
man is the system's manual pager. Each page argument given to man is normally the name of
a program, utility or function. The manual page associated with each of these arguments
is then found and displayed. A section, if provided, will direct man to look only in that
section of the manual. The default action is to search in all of the available sections
following a pre-defined order ("1 n l 8 3 2 3posix 3pm 3perl 3am 5 4 9 6 7" by default,
unless overridden by the SECTION directive in /etc/manpath.config), and to show only the
first page found, even if page exists in several sections.
The table below shows the section numbers of the manual followed by the types of pages
they contain.
1 Executable programs or shell commands
2 System calls (functions provided by the kernel)
3 Library calls (functions within program libraries)
4 Special files (usually found in /dev)
5 File formats and conventions eg /etc/passwd
6 Games
7 Miscellaneous (including macro packages and conventions), e.g. man(7), groff(7)
8 System administration commands (usually only for root)
9 Kernel routines [Non standard]
A manual page consists of several sections.
Conventional section names include NAME, SYNOPSIS, CONFIGURATION, DESCRIPTION, OPTIONS,
EXIT STATUS, RETURN VALUE, ERRORS, ENVIRONMENT, FILES, VERSIONS, CONFORMING TO, NOTES,
BUGS, EXAMPLE, AUTHORS, and SEE ALSO.
The following conventions apply to the SYNOPSIS section and can be used as a guide in
other sections.
bold text type exactly as shown.
italic text replace with appropriate argument.
[-abc] any or all arguments within [ ] are optional.
-a|-b options delimited by | cannot be used together.
argument ... argument is repeatable.
[expression] ... entire expression within [ ] is repeatable.
Exact rendering may vary depending on the output device. For instance, man will usually
not be able to render italics when running in a terminal, and will typically use
underlined or coloured text instead.
The command or function illustration is a pattern that should match all possible
invocations. In some cases it is advisable to illustrate several exclusive invocations as
is shown in the SYNOPSIS section of this manual page.
EXAMPLES
man ls
Display the manual page for the item (program) ls.
man man.7
Display the manual page for macro package man from section 7.
man -a intro
Display, in succession, all of the available intro manual pages contained within the
manual. It is possible to quit between successive displays or skip any of them.
man -t alias | lpr -Pps
Format the manual page referenced by `alias', usually a shell manual page, into the
default troff or groff format and pipe it to the printer named ps. The default output
for groff is usually PostScript. man --help should advise as to which processor is
bound to the -t option.
man -l -Tdvi ./foo.1x.gz > ./foo.1x.dvi
This command will decompress and format the nroff source manual page ./foo.1x.gz into
a device independent (dvi) file. The redirection is necessary as the -T flag causes
output to be directed to stdout with no pager. The output could be viewed with a
program such as xdvi or further processed into PostScript using a program such as
dvips.
man -k printf
Search the short descriptions and manual page names for the keyword printf as regular
expression. Print out any matches. Equivalent to apropos printf.
man -f smail
Lookup the manual pages referenced by smail and print out the short descriptions of
any found. Equivalent to whatis smail.
OVERVIEW
Many options are available to man in order to give as much flexibility as possible to the
user. Changes can be made to the search path, section order, output processor, and other
behaviours and operations detailed below.
If set, various environment variables are interrogated to determine the operation of man.
It is possible to set the `catch all' variable $MANOPT to any string in command line
format with the exception that any spaces used as part of an option's argument must be
escaped (preceded by a backslash). man will parse $MANOPT prior to parsing its own
command line. Those options requiring an argument will be overridden by the same options
found on the command line. To reset all of the options set in $MANOPT, -D can be
specified as the initial command line option. This will allow man to `forget' about the
options specified in $MANOPT although they must still have been valid.
The manual pager utilities packaged as man-db make extensive use of index database caches.
These caches contain information such as where each manual page can be found on the
filesystem and what its whatis (short one line description of the man page) contains, and
allow man to run faster than if it had to search the filesystem each time to find the
appropriate manual page. If requested using the -u option, man will ensure that the
caches remain consistent, which can obviate the need to manually run software to update
traditional whatis text databases.
