Provided by: libimage-metadata-jpeg-perl_0.153-1_all 
NAME
Image::MetaData::JPEG - Perl extension for showing/modifying JPEG (meta)data.
SYNOPSIS
use Image::MetaData::JPEG;
# Create a new JPEG file structure object
my $image = new Image::MetaData::JPEG('somepicture.jpg');
die 'Error: ' . Image::MetaData::JPEG::Error() unless $image;
# Get a list of references to comment segments
my @segments = $image->get_segments('COM', 'INDEXES');
# Get the JPEG picture dimensions
my ($dim_x, $dim_y) = $image->get_dimensions();
# Show all JPEG segments and their content
print $image->get_description();
# Retrieve a specific value from Exif meta-data
my $image_data = $image->get_Exif_data('IMAGE_DATA', 'TEXTUAL');
print $image_data->{DateTimeOriginal}->[0], "\n";
# Modify the DateTime tag for the main image
$image->set_Exif_data({'DateTime' => '1994:07:23 12:14:51'},
'IMAGE_DATA', 'ADD');
# Delete all meta-data segments (please, don't)
$image->drop_segments('METADATA');
# Rewrite file to disk after your modifications
$image->save('new_file_name.jpg');
# ... and a lot more methods for viewing/modifying meta-data, which
# are accessed through the $file or $segments[$index] references.
DESCRIPTION
The purpose of this module is to read/modify/rewrite meta-data segments in JPEG (Joint Photographic
Experts Group format) files, which can contain comments, thumbnails, Exif information (photographic
parameters), IPTC information (editorial parameters) and similar data.
Each JPEG file is made of consecutive segments (tagged data blocks), and the actual row picture data.
Most of these segments specify parameters for decoding the picture data into a bitmap; some of them,
namely the COMment and APPlication segments, contain instead meta-data, i.e., information about how the
photo was shot (usually added by a digital camera) and additional notes from the photograph. These
additional pieces of information are especially valuable for picture databases, since the meta-data can
be saved together with the picture without resorting to additional database structures. See the appendix
about the structure of JPEG files for technical details.
This module works by breaking a JPEG file into individual segments. Each file is associated to an
Image::MetaData::JPEG structure object, which contains one Image::MetaData::JPEG::Segment object for each
segment. Segments with a known format are then parsed, and their content can be accessed in a structured
way for display. Some of them can even be modified and then rewritten to disk.
$JPEG::show_warnings
This package variable must be used to inhibit the printing of warnings: if it is false, warnings are
silently ignored. Otherwise, warning messages come with a detailed back-trace and description of the
warning location.
$Image::MetaData::JPEG::show_warnings = undef;
Managing a JPEG structure object
JPEG::new
[arguments: "($input, $regex, $options)"] The first thing you need in order to interact with a JPEG
picture is to create an Image::MetaData::JPEG structure object. This is done with a call to the new
method, whose first argument is an input source, either a scalar, interpreted as a file name to be
opened and read, or a scalar reference, interpreted as a pointer to an in-memory buffer containing a
JPEG stream. This interface is similar to that of Image::Info, but no open file handle is (currently)
accepted. The constructor then parses the picture content and stores its segments internally. The
memory footprint is close to the size of the disk file plus a few tens of kilobytes.
my $file = new Image::MetaData::JPEG('a_file_name.jpg');
my $file = new Image::MetaData::JPEG(\ $a_JPEG_stream);
The constructor method accepts two optional arguments, a regular expression and an option string. If
the regular expression is present, it is matched against segment names, and only those segments with
a positive match are parsed (they are nonetheless stored); this allows for some speed-up if you just
need partial information, but be sure not to miss something necessary; e.g., SOF segments are needed
for reading the picture dimensions. For instance, if you just want to manipulate the comments, you
could set the string to 'COM'.
my $file = new Image::MetaData::JPEG('a_file_name.jpg', 'COM');
The third optional argument is an option string. If it matches the string 'FASTREADONLY', only the
segments matching the regular expression are actually stored; also, everything which is found after a
Start Of Scan is completely neglected. This allows for very large speed-ups, but, obviously, you
cannot rebuild the file afterwards, so this is only for getting information fast, e.g., when doing a
directory scan.
