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NAME
Graphic, FullGraphic - structured graphic abstract base class and subclass that stores a complete set of
graphics state attributes
SYNOPSIS
#include <Unidraw/Graphic/graphic.h>
DESCRIPTION
Graphic is an abstract base class for structured graphics objects. Graphic objects maintain graphics
state and geometric information, which lets them draw themselves on demand and support hit detection.
Graphic subclasses can implement graphical objects such as lines, rectangles, ellipses, and polygons.
Subclasses can also support hierarchical composition of Graphic instances, thus providing an object-
oriented rendition of traditional structured graphics functionality.
GRAPHIC PUBLIC OPERATIONS
virtual void Draw(Canvas*)
virtual void Draw(Canvas*, Coord, Coord, Coord, Coord)
virtual void DrawClipped(Canvas*, Coord, Coord, Coord, Coord)
virtual void Erase(Canvas*)
virtual void Erase(Canvas*, Coord, Coord, Coord, Coord)
virtual void EraseClipped(Canvas*, Coord, Coord, Coord, Coord)
Draw or erase the graphic on the given canvas. The one-parameter Draw and Erase operations draw
and erase the graphic in its entirety. The five-parameter forms take four coordinates defining a
rectangular area with which to cull drawing. Composite graphics in particular can use this
information to avoid drawing children falling entirely outside the given area. DrawClipped and
EraseClipped draw the graphic strictly within a rectangular area. All Coord parameters are in
canvas coordinates.
virtual void FillBg(boolean)
virtual void SetBrush(PSBrush*)
virtual void SetColors(PSColor* fg, PSColor* bg)
virtual void SetFont(PSFont*)
virtual void SetPattern(PSPattern*)
virtual int BgFilled()
virtual PSBrush* GetBrush()
virtual PSColor* GetFgColor()
virtual PSColor* GetBgColor()
virtual PSFont* GetFont()
virtual PSPattern* GetPattern()
Set and get the graphic's graphic state attributes analogous to those defined for Painters. The
base class implements the operations for setting and getting the fill mode and colors; the other
operations should be redefined in subclasses that need them.
void Translate(float dx, float dy)
void Scale(float x, float y, float cx = 0.0, float cy = 0.0)
void Rotate(float angle, float cx = 0.0, float cy = 0.0)
void SetTransformer(Transformer*)
Transformer* GetTransformer()
void TotalTransformation(Transformer& t)
Coordinates passed to drawing operations are transformed according to the current translation,
rotation, and scale factor. Optionally, scaling and rotation can be performed relative to a point
(cx, cy). The base class stores a transformer _t that can be directly set and accessed with
SetTransformer and GetTransformer. The default transformer is nil, meaning no transformations are
performed. TotalTransformation uses concatTransformer (described below) to concatenate t (usually
the identity transformation) and the transformers of the graphic's parents to obtain the graphic's
total transformation, which it then stores in t.
Unless otherwise noted, input and output coordinates are affected by the concatenation of this's
transformer, its parent's transformer, its parent's parent's, and so on up to the root of the
graphic instance hierarchy. Prior to transformation, coordinates reflect the graphic's coordinate
system. Following transformation, the coordinates reflect the canvas coordinate system (i.e.,
they are canvas coordinates). The coordinates that Graphic subclass constructors require are
normally in graphic coordinates, while operations for returning a graphic's bounding box (see
below) are in canvas coordinates.
void Align(Alignment, Graphic*, Alignment)
Position the given graphic relative to this, which stays fixed, while the graphic supplied as the
argument is translated appropriately. The first Alignment parameter specifies the alignment with
respect to this, while the second specifies the alignment with respect to the given graphic.
virtual void GetBounds(
float& left, float& bottom, float& right, float& top
)
Return the exact coordinates of the smallest box circumscribing the graphic. The return values
are in canvas coordinates.
