Provided by: zstd_1.3.3+dfsg-2ubuntu1.2_amd64 
NAME
zstd - zstd, zstdmt, unzstd, zstdcat - Compress or decompress .zst files
SYNOPSIS
zstd [OPTIONS] [-|INPUT-FILE] [-o OUTPUT-FILE]
zstdmt is equivalent to zstd -T0
unzstd is equivalent to zstd -d
zstdcat is equivalent to zstd -dcf
DESCRIPTION
zstd is a fast lossless compression algorithm and data compression tool, with command line syntax similar
to gzip (1) and xz (1). It is based on the LZ77 family, with further FSE & huff0 entropy stages. zstd
offers highly configurable compression speed, with fast modes at > 200 MB/s per code, and strong modes
nearing lzma compression ratios. It also features a very fast decoder, with speeds > 500 MB/s per core.
zstd command line syntax is generally similar to gzip, but features the following differences :
• Source files are preserved by default. It´s possible to remove them automatically by using the --rm
command.
• When compressing a single file, zstd displays progress notifications and result summary by default.
Use -q to turn them off.
• zstd does not accept input from console, but it properly accepts stdin when it´s not the console.
• zstd displays a short help page when command line is an error. Use -q to turn it off.
zstd compresses or decompresses each file according to the selected operation mode. If no files are given
or file is -, zstd reads from standard input and writes the processed data to standard output. zstd will
refuse to write compressed data to standard output if it is a terminal : it will display an error message
and skip the file. Similarly, zstd will refuse to read compressed data from standard input if it is a
terminal.
Unless --stdout or -o is specified, files are written to a new file whose name is derived from the source
file name:
• When compressing, the suffix .zst is appended to the source filename to get the target filename.
• When decompressing, the .zst suffix is removed from the source filename to get the target filename
Concatenation with .zst files
It is possible to concatenate .zst files as is. zstd will decompress such files as if they were a single
.zst file.
OPTIONS
Integer suffixes and special values
In most places where an integer argument is expected, an optional suffix is supported to easily indicate
large integers. There must be no space between the integer and the suffix.
KiB Multiply the integer by 1,024 (2^10). Ki, K, and KB are accepted as synonyms for KiB.
MiB Multiply the integer by 1,048,576 (2^20). Mi, M, and MB are accepted as synonyms for MiB.
Operation mode
If multiple operation mode options are given, the last one takes effect.
-z, --compress
Compress. This is the default operation mode when no operation mode option is specified and no
other operation mode is implied from the command name (for example, unzstd implies --decompress).
-d, --decompress, --uncompress
Decompress.
-t, --test
Test the integrity of compressed files. This option is equivalent to --decompress --stdout except
that the decompressed data is discarded instead of being written to standard output. No files are
created or removed.
-b# Benchmark file(s) using compression level #
--train FILEs
Use FILEs as a training set to create a dictionary. The training set should contain a lot of small
files (> 100).
-l, --list
Display information related to a zstd compressed file, such as size, ratio, and checksum. Some of
these fields may not be available. This command can be augmented with the -v modifier.
Operation modifiers
-# # compression level [1-19] (default: 3)
--ultra
unlocks high compression levels 20+ (maximum 22), using a lot more memory. Note that decompression
will also require more memory when using these levels.
--long[=#]
enables long distance matching with # windowLog, if not # is not present it defaults to 27. This
increases the window size (windowLog) and memory usage for both the compressor and decompressor.
This setting is designed to improve the compression ratio for files with long matches at a large
distance.
Note: If windowLog is set to larger than 27, --long=windowLog or --memory=windowSize needs to be
passed to the decompressor.
-T#, --threads=#
Compress using # threads (default: 1). If # is 0, attempt to detect and use the number of physical
CPU cores. In all cases, the nb of threads is capped to ZSTDMT_NBTHREADS_MAX==256. This modifier
does nothing if zstd is compiled without multithread support.
-D file
use file as Dictionary to compress or decompress FILE(s)
--nodictID
do not store dictionary ID within frame header (dictionary compression). The decoder will have to
rely on implicit knowledge about which dictionary to use, it won´t be able to check if it´s
correct.
-o file
save result into file (only possible with a single INPUT-FILE)
-f, --force
overwrite output without prompting, and (de)compress symbolic links
-c, --stdout
force write to standard output, even if it is the console
--[no-]sparse
enable / disable sparse FS support, to make files with many zeroes smaller on disk. Creating
sparse files may save disk space and speed up decompression by reducing the amount of disk I/O.
default : enabled when output is into a file, and disabled when output is stdout. This setting
overrides default and can force sparse mode over stdout.