If man cannot find a mandb initiated index database for a particular manual page
hierarchy, it will still search for the requested manual pages, although file globbing
will be necessary to search within that hierarchy. If whatis or apropos fails to find an
index it will try to extract information from a traditional whatis database instead.
These utilities support compressed source nroff files having, by default, the extensions
of .Z, .z and .gz. It is possible to deal with any compression extension, but this
information must be known at compile time. Also, by default, any cat pages produced are
compressed using gzip. Each `global' manual page hierarchy such as /usr/share/man or
/usr/X11R6/man may have any directory as its cat page hierarchy. Traditionally the cat
pages are stored under the same hierarchy as the man pages, but for reasons such as those
specified in the File Hierarchy Standard (FHS), it may be better to store them elsewhere.
For details on how to do this, please read manpath(5). For details on why to do this,
read the standard.
International support is available with this package. Native language manual pages are
accessible (if available on your system) via use of locale functions. To activate such
support, it is necessary to set either $LC_MESSAGES, $LANG or another system dependent
environment variable to your language locale, usually specified in the POSIX 1003.1 based
format:
<language>[_<territory>[.<character-set>[,<version>]]]
If the desired page is available in your locale, it will be displayed in lieu of the
standard (usually American English) page.
Support for international message catalogues is also featured in this package and can be
activated in the same way, again if available. If you find that the manual pages and
message catalogues supplied with this package are not available in your native language
and you would like to supply them, please contact the maintainer who will be coordinating
such activity.
For information regarding other features and extensions available with this manual pager,
please read the documents supplied with the package.
DEFAULTS
man will search for the desired manual pages within the index database caches. If the -u
option is given, a cache consistency check is performed to ensure the databases accurately
reflect the filesystem. If this option is always given, it is not generally necessary to
run mandb after the caches are initially created, unless a cache becomes corrupt.
However, the cache consistency check can be slow on systems with many manual pages
installed, so it is not performed by default, and system administrators may wish to run
mandb every week or so to keep the database caches fresh. To forestall problems caused by
outdated caches, man will fall back to file globbing if a cache lookup fails, just as it
would if no cache was present.
Once a manual page has been located, a check is performed to find out if a relative
preformatted `cat' file already exists and is newer than the nroff file. If it does and
is, this preformatted file is (usually) decompressed and then displayed, via use of a
pager. The pager can be specified in a number of ways, or else will fall back to a
default is used (see option -P for details). If no cat is found or is older than the
nroff file, the nroff is filtered through various programs and is shown immediately.
If a cat file can be produced (a relative cat directory exists and has appropriate
permissions), man will compress and store the cat file in the background.
The filters are deciphered by a number of means. Firstly, the command line option -p or
the environment variable $MANROFFSEQ is interrogated. If -p was not used and the
environment variable was not set, the initial line of the nroff file is parsed for a
preprocessor string. To contain a valid preprocessor string, the first line must resemble
'\" <string>
where string can be any combination of letters described by option -p below.
If none of the above methods provide any filter information, a default set is used.
A formatting pipeline is formed from the filters and the primary formatter (nroff or
[tg]roff with -t) and executed. Alternatively, if an executable program mandb_nfmt (or
mandb_tfmt with -t) exists in the man tree root, it is executed instead. It gets passed
the manual source file, the preprocessor string, and optionally the device specified with
-T or -E as arguments.
OPTIONS
Non argument options that are duplicated either on the command line, in $MANOPT, or both,
are not harmful. For options that require an argument, each duplication will override the
previous argument value.
General options
-C file, --config-file=file
Use this user configuration file rather than the default of ~/.manpath.
-d, --debug
Print debugging information.
-D, --default
This option is normally issued as the very first option and resets man's behaviour
to its default. Its use is to reset those options that may have been set in
$MANOPT. Any options that follow -D will have their usual effect.
--warnings[=warnings]
Enable warnings from groff. This may be used to perform sanity checks on the
source text of manual pages. warnings is a comma-separated list of warning names;
if it is not supplied, the default is "mac". See the “Warnings” node in info groff
for a list of available warning names.