my $file = new Image::MetaData::JPEG('a_file.jpg', 'COM', 'FASTREADONLY');
Nota bene: an old version of "Arles Image Web Page Creator" had a bug which caused the application to
generate JPEG's with illegal comment segments, reportedly due to a bug in the Intel JPEG library the
developers used at that time (these segments had to 0x00 bytes appended). It is true that a JPEG file
with garbage between segments is to be considered invalid, but some libraries like IJG's try to
forgive, so this module tries to forgive too, if the amount of garbage isn't too large (only a
warning is printed).
JPEG::Error
[arguments: none] If the file reference remains undefined after a call to new, the file is to be
considered not parseable by this module, and one should issue some error message and go to another
file. An error message explaining the reason of the failure can be retrieved with the Error method:
die 'Error: ' . Image::MetaData::JPEG::Error() unless $file;
JPEG::get_segments
[arguments: "($regex, $do_indexes)"] If the new call is successful, the returned reference points to
an Image::MetaData::JPEG structure object containing a list of references to
Image::MetaData::JPEG::Segment objects, which can be retrieved with the get_segments method. This
method returns a list containing the references (or their indexes in the Segment references' list, if
the second argument is the string INDEXES) to those Segments whose name matches the $regex regular
expression. For instance, if $regex is 'APP', all application Segments will be returned. If you want
only APP1 Segments you need to specify '^APP1$'. The output can become invalid after adding/removing
any Segment. If $regex is undefined, all references are returned.
my @segments = $file->get_segments($regex, $do_indexes);
JPEG::drop_segments
[arguments: "($regex)"] Similarly, if you are only interested in eliminating some segments, you can
use the drop_segments method, which erases from the internal segment list all segments matching a
given regular expression. If the regular expression is undefined or evaluates to the empty string,
this method throws an exception, because I don't want the user to erase the whole file just because
he/she did not understand what he was doing. One should also remember that it is not wise to drop
non-meta-data segments, because this in general invalidates the file. As a special case, if $regex ==
'METADATA', all APP* and COM segments are erased.
$file->drop_segments('^APP1$');
JPEG::insert_segments
[arguments: "($segref, $pos, $overwrite)"] Inserting a Segment into the picture's segment list is
done with the insert_segments method. This method inserts the segments referenced by $segref into the
current list of segments at position $pos. If $segref is undefined, the method fails silently. If
$pos is undefined, the position is chosen automatically (using find_new_app_segment_position ); if
$pos is out of bound, an exception is thrown; this happens also if $pos points to the first segment,
and it is an SOI. $segref may be a reference to a single segment or a reference to a list of segment
references; everything else throws an exception. If $overwrite is defined, it must be the number of
segments to overwrite during the splice.
$file->insert_segments([$my_comment_1, $my_comment_2], 3, 1);
JPEG::get_description
JPEG::get_dimensions
[arguments: none] Getting a string describing the findings of the parsing stage is as easy as calling
the get_description method. Those Segments whose parsing failed have the first line of their
description stating the stopping error condition. Non-printable characters are replaced, in the
string returned by get_description, by a slash followed by the two digit hexadecimal code of the
character. The (x,y) dimensions of the JPEG picture are returned by get_dimensions from the Start of
Frame (SOF*) Segment:
print $file->get_description();
my ($dim_x, $dim_y) = $file->get_dimensions();
JPEG::find_new_app_segment_position
[arguments: "($name)"] If a new comment or application Segment is to be added to the file, the module
provides a standard algorithm for deciding the location of the new Segment, in the
find_new_app_segment_position method. The argument is the name of the Segment to be inserted (it
defaults to 'COM', producing a warning). The position is chosen immediately before the first (or
after the last) element of some list, provided that the list is not empty, otherwise the next list is
taken into account: 1) [for COM segments only] after 'COM' segments; otherwise after APP segments; 2)
[for APPx segments only] after APPy's (trying y = x..0, in sequence); otherwise before APPy's (trying
y = x+1..15, in sequence); 3) before DHP segments; 4) before SOF segments. If all these tentatives
fail, the position immediately after the SOI segment is returned (i.e., 1).
