bionic (1) wimlib-imagex-apply.1.gz
NAME
wimapply - Apply a WIM image
SYNOPSIS
wimapply WIMFILE [IMAGE] TARGET [OPTION...]
DESCRIPTION
wimapply, or equivalently wimlib-imagex apply, extracts ("applies") an image, or all images, from the
Windows Imaging (WIM) archive WIMFILE.
IMAGE specifies the image in WIMFILE to extract. It may be the 1-based index of an image, the name of an
image, or the keyword "all" to specify all images. It may be omitted if WIMFILE contains only one image.
You can use wiminfo(1) to list the images contained in WIMFILE.
TARGET specifies where to extract the image(s) to. If TARGET is a directory, then the image(s) will be
extracted to that directory as per DIRECTORY EXTRACTION (UNIX) or DIRECTORY EXTRACTION (WINDOWS). If
TARGET does not exist, then a directory will be created there first. Alternatively, if TARGET specifies
a UNIX block device, then the image will be extracted to it as described in NTFS VOLUME EXTRACTION
(UNIX).
Note that wimapply is designed to extract, or "apply", full WIM images. If you instead want to extract
only certain files or directories from a WIM image, use wimextract(1) instead.
If IMAGE is "all", then all images in WIMFILE will be extracted into subdirectories of TARGET named after
the images, falling back to the image index when an image has no name or an unusual name. This is not
yet supported in NTFS VOLUME EXTRACTION (UNIX) mode.
If WIMFILE is "-", then the WIM is read from standard input rather than from disk. See PIPABLE WIMS for
more information.
DIRECTORY EXTRACTION (UNIX)
On UNIX-like systems, a WIM image may be extracted to a directory. This mode has the limitation that
NTFS or Windows-specific metadata will not be extracted. Although some concepts such as hard links,
symbolic links, last access timestamps, and last modification timestamps will be translated to their UNIX
equivalents, other metadata will be lost (with warnings given). Notably, the following types of metadata
will not be extracted in this mode:
• Windows file attribute flags
• Windows security descriptors (e.g. file owners and DACLs)
• File creation timestamps
• Reparse points other than symbolic links and junction points
• Named data streams
• Short filenames (also known as 8.3 names or DOS names).
• Object IDs
These same limitations apply to wimextract. As such, this mode is most useful in situations where NTFS
or Windows-specific metadata is unimportant, e.g. when wanting to extract specific files, or when doing
file archiving only on UNIX-like systems, possibly in combination with --unix-data. When Windows-
specific metadata is important, then either the NTFS VOLUME EXTRACTION (UNIX) mode should be used, or the
Windows version of wimlib should be used (see DIRECTORY EXTRACTION (WINDOWS)).
NTFS VOLUME EXTRACTION (UNIX)
On UNIX-like systems, TARGET may also be specified as a block device (e.g. /dev/sda3) containing an
unmounted NTFS volume. In this mode, wimapply uses libntfs-3g to apply the specified WIM image to the
root directory of the NTFS volume. The target volume should be empty, e.g. newly created by mkntfs(8).
In this mode, NTFS-specific and Windows-specific data and metadata will be extracted, including the
following:
• All data streams of all files except encrypted files, including the unnamed data stream as well as
all named data streams.
• Reparse points, including symbolic links, junction points, and other reparse points.
• File and directory creation, access, and modification timestamps, using the native NTFS resolution of
100 nanoseconds.
• Windows security descriptors, including all components (owner, group, DACL, and SACL).
• Windows file attribute flags
• All names of all files, including names in the Win32 namespace, DOS namespace, Win32+DOS namespace,
and POSIX namespace. This includes hard links.
• Object IDs.
However, encrypted files will not be extracted.
Regardless, since almost all information from the WIM image is restored in this mode, it is possible (and
fully supported) to restore an image of an actual Windows installation using wimapply on a UNIX-like
system as an alternative to using wimapply or DISM on Windows. In the EXAMPLES section below, there is
an example of applying an image from an "install.wim" file as may be found in the Windows installation
media.
Note that to actually boot Windows (Vista or later) from an applied "install.wim" image, you also need to
mark the partition as "bootable" and set up various boot files, such as \BOOTMGR and \BOOT\BCD. The
latter task is most easily accomplished by running bcdboot.exe from a live Windows system such as Windows
PE, but there are other options as well.