void GetBox(Coord& left, Coord& bottom, Coord& right, Coord& top)
void GetBox(BoxObj&)
Return the smallest bounding box circumscribing the graphic. The return values are in canvas
coordinates. The BoxObj represents a rectangle defined by lower left and upper right coordinates
(see geomobjs(3U) for details).
virtual void GetCenter(float& x, float& y)
Return the center point of the graphic in canvas coordinates.
virtual boolean Contains(PointObj&)
virtual boolean Intersects(BoxObj&)
Return whether or not the graphic contains the given point or intersects the given rectangular
area specified in canvas coordinates. PointObj describes a point (see geomobjs(3U)). These
operations are used most often for fine-grained hit detection.
void SetTag(void*)
void* GetTag()
Set or return a tag associated with the graphic.
Graphic* Parent()
Return the graphic's parent, if any.
virtual void First(Iterator&)
virtual void Last(Iterator&)
virtual void Next(Iterator&)
virtual void Prev(Iterator&)
virtual boolean Done(Iterator)
Operations for iterating over the graphic's children, if any. These operations do nothing by
default. Graphics that compose other graphics should redefine these operations to permit traversal
of their children. First and Last initialize an iterator to point to the beginning and end of the
list of children, respectively. Next increments the iterator to point to the following child,
while Prev decrements the iterator to point to the preceding child. Done returns whether or not
the iterator points beyond the first or last child in the list.
Graphic* GetGraphic(Iterator)
void SetGraphic(Graphic*, Iterator&)
These operations do nothing by default. Subclasses that contain children should redefine them as
follows: GetGraphic should return the graphic to which an iterator points. SetGraphic should
initialize the iterator to point to a particular graphic in the list of children; it should
initialize the iterator to point to a nil instance if the given graphic is not a child.
virtual void Bequeath()
Bequeath does nothing by default. Composite graphic subclasses should redefine it so that it
propagates to the children all the graphics state in this that can affect them. This will prevent
a change in a child's appearance should it be removed from this. Following the call to Bequeath,
this should no longer define any graphics state attributes.
virtual Graphic* FirstGraphicContaining(PointObj&)
virtual Graphic* LastGraphicContaining(PointObj&)
virtual Graphic* FirstGraphicIntersecting(BoxObj&)
virtual Graphic* LastGraphicIntersecting(BoxObj&)
virtual Graphic* FirstGraphicWithin(BoxObj&)
virtual Graphic* LastGraphicWithin(BoxObj&)
These operation do nothing by default. Composite graphic subclasses should redefine them so that
they return the first or last child that contains a point, intersects a rectangular area, or does
not extend beyond the given rectangular area, respectively.
virtual Graphic& operator = (Graphic&)
Assign the given graphic's graphics state attributes to this.
virtual Graphic* Copy()
Return a copy of the graphic. Subclasses should redefine this operation to return an instance of
their type.
GRAPHIC PROTECTED MEMBERS
Graphic(Graphic* gr = nil)
Initialize the graphics, optionally supplying a graphic from which to obtain an initial set of
graphics state attributes. Graphic is an abstract base class. Therefore its constructor is
protected to prevent instantiation.
virtual void draw(Canvas*, Graphic* gs)
virtual void drawClipped(
Canvas*, Coord, Coord, Coord, Coord, Graphic*
)
virtual void erase(Canvas*, Graphic*)
virtual void eraseClipped(
Canvas*, Coord, Coord, Coord, Coord, Graphic*
)
Graphic subclasses redefine these stateless drawing operations to render themselves. These
operations are called by the corresponding capitalized operations, which supply them with the
extra trailing Graphic parameter gs. This parameter defines the graphics state with which to draw
the graphic. The graphic state is normally computed using the concat functions described below.