my $new_position = $file->find_new_app_segment_position('APP2');
JPEG::save
[arguments: "($filename)"] The data areas of each Segment in the in-memory JPEG structure object can
be rewritten to a disk file or to an in-memory scalar, thus recreating the (possibly modified) JPEG
picture. This is accomplished by the save method, accepting a filename or a scalar reference as
argument; if the file name is undefined, it defaults to the file originally used to create the JPEG
structure object. This method returns "true" (1) if it works, "false" (undefined) otherwise. Remember
that if the file had initially been opened with the 'FASTREADONLY' option, it is not possible to save
it, and this call fails immediately.
print "Creation of $newJPEG failed!" unless $file->save($newJPEG);
An example of how to proficiently use the in-memory feature to read the content of a JPEG thumbnail
is the following (see later for get_Exif_data, and also do some error checking!):
my $thumbnail = $file->get_Exif_data('THUMBNAIL');
print Image::MetaData::JPEG->new($thumbnail)->get_description();
Managing a JPEG Segment object
JPEG::Segment::name
JPEG::Segment::error
An Image::MetaData::JPEG::Segment object is created for each Segment found in the JPEG image during
the creation of a JPEG object (see JPEG::new), and a parser routine is executed at the same time. The
name member of a Segment object identifies the "nature" of the Segment (e.g. 'APP0', ..., 'APP15' or
'COM'). If any error occurs (in the Segment or in an underlying class), the parsing of that Segment
is interrupted at some point and remains therefore incomplete: the error member of the relevant
Segment object is then set to a meaningful error message. If no error occurs, the same variable is
left undefined.
printf 'Invalid %s!\n', $segment->{name} if $segment->{error};
JPEG::Segment::records
The reference to the Segment object is returned in any case. In this way, a faulty Segment cannot
inhibit the creation of a JPEG structure object; faulty segments cannot be edited or modified,
basically because their structure could not be fully understood. They are always rewritten to disk
unmodified, so that a file with corrupted or non-standard Segments can be partially edited without
fearing of damaging it. Once a Segment has successfully been built, its parsed information can be
accessed directly through the records member: this is a reference to an array of JPEG::Record
objects, an internal class modelled on Exif records (see the subsection about record management for
further details).
my $records = $segment->{records};
printf '%s has %d records\n', $segment->{name}, scalar @$records;
JPEG::Segment::search_record
JPEG::Segment::search_record_value
[arguments: "([$dirref], $keys ...)"] If a specific record is needed, it can be selected with the
help of the search_record method, which searches for a record with a given key (see
"JPEG::Record::key") in a given record directory, returning a reference to the record if the search
was fruitful, the undefined value otherwise. The algorithm for the search is as follows: 1) a start
directory is chosen by looking at the last argument: if it is an ARRAY ref it is popped out and used,
otherwise the top-level directory is selected; 2) a string is created by joining all remaining
arguments on '@', then it is exploded into a list of keys on the same character (all undefined or
"false" arguments are simply discarded); 3) these keys are used for an iterative search starting from
the initially chosen directory: all but the last key must correspond to $REFERENCE records. If $key
is exactly "FIRST_RECORD" / "LAST_RECORD", the first/last record in the current dir is used.
my $segments = $file->get_segments('APP0');
my $segment = $$segments[0];
print "I found it!\n" if $segment->search_record('Identifier');
If you are interested only in the Record's value, you can use the search_record_value method, a
simple wrapper around search_record(): it returns the record value (with "JPEG::Record::get_value")
if the search is successful, undef otherwise.