--rm remove source file(s) after successful compression or decompression
-k, --keep
keep source file(s) after successful compression or decompression. This is the default behavior.
-r operate recursively on dictionaries
--format=FORMAT
compress and decompress in other formats. If compiled with support, zstd can compress to or
decompress from other compression algorithm formats. Possibly available options are gzip, xz,
lzma, and lz4.
-h/-H, --help
display help/long help and exit
-V, --version
display version number and exit. Advanced : -vV also displays supported formats. -vvV also
displays POSIX support.
-v verbose mode
-q, --quiet
suppress warnings, interactivity, and notifications. specify twice to suppress errors too.
-C, --[no-]check
add integrity check computed from uncompressed data (default : enabled)
-- All arguments after -- are treated as files
DICTIONARY BUILDER
zstd offers dictionary compression, useful for very small files and messages. It´s possible to train zstd
with some samples, the result of which is saved into a file called a dictionary. Then during compression
and decompression, reference the same dictionary. It will improve compression ratio of small files.
Typical gains range from 10% (at 64KB) to x5 better (at <1KB).
--train FILEs
Use FILEs as training set to create a dictionary. The training set should contain a lot of small
files (> 100), and weight typically 100x the target dictionary size (for example, 10 MB for a 100
KB dictionary).
Supports multithreading if zstd is compiled with threading support. Additional parameters can be
specified with --train-cover. The legacy dictionary builder can be accessed with --train-legacy.
Equivalent to --train-cover=d=8,steps=4.
-o file
Dictionary saved into file (default name: dictionary).
--maxdict=#
Limit dictionary to specified size (default: 112640).
-B# Split input files in blocks of size # (default: no split)
--dictID=#
A dictionary ID is a locally unique ID that a decoder can use to verify it is using the right
dictionary. By default, zstd will create a 4-bytes random number ID. It´s possible to give a
precise number instead. Short numbers have an advantage : an ID < 256 will only need 1 byte in the
compressed frame header, and an ID < 65536 will only need 2 bytes. This compares favorably to 4
bytes default. However, it´s up to the dictionary manager to not assign twice the same ID to 2
different dictionaries.
--train-cover[=k#,d=#,steps=#]
Select parameters for the default dictionary builder algorithm named cover. If d is not specified,
then it tries d = 6 and d = 8. If k is not specified, then it tries steps values in the range [50,
2000]. If steps is not specified, then the default value of 40 is used. Requires that d <= k.
Selects segments of size k with highest score to put in the dictionary. The score of a segment is
computed by the sum of the frequencies of all the subsegments of size d. Generally d should be in
the range [6, 8], occasionally up to 16, but the algorithm will run faster with d <= 8. Good
values for k vary widely based on the input data, but a safe range is [2 * d, 2000]. Supports
multithreading if zstd is compiled with threading support.
Examples:
zstd --train-cover FILEs
zstd --train-cover=k=50,d=8 FILEs
zstd --train-cover=d=8,steps=500 FILEs
zstd --train-cover=k=50 FILEs
--train-legacy[=selectivity=#]
Use legacy dictionary builder algorithm with the given dictionary selectivity (default: 9). The
smaller the selectivity value, the denser the dictionary, improving its efficiency but reducing
its possible maximum size. --train-legacy=s=# is also accepted.
Examples:
zstd --train-legacy FILEs
zstd --train-legacy=selectivity=8 FILEs
BENCHMARK
-b# benchmark file(s) using compression level #
-e# benchmark file(s) using multiple compression levels, from -b# to -e# (inclusive)
-i# minimum evaluation time, in seconds (default : 3s), benchmark mode only
-B#, --block-size=#
cut file(s) into independent blocks of size # (default: no block)
--priority=rt
set process priority to real-time
Output Format: CompressionLevel#Filename : IntputSize -> OutputSize (CompressionRatio), CompressionSpeed,
DecompressionSpeed
Methodology: For both compression and decompression speed, the entire input is compressed/decompressed
in-memory to measure speed. A run lasts at least 1 sec, so when files are small, they are
compressed/decompressed several times per run, in order to improve measurement accuracy.
ADVANCED COMPRESSION OPTIONS
--zstd[=options]:
zstd provides 22 predefined compression levels. The selected or default predefined compression level can
be changed with advanced compression options. The options are provided as a comma-separated list. You may
specify only the options you want to change and the rest will be taken from the selected or default
compression level. The list of available options:
strategy=strat, strat=strat
Specify a strategy used by a match finder.