Main modes of operation
-f, --whatis
Equivalent to whatis. Display a short description from the manual page, if
available. See whatis(1) for details.
-k, --apropos
Equivalent to apropos. Search the short manual page descriptions for keywords and
display any matches. See apropos(1) for details.
-K, --global-apropos
Search for text in all manual pages. This is a brute-force search, and is likely
to take some time; if you can, you should specify a section to reduce the number of
pages that need to be searched. Search terms may be simple strings (the default),
or regular expressions if the --regex option is used.
Note that this searches the sources of the manual pages, not the rendered text, and
so may include false positives due to things like comments in source files.
Searching the rendered text would be much slower.
-l, --local-file
Activate `local' mode. Format and display local manual files instead of searching
through the system's manual collection. Each manual page argument will be
interpreted as an nroff source file in the correct format. No cat file is
produced. If '-' is listed as one of the arguments, input will be taken from
stdin. When this option is not used, and man fails to find the page required,
before displaying the error message, it attempts to act as if this option was
supplied, using the name as a filename and looking for an exact match.
-w, --where, --path, --location
Don't actually display the manual pages, but do print the location(s) of the source
nroff files that would be formatted.
-W, --where-cat, --location-cat
Don't actually display the manual pages, but do print the location(s) of the cat
files that would be displayed. If -w and -W are both specified, print both
separated by a space.
-c, --catman
This option is not for general use and should only be used by the catman program.
-R encoding, --recode=encoding
Instead of formatting the manual page in the usual way, output its source converted
to the specified encoding. If you already know the encoding of the source file,
you can also use manconv(1) directly. However, this option allows you to convert
several manual pages to a single encoding without having to explicitly state the
encoding of each, provided that they were already installed in a structure similar
to a manual page hierarchy.
Finding manual pages
-L locale, --locale=locale
man will normally determine your current locale by a call to the C function
setlocale(3) which interrogates various environment variables, possibly including
$LC_MESSAGES and $LANG. To temporarily override the determined value, use this
option to supply a locale string directly to man. Note that it will not take
effect until the search for pages actually begins. Output such as the help message
will always be displayed in the initially determined locale.
-m system[,...], --systems=system[,...]
If this system has access to other operating system's manual pages, they can be
accessed using this option. To search for a manual page from NewOS's manual page
collection, use the option -m NewOS.
The system specified can be a combination of comma delimited operating system
names. To include a search of the native operating system's manual pages, include
the system name man in the argument string. This option will override the $SYSTEM
environment variable.
-M path, --manpath=path
Specify an alternate manpath to use. By default, man uses manpath derived code to
determine the path to search. This option overrides the $MANPATH environment
variable and causes option -m to be ignored.
A path specified as a manpath must be the root of a manual page hierarchy
structured into sections as described in the man-db manual (under "The manual page
system"). To view manual pages outside such hierarchies, see the -l option.
-S list, -s list, --sections=list
List is a colon- or comma-separated list of `order specific' manual sections to
search. This option overrides the $MANSECT environment variable. (The -s spelling
is for compatibility with System V.)
-e sub-extension, --extension=sub-extension
Some systems incorporate large packages of manual pages, such as those that
accompany the Tcl package, into the main manual page hierarchy. To get around the
problem of having two manual pages with the same name such as exit(3), the Tcl
pages were usually all assigned to section l. As this is unfortunate, it is now
possible to put the pages in the correct section, and to assign a specific
`extension' to them, in this case, exit(3tcl). Under normal operation, man will
display exit(3) in preference to exit(3tcl). To negotiate this situation and to
avoid having to know which section the page you require resides in, it is now
possible to give man a sub-extension string indicating which package the page must
belong to. Using the above example, supplying the option -e tcl to man will
restrict the search to pages having an extension of *tcl.
-i, --ignore-case
Ignore case when searching for manual pages. This is the default.
-I, --match-case
Search for manual pages case-sensitively.