print "Its value is: ", $segment->search_record_value('Identifier');
Nota bene: the returned record is initialised with a "fake" $REFERENCE record pointing to the records
member of the current segment; this record is therefore returned if search_record is invoked without
arguments. For the same reason, search_record_value invoked without arguments returns the records
member:
$segment->search_record_value() eq $this->{records} || print "error!";
JPEG::Segment::update
[arguments: none] If a Segment's content (i.e. its Records' values) is modified, it is necessary to
dump it into the private binary data area of the Segment in order to have the modification written to
disk at "JPEG::save" time. This is accomplished by invoking the update method (necessary only if you
changed record values "by hand"; all "high-level" methods for changing a Segment's content in fact
call "update" on their own). However, only Segments without errors can be updated (don't try to undef
the Segment's error flag, unless you know what you are doing!); trying to update a segment with
errors throws an exception. The same happens when trying to update a segment without update support
or without records (this catches segments created with the 'NOPARSE' flag). In practise, never use
this method unless you are writing an extension for this module.
Note that this method preliminarly saves a reference to the old segment data area and restores it if
the update process fails (if this happens, a warning is generated). One wonders wheather there are
there cleverer ways to handle this case (any suggestion is welcome). It is however better to have a
corrupt object in memory, than a corrupt object written over the original. Currently, this is
restricted to the possibility that an updated segment becomes too large.
$segment->update();
JPEG::Segment::reparse_as
[arguments: "($new_name)"] The reparse_as method re-executes the parsing of a Segment after changing
the Segment name. This is very handy if you have a JPEG file with a "correct" application Segment
exception made for its name. I used it the first time for a file having an ICC_profile Segment
(normally in APP2) stored as APP13. Note that the name of the Segment is permanently changed, so, if
the Segment is updated and the file is rewritten to disk, it will be "correct".
for my $segment ($file->get_segments('APP13')) {
$segment->reparse_as('APP2') if $segment->{error} &&
$segment->search_record('Identifier') =~ 'ICC_PROFILE';
$segment->update(); }
JPEG::Segment::output_segment_data
[arguments: none] The current in-memory data area of a Segment can be output to a file through the
output_segment_data method (exception made for entropy coded Segments, this includes the initial two
bytes with the Segment identifier and the two bytes with the length if present); the argument is a
file handle (this is likely to become more general in the future). If there are problems at output
time (e.g., the segment content is too large), an exception is thrown
eval { $segment->output_segment_data($output_handle) } ||
print "A terrible output error occurred! Help me.\n";
JPEG::Segment::get_description
JPEG::Segment::size
[arguments: none] A string describing the parsed content of the Segment is obtained through the
get_description method (this is the same string used by the get_description method of a JPEG
structure object). If the Segment parsing stage was interrupted, this string includes the relevant
error. The size method returns the size of the internal data area of a Segment object. This can be
different from the length of the scalar returned by get_segment_data, because the identifier and the
length is not included.
print $segment->get_description();
print 'Size is 4 + ' . $segment->size();
Managing a JPEG Record object
JPEG::Record::key
JPEG::Record::type
JPEG::Record::values
JPEG::Record::extra
The JPEG::Record class is an internal class for storing parsed information about a JPEG Segment,
inspired by Exif records. A Record is made up by four fields: key, type, values and extra. The key is
the record's identifier; it is either numeric or textual (numeric keys can be translated with the
help of the %JPEG_lookup function in Tables.pm, included in this package). The type is obviously the
type of stored info (like unsigned integers, ASCII strings and so on ...). extra is a helper field
for storing additional information. Last, values is an array reference to the record content (almost
always there is just one value). For instance, for a non-IPTC Photoshop record in APP13:
printf 'The numeric key 0x%04x means %s',
$record->{key}, JPEG_lookup('APP13@Photoshop_RECORDS', $record->{key});
printf 'This record contains %d values\n', scalar @{$record->{values}};
A Record's type can be one among the following predefined constants:
0 $NIBBLES two 4-bit unsigned integers (private)
1 $BYTE An 8-bit unsigned integer
2 $ASCII A variable length ASCII string
3 $SHORT A 16-bit unsigned integer
4 $LONG A 32-bit unsigned integer
5 $RATIONAL Two LONGs (numerator and denominator)
6 $SBYTE An 8-bit signed integer
7 $UNDEF A generic variable length string
8 $SSHORT A 16-bit signed integer
9 $SLONG A 32-bit signed integer (2's complement)
10 $SRATIONAL Two SLONGs (numerator and denominator)
11 $FLOAT A 32-bit float (a single float)
12 $DOUBLE A 64-bit float (a double float)
13 $REFERENCE A Perl list reference (internal)
$UNDEF is used for not-better-specified binary data. A record of a numeric type can have multiple
elements in its @{values} list ($NIBBLES implies an even number); an $UNDEF or $ASCII type record
instead has only one element, but its length can vary. Last, a $REFERENCE record holds a single Perl
reference to another record list: this allows for the construction of a sort of directory tree in a
Segment.