Finally, note that this mode uses libntfs-3g directly, without going through the ntfs-3g(8) driver.
Hence, there is no special support for applying a WIM image to a directory on which an NTFS filesystem
has been mounted using ntfs-3g(8); you have to unmount it first. There is also no support for applying a
WIM image to some subdirectory of the NTFS volume; you can only apply to the root directory.
DIRECTORY EXTRACTION (WINDOWS)
On Windows, wimapply (and wimextract) natively support NTFS and Windows-specific metadata. For best
results, the target directory should be located on an NTFS volume and the program should be run with
Administrator privileges; however, non-NTFS filesystems and running without Administrator privileges are
also supported, subject to limitations.
On Windows, wimapply tries to extract as much data and metadata as possible, including:
• All data streams of all files. This includes the default file contents, as well as named data
streams if supported by the target volume.
• Reparse points, including symbolic links, junction points, and other reparse points, if supported by
the target volume. Restoring symlinks requires Administrator privileges. Also see --rpfix and
--norpfix for details on how absolute symbolic links and junctions are extracted.
• File and directory creation, access, and modification timestamps, to the highest resolution supported
by the target volume.
• Security descriptors, if supported by the filesystem and --no-acls is not specified. Note that this,
in general, requires Administrator privileges, and may be only partially successful if the program is
run without Administrator privileges (see --strict-acls).
• File attribute flags, including hidden, compressed, encrypted, sparse, etc, when supported by the
filesystem.
• Short filenames (also known as 8.3 names or DOS names).
• Hard links, if supported by the target filesystem.
• Object IDs, if supported by the target filesystem.
Additional notes about extracting files on Windows:
• wimapply will issue warnings if unable to extract the exact metadata and data of the WIM image due to
limitations of the target filesystem.
• Since encrypted files (with FILE_ATTRIBUTE_ENCRYPTED) are not stored in plaintext in the WIM image,
wimapply cannot restore encrypted files to filesystems not supporting encryption. Therefore, on such
filesystems, encrypted files will not be extracted. Furthermore, even if encrypted files are
restored to a filesystem that supports encryption, they will only be decryptable if the decryption
key is available.
• Files with names that cannot be represented on Windows will not be extracted by default; see
--include-invalid-names.
• Files with full paths over 260 characters (the so-called MAX_PATH) will be extracted, but beware that
such files will be inaccessible to most Windows software and may not be able to be deleted easily.
• On Windows, unless the --no-acls option is specified, wimlib will attempt to restore files' security
descriptors exactly as they are provided in the WIM image. Beware that typical Windows installations
contain files whose security descriptors do not allow the Administrator to delete them. Therefore,
such files will not be able to be deleted, or in some cases even read, after extracting, unless
processed with a specialized program that knows to acquire the SE_RESTORE_NAME and/or SE_BACKUP_NAME
privileges which allow overriding access control lists. This is not a bug in wimlib, which works as
designed to correctly restore the data that was archived, but rather a problem with the access rights
Windows uses on certain files. But if you just want the file data and don't care about security
descriptors, use --no-acls to skip restoring all security descriptors.
• A similar caveat to the above applies to file attributes such as Readonly, Hidden, and System. By
design, on Windows wimlib will restore such file attributes; therefore, extracted files may have
those attributes. If this is not what you want, use the --no-attributes option.
SPLIT WIMS
You may use wimapply to apply images from a split WIM, or wimextract to extract files from a split WIM.
The WIMFILE argument must specify the first part of the split WIM, while the additional parts of the
split WIM must be specified in one or more --ref="GLOB" options. Since globbing is built into the --ref
option, typically only one --ref option is necessary. For example, the names for the split WIM parts
usually go something like:
mywim.swm
mywim2.swm
mywim3.swm
mywim4.swm
mywim5.swm
To apply the first image of this split WIM to the directory "dir", run:
wimapply mywim.swm 1 dir --ref="mywim*.swm"
PIPABLE WIMS
wimapply also supports applying a WIM from a nonseekable file, such as a pipe, provided that the WIM was
captured in the wimlib-specific pipable format using --pipable (see wimcapture(1)). To use standard
input as the WIM, specify "-" as WIMFILE. A possible use of this feature is to apply a WIM image being
streamed from the network. For example, to apply the first image from a WIM file available on a HTTP
server to an NTFS volume on /dev/sda1, run something like:
wget -O - http://myserver/mywim.wim | wimapply - 1 /dev/sda1
Pipable WIMs may also be split into multiple parts, just like normal WIMs. To apply a split pipable WIM
from a pipe, the parts must be concatenated and all written to the pipe. The first part must be sent
first, but the remaining parts may be sent in any order.