There are 8 strategies numbered from 1 to 8, from faster to stronger: 1=ZSTD_fast, 2=ZSTD_dfast,
3=ZSTD_greedy, 4=ZSTD_lazy, 5=ZSTD_lazy2, 6=ZSTD_btlazy2, 7=ZSTD_btopt, 8=ZSTD_btultra.
windowLog=wlog, wlog=wlog
Specify the maximum number of bits for a match distance.
The higher number of increases the chance to find a match which usually improves compression
ratio. It also increases memory requirements for the compressor and decompressor. The minimum wlog
is 10 (1 KiB) and the maximum is 30 (1 GiB) on 32-bit platforms and 31 (2 GiB) on 64-bit
platforms.
Note: If windowLog is set to larger than 27, --long=windowLog or --memory=windowSize needs to be
passed to the decompressor.
hashLog=hlog, hlog=hlog
Specify the maximum number of bits for a hash table.
Bigger hash tables cause less collisions which usually makes compression faster, but requires more
memory during compression.
The minimum hlog is 6 (64 B) and the maximum is 26 (128 MiB).
chainLog=clog, clog=clog
Specify the maximum number of bits for a hash chain or a binary tree.
Higher numbers of bits increases the chance to find a match which usually improves compression
ratio. It also slows down compression speed and increases memory requirements for compression.
This option is ignored for the ZSTD_fast strategy.
The minimum clog is 6 (64 B) and the maximum is 28 (256 MiB).
searchLog=slog, slog=slog
Specify the maximum number of searches in a hash chain or a binary tree using logarithmic scale.
More searches increases the chance to find a match which usually increases compression ratio but
decreases compression speed.
The minimum slog is 1 and the maximum is 26.
searchLength=slen, slen=slen
Specify the minimum searched length of a match in a hash table.
Larger search lengths usually decrease compression ratio but improve decompression speed.
The minimum slen is 3 and the maximum is 7.
targetLen=tlen, tlen=tlen
Specify the minimum match length that causes a match finder to stop searching for better matches.
A larger minimum match length usually improves compression ratio but decreases compression speed.
This option is only used with strategies ZSTD_btopt and ZSTD_btultra.
The minimum tlen is 4 and the maximum is 999.
overlapLog=ovlog, ovlog=ovlog
Determine overlapSize, amount of data reloaded from previous job. This parameter is only available
when multithreading is enabled. Reloading more data improves compression ratio, but decreases
speed.
The minimum ovlog is 0, and the maximum is 9. 0 means "no overlap", hence completely independent
jobs. 9 means "full overlap", meaning up to windowSize is reloaded from previous job. Reducing
ovlog by 1 reduces the amount of reload by a factor 2. Default ovlog is 6, which means "reload
windowSize / 8". Exception : the maximum compression level (22) has a default ovlog of 9.
ldmHashLog=ldmhlog, ldmhlog=ldmhlog
Specify the maximum size for a hash table used for long distance matching.
This option is ignored unless long distance matching is enabled.
Bigger hash tables usually improve compression ratio at the expense of more memory during
compression and a decrease in compression speed.
The minimum ldmhlog is 6 and the maximum is 26 (default: 20).
ldmSearchLength=ldmslen, ldmslen=ldmslen
Specify the minimum searched length of a match for long distance matching.
This option is ignored unless long distance matching is enabled.
Larger/very small values usually decrease compression ratio.
The minimum ldmslen is 4 and the maximum is 4096 (default: 64).
ldmBucketSizeLog=ldmblog, ldmblog=ldmblog
Specify the size of each bucket for the hash table used for long distance matching.
This option is ignored unless long distance matching is enabled.
Larger bucket sizes improve collision resolution but decrease compression speed.
The minimum ldmblog is 0 and the maximum is 8 (default: 3).
ldmHashEveryLog=ldmhevery, ldmhevery=ldmhevery
Specify the frequency of inserting entries into the long distance matching hash table.
This option is ignored unless long distance matching is enabled.
Larger values will improve compression speed. Deviating far from the default value will likely
result in a decrease in compression ratio.
The default value is wlog - ldmhlog.
-B#:
Select the size of each compression job. This parameter is available only when multi-threading is
enabled. Default value is 4 * windowSize, which means it varies depending on compression level. -B# makes
it possible to select a custom value. Note that job size must respect a minimum value which is enforced
transparently. This minimum is either 1 MB, or overlapSize, whichever is largest.
Example
The following parameters sets advanced compression options to those of predefined level 19 for files
bigger than 256 KB:
--zstd=windowLog=23,chainLog=23,hashLog=22,searchLog=6,searchLength=3,targetLength=48,strategy=6
BUGS
Report bugs at: https://github.com/facebook/zstd/issues
AUTHOR
Yann Collet