--regex
Show all pages with any part of either their names or their descriptions matching
each page argument as a regular expression, as with apropos(1). Since there is
usually no reasonable way to pick a "best" page when searching for a regular
expression, this option implies -a.
--wildcard
Show all pages with any part of either their names or their descriptions matching
each page argument using shell-style wildcards, as with apropos(1) --wildcard. The
page argument must match the entire name or description, or match on word
boundaries in the description. Since there is usually no reasonable way to pick a
"best" page when searching for a wildcard, this option implies -a.
--names-only
If the --regex or --wildcard option is used, match only page names, not page
descriptions, as with whatis(1). Otherwise, no effect.
-a, --all
By default, man will exit after displaying the most suitable manual page it finds.
Using this option forces man to display all the manual pages with names that match
the search criteria.
-u, --update
This option causes man to perform an `inode level' consistency check on its
database caches to ensure that they are an accurate representation of the
filesystem. It will only have a useful effect if man is installed with the setuid
bit set.
--no-subpages
By default, man will try to interpret pairs of manual page names given on the
command line as equivalent to a single manual page name containing a hyphen or an
underscore. This supports the common pattern of programs that implement a number
of subcommands, allowing them to provide manual pages for each that can be accessed
using similar syntax as would be used to invoke the subcommands themselves. For
example:
$ man -aw git diff
/usr/share/man/man1/git-diff.1.gz
To disable this behaviour, use the --no-subpages option.
$ man -aw --no-subpages git diff
/usr/share/man/man1/git.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man3/Git.3pm.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/diff.1.gz
Controlling formatted output
-P pager, --pager=pager
Specify which output pager to use. By default, man uses pager, falling back to cat
if pager is not found or is not executable. This option overrides the $MANPAGER
environment variable, which in turn overrides the $PAGER environment variable. It
is not used in conjunction with -f or -k.
The value may be a simple command name or a command with arguments, and may use
shell quoting (backslashes, single quotes, or double quotes). It may not use pipes
to connect multiple commands; if you need that, use a wrapper script, which may
take the file to display either as an argument or on standard input.
-r prompt, --prompt=prompt
If a recent version of less is used as the pager, man will attempt to set its
prompt and some sensible options. The default prompt looks like
Manual page name(sec) line x
where name denotes the manual page name, sec denotes the section it was found under
and x the current line number. This is achieved by using the $LESS environment
variable.
Supplying -r with a string will override this default. The string may contain the
text $MAN_PN which will be expanded to the name of the current manual page and its
section name surrounded by `(' and `)'. The string used to produce the default
could be expressed as
\ Manual\ page\ \$MAN_PN\ ?ltline\ %lt?L/%L.:
byte\ %bB?s/%s..?\ (END):?pB\ %pB\\%..
(press h for help or q to quit)
It is broken into three lines here for the sake of readability only. For its
meaning see the less(1) manual page. The prompt string is first evaluated by the
shell. All double quotes, back-quotes and backslashes in the prompt must be
escaped by a preceding backslash. The prompt string may end in an escaped $ which
may be followed by further options for less. By default man sets the -ix8 options.
The $MANLESS environment variable described below may be used to set a default
prompt string if none is supplied on the command line.
-7, --ascii
When viewing a pure ascii(7) manual page on a 7 bit terminal or terminal emulator,
some characters may not display correctly when using the latin1(7) device
description with GNU nroff. This option allows pure ascii manual pages to be
displayed in ascii with the latin1 device. It will not translate any latin1 text.
The following table shows the translations performed: some parts of it may only be
displayed properly when using GNU nroff's latin1(7) device.
Description Octal latin1 ascii
─────────────────────────────────────────────
continuation hyphen 255 ‐ -
bullet (middle dot) 267 • o
acute accent 264 ´ '
multiplication sign 327 × x
If the latin1 column displays correctly, your terminal may be set up for latin1
characters and this option is not necessary. If the latin1 and ascii columns are
identical, you are reading this page using this option or man did not format this
page using the latin1 device description. If the latin1 column is missing or
corrupt, you may need to view manual pages with this option.