OPTIONS
--check
Before applying the image, verify the integrity of WIMFILE if it has extra integrity information.
--ref="GLOB"
File glob of additional WIMs or split WIM parts to reference resources from. See SPLIT_WIMS. This
option can be specified multiple times. Note: GLOB is listed in quotes because it is interpreted
by wimapply and may need to be quoted to protect against shell expansion.
--rpfix, --norpfix
Set whether to fix targets of absolute symbolic links (reparse points in Windows terminology) or
not. When enabled (--rpfix), extracted absolute symbolic links that are marked in the WIM image as
being fixed are assumed to have absolute targets relative to the image root, and therefore wimapply
prepends the absolute path to the extraction target directory to their targets. The intention is
that you can apply an image containing absolute symbolic links and still have them be valid after
it has been applied to any location.
The default behavior is --rpfix if any images in WIMFILE have been captured with reparse-point
fixups done. Otherwise, it is --norpfix.
Reparse point fixups are never done in the NTFS volume extraction mode on UNIX-like systems.
--unix-data
(UNIX-like systems only) Restore UNIX-specific metadata and special files that were captured by
wimcapture with the --unix-data option. This includes: standard UNIX file permissions (owner,
group, and mode); device nodes, named pipes, and sockets; and extended attributes (Linux-only).
--no-acls
Do not restore security descriptors on extracted files and directories.
--strict-acls
Fail immediately if the full security descriptor of any file or directory cannot be set exactly as
specified in the WIM file. If this option is not specified, when wimapply on Windows does not have
permission to set a security descriptor on an extracted file, it falls back to setting it only
partially (e.g. with SACL omitted), and in the worst case omits it entirely. However, this should
only be a problem when running wimapply without Administrator rights. Also, on UNIX-like systems,
this flag can also be combined with --unix-data to cause wimapply to issue an error if UNIX
permissions are unable to be applied to an extracted file.
--no-attributes
Do not restore Windows file attributes such as readonly, hidden, etc.
--include-invalid-names
Extract files and directories with invalid names by replacing characters and appending a suffix
rather than ignoring them. Exactly what is considered an "invalid" name is platform-dependent.
On POSIX-compliant systems, filenames are case-sensitive and may contain any byte except '\0' and
´/', so on a POSIX-compliant system this option will only have an effect in the unlikely case that
the WIM image for some reason has a filename containing one of these characters.
On Windows, filenames are case-insensitive(*), cannot include control characters, and cannot
include the characters '/', ´\0', '\', ':', '*', '?', ´"', '<', '>', or '|'. Ordinarily, files in
WIM images should meet these conditions as well. However, it is not guaranteed, and in particular a
WIM image captured with wimcapture on a POSIX-compliant system could contain such files. By
default, invalid names will be ignored, and if there are multiple names differing only in case, one
will be chosen to extract arbitrarily; however, with --include-invalid-names, all names will be
sanitized and extracted in some form.
(*) Unless the ObCaseInsensitive setting has been set to 0 in the Windows registry, in which case
certain software, including the Windows version of wimapply, will honor case-sensitive filenames on
NTFS and other compatible filesystems.
--wimboot
Windows only: Instead of extracting the files themselves, extract "pointer files" back to the WIM
archive(s). This can result in significant space savings. However, it comes at several potential
costs, such as not being able to delete the WIM archive(s) and possibly having slower access to
files. See Microsoft's documentation for "WIMBoot" for more information.
If it exists, the [PrepopulateList] section of the file \Windows\System32\WimBootCompress.ini in
the WIM image will be read. Files matching any of these patterns will be extracted normally, not
as WIMBoot "pointer files". This is helpful for certain files that Windows needs to read early in
the boot process.
This option only works when the program is run as an Administrator and the target volume is NTFS or
another filesystem that supports reparse points.