Subclasses normally use the graphics state passed to them without ignoring or modifying it, though
they may safely do so if they must override one or more attributes.
void update(Graphic* gs)
Graphics ultimately use a Painter to draw themselves. The Graphic class maintains a protected
static painter _p that subclasses can use to draw themselves. The update operation sets _p's
graphics state attributes to match those of the given graphic to ensure that the painter will
generate graphics with the proper color, font, etc. Subclasses should call update in their
stateless drawing operations (normally supplying the graphic they were passed) before they call
any drawing operations on _p. The graphics that _p generates, therefore, will reflect the
graphics state that was passed to the stateless drawing operation.
virtual void getExtent(
float& left, float& bottom, float& cx, float& cy,
float& tol, Graphic* gs
)
void GetExtent(Extent&)
A graphic's extent defines its physical boundaries. Subclasses redefine getExtent to return this
boundary information based on the graphics state supplied in gs. The left, bottom, cx, and cy
parameters define the graphic's lower left corner and center, respectively, in canvas coordinates.
The tol parameter specifies a fixed amount of space around the boundary to account for parts of
the graphic's appearance that do not scale linearly (e.g., brush width). The relationship between
getExtent and GetExtent is the same as that between draw and Draw: getExtent is the stateless
version of GetExtent, which concatenates the parent's graphics state and calls getExtent with the
result.
void getBounds(
float& left, float& bottom, float& right, float& top,
Graphic* gs
)
void getBox(
Coord& left, Coord& bottom, Coord& right, Coord& top,
Graphic*
)
void getBox(BoxObj&, Graphic*)
Stateless versions of the corresponding capitalized bounding box operations, which call the
stateless versions with the cumulative graphics state of this's ancestors. These operations are
defined in terms of getExtent and therefore should not be reimplemented by subclasses.
virtual boolean contains(PointObj&, Graphic* gs)
virtual boolean intersects(BoxObj&, Graphic*)
Stateless versions of the corresponding capitalized operations for fine-grained hit detection. By
default, these operations return true if the argument is contained in or intersects this's
bounding box. Subclasses can redefine these operations to make a more discerning decision.
Graphic* getRoot()
void totalGS(Graphic& g)
void parentXform(Transformer& t)
Helper functions for parent-related operations. getRoot returns the root graphic in this's
hierarchy. totalGS uses concat (described below) to concatenate the graphics state of this and
all its ancestors, returning the result in g. Any graphics state that g stored initially will be
lost. The parentXform operation uses concatTransform (described below) to concatenate the
transformations of all ancestors of this, returning the result in t. Any transformations that t
stored initially will be lost.
void setParent(Graphic* g, Graphic* parent)
void unsetParent(Graphic* g)
Operations for setting and getting the value of another graphic's (g's) parent as stored in the
_parent protected member variable. Normally only composite graphics change this attribute of
another graphic, usually a newly-acquired child.
void cachingOn()
void cachingOff()
virtual boolean extentCached()
virtual void uncacheExtent()
virtual void uncacheParents()
virtual void uncacheChildren()
virtual void invalidateCaches()
Operations that support extent caching. Some Graphic subclasses may cache extent information when
it is computed for the first time, thereby improving performance. For example, it may be
expensive to compute the extent for composite graphics that have many children; thus caching the
extent will improve performance if the extent does not change often.
cachingOn and cachingOff change the value of _caching, a protected static boolean member of
Graphic that indicates whether caching is active on a global basis. Extent-caching subclasses
should check this member to avoid caching when it is false. Caching subclasses should redefine
extentCached to return whether or not they have cached their extent (in whatever form they store
it). They should redefine uncacheExtent to discard any extent information they've cached. By
default, uncacheParents simply calls uncacheExtent on each ancestor of this, while uncacheChildren
does nothing by default. Subclasses should redefine uncacheChildren to make any children uncache
their extents.
virtual void concatGS(Graphic* a, Graphic* b, Graphic* dest)
virtual void concatTransformer(
Transformer* a, Transformer* b, Transformer* dest
)
virtual void concat(Graphic* a, Graphic* b, Graphic* dest)
Operations for concatenting graphics state. concatGS concatenates a's graphics state (brush,
font, pattern, etc., but not transformation matrix) with b's and assigns the result to dest.