This option is ignored when using options -t, -H, -T, or -Z and may be useless for
nroff other than GNU's.
-E encoding, --encoding=encoding
Generate output for a character encoding other than the default. For backward
compatibility, encoding may be an nroff device such as ascii, latin1, or utf8 as
well as a true character encoding such as UTF-8.
--no-hyphenation, --nh
Normally, nroff will automatically hyphenate text at line breaks even in words that
do not contain hyphens, if it is necessary to do so to lay out words on a line
without excessive spacing. This option disables automatic hyphenation, so words
will only be hyphenated if they already contain hyphens.
If you are writing a manual page and simply want to prevent nroff from hyphenating
a word at an inappropriate point, do not use this option, but consult the nroff
documentation instead; for instance, you can put "\%" inside a word to indicate
that it may be hyphenated at that point, or put "\%" at the start of a word to
prevent it from being hyphenated.
--no-justification, --nj
Normally, nroff will automatically justify text to both margins. This option
disables full justification, leaving justified only to the left margin, sometimes
called "ragged-right" text.
If you are writing a manual page and simply want to prevent nroff from justifying
certain paragraphs, do not use this option, but consult the nroff documentation
instead; for instance, you can use the ".na", ".nf", ".fi", and ".ad" requests to
temporarily disable adjusting and filling.
-p string, --preprocessor=string
Specify the sequence of preprocessors to run before nroff or troff/groff. Not all
installations will have a full set of preprocessors. Some of the preprocessors and
the letters used to designate them are: eqn (e), grap (g), pic (p), tbl (t), vgrind
(v), refer (r). This option overrides the $MANROFFSEQ environment variable.
zsoelim is always run as the very first preprocessor.
-t, --troff
Use groff -mandoc to format the manual page to stdout. This option is not required
in conjunction with -H, -T, or -Z.
-T[device], --troff-device[=device]
This option is used to change groff (or possibly troff's) output to be suitable for
a device other than the default. It implies -t. Examples (provided with
Groff-1.17) include dvi, latin1, ps, utf8, X75 and X100.
-H[browser], --html[=browser]
This option will cause groff to produce HTML output, and will display that output
in a web browser. The choice of browser is determined by the optional browser
argument if one is provided, by the $BROWSER environment variable, or by a compile-
time default if that is unset (usually lynx). This option implies -t, and will
only work with GNU troff.
-X[dpi], --gxditview[=dpi]
This option displays the output of groff in a graphical window using the gxditview
program. The dpi (dots per inch) may be 75, 75-12, 100, or 100-12, defaulting to
75; the -12 variants use a 12-point base font. This option implies -T with the
X75, X75-12, X100, or X100-12 device respectively.
-Z, --ditroff
groff will run troff and then use an appropriate post-processor to produce output
suitable for the chosen device. If groff -mandoc is groff, this option is passed
to groff and will suppress the use of a post-processor. It implies -t.
Getting help
-?, --help
Print a help message and exit.
--usage
Print a short usage message and exit.
-V, --version
Display version information.
EXIT STATUS
0 Successful program execution.
1 Usage, syntax or configuration file error.
2 Operational error.
3 A child process returned a non-zero exit status.
16 At least one of the pages/files/keywords didn't exist or wasn't matched.
ENVIRONMENT
MANPATH
If $MANPATH is set, its value is used as the path to search for manual pages.
MANROFFOPT
The contents of $MANROFFOPT are added to the command line every time man invokes
the formatter (nroff, troff, or groff).
MANROFFSEQ
If $MANROFFSEQ is set, its value is used to determine the set of preprocessors to
pass each manual page through. The default preprocessor list is system dependent.
MANSECT
If $MANSECT is set, its value is a colon-delimited list of sections and it is used
to determine which manual sections to search and in what order. The default is "1
n l 8 3 2 3posix 3pm 3perl 3am 5 4 9 6 7", unless overridden by the SECTION
directive in /etc/manpath.config.