In addition, this option works best when running on Windows 8.1 Update 1 or later, since that is
the first version of Windows that contains the Windows Overlay Filesystem filter driver ("WOF").
If the WOF driver is detected, wimlib will create the WIMBoot "pointer files" using documented
ioctls provided by WOF.
Otherwise, if the WOF driver is not detected, wimlib will create the reparse points and edit the
file "\System Volume Information\WimOverlay.dat" on the target volume manually. This is
potentially subject to problems, since although the code works in certain tested cases, neither of
these data formats is actually documented by Microsoft. Before overwriting this file, wimlib will
save the previous version in "\System Volume Information\WimOverlay.wimlib_backup", which you
potentially could restore if you needed to.
You actually can still do a --wimboot extraction even if the WIM image is not marked as "WIMBoot-
compatible". This option causes the extracted files to be set as "externally backed" by the WIM
file. Microsoft's driver which implements this "external backing" functionality seemingly does not
care whether the image(s) in the WIM are really marked as WIMBoot-compatible. Therefore, the
"WIMBoot-compatible" tag (<WIMBOOT> in the XML data) seems to be a marker for intent only. In
addition, the Microsoft driver can externally back files from WIM files that use XPRESS chunks of
size 8192, 16384, and 32768, or LZX chunks of size 32768, in addition to the default XPRESS chunks
of size 4096 that are created when wimcapture is run with the --wimboot option.
--compact=FORMAT
Windows-only: compress the extracted files using System Compression, when possible. This only
works on either Windows 10 or later, or on an older Windows to which Microsoft's wofadk.sys driver
has been added. Several different compression formats may be used with System Compression, and one
must be specified as FORMAT. The choices are: xpress4k, xpress8k, xpress16k, and lzx.
Exclusions are handled in the same way as with the --wimboot option. That is: if it exists, the
[PrepopulateList] section of the file \Windows\System32\WimBootCompress.ini in the WIM image will
be read, and files matching any of the patterns in this section will not be compressed. In
addition, wimlib has a hardcoded list of files for which it knows, for compatibility with the
Windows bootloader, to override the requested compression format.
NOTES
Data integrity: WIM files include checksums of file data. To detect accidental (non-malicious) data
corruption, wimlib calculates the checksum of every file it extracts and issues an error if it does not
have the expected value. (This default behavior seems equivalent to the /verify option of ImageX.) In
addition, a WIM file can include an integrity table (extra checksums) over the raw data of the entire WIM
file. For performance reasons wimlib does not check the integrity table by default, but the --check
option can be passed to make it do so.
ESD files: wimlib can extract files from solid-compressed WIMs, or "ESD" (.esd) files, just like from
normal WIM (.wim) files. However, Microsoft sometimes distributes ESD files with encrypted segments;
wimlib cannot extract such files until they are first decrypted.
Security: wimlib has been carefully written to validate all input and is believed to be secure against
some types of attacks which often plague other file archiving programs, e.g. directory traversal attacks
(which, as it happens, Microsoft's WIM software is vulnerable to). Important parts of wimlib, e.g. the
decompressors, have also been fuzz tested. However, wimlib is not currently designed to protect against
some types of denial-of-service (DOS) attacks, e.g. memory exhaustion or "zip bombs".
EXAMPLES
Extract the first image from the Windows PE WIM on the Windows installation media to the directory
"boot":
wimapply /mnt/windows/sources/boot.wim 1 boot
On Windows, apply an image of an entire volume, for example from "install.wim" which can be found on the
Windows installation media:
wimapply install.wim 1 E:\
Same as above, but running on a UNIX-like system where the corresponding partition is /dev/sda2:
wimapply install.wim 1 /dev/sda2
Note that before running either of the above commands, an NTFS filesystem may need to be created on the
partition, for example with format.exe on Windows or mkntfs(8) on UNIX-like systems. For example, on
UNIX you might run:
mkntfs /dev/sda2 && wimapply install.wim 1 /dev/sda2
(Of course don't do that if you don't want to destroy all existing data on the partition!)
See SPLIT WIMS and PIPABLE WIMS for examples of applying split and pipable WIMs, respectively.
SEE ALSO
wimlib-imagex(1) wimcapture(1) wimextract(1) wiminfo(1)