According to the default concatenation semantics, dest will receive graphics state attributes
defined by b; dest will receive only those attributes from a that b does not define (i.e., those
for which b returns nil). By default, concatTransformer does a matrix multiply of a and b and
assigns the result to dest. The concat operation concatenates both the graphics state and
transformation of its arguments, assigning the results to dest.
void transform(Coord&, Coord&, Graphic*)
void transform(Coord, Coord, Coord&, Coord&, Graphic*)
void transform(float, float, float&, float&, Graphic*)
void transformList(
Coord[], Coord[], int, Coord[], Coord[], Graphic*
)
void transformRect(
float, float, float, float,
float&, float&, float&, float&, Graphic*
)
void invTransform(Coord&, Coord&, Graphic*)
void invTransform(Coord, Coord, Coord&, Coord&, Graphic*)
void invTransform(float, float, float&, float&, Graphic*)
void invTransformList(
Coord[], Coord[], int, Coord[], Coord[], Graphic*
)
void invTransformRect(
float, float, float, float,
float&, float&, float&, float&, Graphic*
)
Convenience functions analogous to the Transformer operations of the same name. These operations
simply check if _t is nil before calling the corresponding Transformer operation on it.
virtual void drawGraphic(Graphic* g, Canvas*, Graphic* gs)
virtual void drawClippedGraphic(
Graphic* g, Canvas*, Coord, Coord, Coord, Coord, Graphic*
)
virtual void eraseGraphic(Graphic* g, Canvas*, Graphic*)
virtual void eraseClippedGraphic(
Graphic* g, Canvas*, Coord, Coord, Coord, Coord, Graphic*
)
virtual void getExtentGraphic(
Graphic* g, float& left, float& bottom, float& cx, float& cy,
float& tol, Graphic* gs
)
virtual boolean containsGraphic(
Graphic* g, PointObj&, Graphic* gs
)
virtual boolean intersectsGraphic(Graphic* g, BoxObj&, Graphic*)
virtual boolean extentCachedGraphic(Graphic* g)
virtual void uncacheExtentGraphic(Graphic* g)
virtual void uncacheParentsGraphic(Graphic* g)
virtual void uncacheChildrenGraphic(Graphic* g)
virtual void invalidateCachesGraphic(Graphic* g)
virtual void concatGSGraphic(
Graphic* g, Graphic* a, Graphic* b, Graphic* dest
)
virtual void concatTransformerGraphic(
Graphic* g, Transformer* a, Transformer* b,
Transformer* dest
)
virtual void concatGraphic(
Graphic* g, Graphic* a, Graphic* b, Graphic* dest
)
Helper functions that let graphic subclasses call the protected member functions on instances of
other subclasses that redefine them. All these helper functions take the affected instance as
their first parameter. All are semantically identical to the corresponding functions described
above (which omit the "Graphic" suffix and the leading g parameter). Composite graphics are the
most likely users of such helper functions, calling them on their children.
FULLGRAPHIC PUBLIC OPERATIONS
FullGraphic(Graphic* = nil)
Construct a full graphic, optionally supplying another graphic from which to copy an initial set
of graphics state attributes. FullGraphic objects store a full complement of graphics state
attributes; consequently, FullGraphic redefines all the operations for setting and getting these
attributes. The FullGraphic class can be used as a base class from which to derive graphics that
require a complete set of graphics state and store such state. It is also useful to instantiate
FullGraphics and use them as graphics state repositories.
SEE ALSO
Canvas(3I), Iterator(3U), Painter(3I) Transformer(3I), geomobjs(3U), pspaint(3U)
"Applying Object-Oriented Design to Structured Graphics," John M. Vlissides and Mark A. Linton, in
Proceedings of the 1988 USENIX C++ Conference, Denver, CO, October 1988, pp. 81-94.