MANPAGER, PAGER
If $MANPAGER or $PAGER is set ($MANPAGER is used in preference), its value is used
as the name of the program used to display the manual page. By default, pager is
used, falling back to cat if pager is not found or is not executable.
The value may be a simple command name or a command with arguments, and may use
shell quoting (backslashes, single quotes, or double quotes). It may not use pipes
to connect multiple commands; if you need that, use a wrapper script, which may
take the file to display either as an argument or on standard input.
MANLESS
If $MANLESS is set, its value will be used as the default prompt string for the
less pager, as if it had been passed using the -r option (so any occurrences of the
text $MAN_PN will be expanded in the same way). For example, if you want to set
the prompt string unconditionally to “my prompt string”, set $MANLESS to
‘-Psmy prompt string’. Using the -r option overrides this environment variable.
BROWSER
If $BROWSER is set, its value is a colon-delimited list of commands, each of which
in turn is used to try to start a web browser for man --html. In each command, %s
is replaced by a filename containing the HTML output from groff, %% is replaced by
a single percent sign (%), and %c is replaced by a colon (:).
SYSTEM If $SYSTEM is set, it will have the same effect as if it had been specified as the
argument to the -m option.
MANOPT If $MANOPT is set, it will be parsed prior to man's command line and is expected to
be in a similar format. As all of the other man specific environment variables can
be expressed as command line options, and are thus candidates for being included in
$MANOPT it is expected that they will become obsolete. N.B. All spaces that
should be interpreted as part of an option's argument must be escaped.
MANWIDTH
If $MANWIDTH is set, its value is used as the line length for which manual pages
should be formatted. If it is not set, manual pages will be formatted with a line
length appropriate to the current terminal (using the value of $COLUMNS, an
ioctl(2) if available, or falling back to 80 characters if neither is available).
Cat pages will only be saved when the default formatting can be used, that is when
the terminal line length is between 66 and 80 characters.
MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING
Normally, when output is not being directed to a terminal (such as to a file or a
pipe), formatting characters are discarded to make it easier to read the result
without special tools. However, if $MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING is set to any non-empty
value, these formatting characters are retained. This may be useful for wrappers
around man that can interpret formatting characters.
MAN_KEEP_STDERR
Normally, when output is being directed to a terminal (usually to a pager), any
error output from the command used to produce formatted versions of manual pages is
discarded to avoid interfering with the pager's display. Programs such as groff
often produce relatively minor error messages about typographical problems such as
poor alignment, which are unsightly and generally confusing when displayed along
with the manual page. However, some users want to see them anyway, so, if
$MAN_KEEP_STDERR is set to any non-empty value, error output will be displayed as
usual.
LANG, LC_MESSAGES
Depending on system and implementation, either or both of $LANG and $LC_MESSAGES
will be interrogated for the current message locale. man will display its messages
in that locale (if available). See setlocale(3) for precise details.
FILES
/etc/manpath.config
man-db configuration file.
/usr/share/man
A global manual page hierarchy.
/usr/share/man/index.(bt|db|dir|pag)
A traditional global index database cache.
/var/cache/man/index.(bt|db|dir|pag)
An FHS compliant global index database cache.
SEE ALSO
apropos(1), groff(1), less(1), manpath(1), nroff(1), troff(1), whatis(1), zsoelim(1),
setlocale(3), manpath(5), ascii(7), latin1(7), man(7), catman(8), mandb(8), the man-db
package manual, FSSTND
HISTORY
1990, 1991 – Originally written by John W. Eaton (jwe@che.utexas.edu).
Dec 23 1992: Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu) applied bug fixes supplied by Willem Kasdorp
(wkasdo@nikhefk.nikef.nl).
30th April 1994 – 23rd February 2000: Wilf. (G.Wilford@ee.surrey.ac.uk) has been
developing and maintaining this package with the help of a few dedicated people.
30th October 1996 – 30th March 2001: Fabrizio Polacco <fpolacco@debian.org> maintained and
enhanced this package for the Debian project, with the help of all the community.
31st March 2001 – present day: Colin Watson <cjwatson@debian.org> is now developing and
maintaining man-db.