JPEG::Record::get_category
[arguments: none] The category of a record can be obtained with the get_category method, which
returns 'p' for Perl references, 'I' for integer types, 'S' for $ASCII and $UNDEF, 'R' for rational
types and 'F' for floating point types.
for my $record (@{$segment->{records}}) {
print "Subdir found\n" if $record->get_category() eq 'p'; }
JPEG::Record::get_description
[arguments: "($names)"] A human-readable description of a Record's content is the output of the
get_description method. Its argument is a reference to an array of names, which are to be used as
successive keys in a general hash keeping translations of numeric tags. No argument is needed if the
key is already non-numeric (see the example of get_value for more details). In the output of
get_description unreasonably long strings are trimmed and non-printing characters are replaced with
their hexadecimal representation. Strings are then enclosed between delimiters, and null-terminated
$ASCII strings have their last character chopped off (but a dot is added after the closing
delimiter). $ASCII strings use a " as delimiter, while $UNDEF strings use '.
print $record->get_description($names);
JPEG::Record::get_value
[arguments: "($index)"] In absence of "high-level" routines for collecting information, a Record's
content can be read directly, either by accessing the values member or by calling the get_value
method: it returns the $index-th value in the value list; if the index is undefined (not supplied),
the sum/concatenation of all values is returned. The index is checked for out-of-bound errors. The
following code, an abridged version of get_description, shows how to proficiently use these methods
and members.
sub show_directory {
my ($segment, $records, $names) = @_;
my @subdirs = ();
for my $record (@$records) {
print $record->get_description($names);
push @subdirs, $record if $record->get_category() eq 'p'; }
foreach my $subdir (@subdirs) {
my $directory = $subdir->get_value();
push @$names, $subdir->{key};
printf 'Subdir %s (%d records)', $names, scalar @$directory;
show_directory($segment, $directory, $names);
pop @$names; } }
show_directory($segment, $segment->{records}, [ $segment->{name} ]);
JPEG::Record::get
[arguments: "($endianness)"] If the Record structure is needed in detail, one can resort to the get
method; in list context this method returns (key, type, count, dataref). The data reference points
to a packed scalar, ready to be written to disk. In scalar context, it returns the dereferenced
dataref. This is tricky (but handy for other routines). The argument specifies an endianness (this
defaults to big endian).
my ($key, $type, $count, $dataref) = $record->get();
Comments ("COM" segments)
JPEG::get_number_of_comments
JPEG::get_comments
[arguments: none] Each "COM" Segment in a JPEG file contains a user comment, whose content is free
format. There is however a limitation, because a JPEG Segment cannot be longer than 64KB; this limits
the length of a comment to $max_length = (2^16 - 3) bytes. The number of comment Segments in a file
is returned by get_number_of_comments, while get_comments returns a list of strings (each string is
the content of a COM Segment); if no comments are present, they return zero and the empty list
respectively.
my $number = $file->get_number_of_comments();
my @comments = $file->get_comments();
JPEG::add_comment
[arguments: "($string)"] A comment can be added with the add_comment method, whose only argument is a
string. Indeed, if the string is too long, it is broken into multiple strings with length smaller or
equal to $max_length, and multiple comment Segments are added to the file. If there is already at
least one comment Segment, the new Segments are created right after the last one. Otherwise, the
standard position search of find_new_app_segment_position
is applied.
$file->add_comment('a' x 100000);
JPEG::set_comment
[arguments: "($index, $string)"] An already existing comment can be replaced with the set_comment
method. Its two arguments are an $index and a $string: the $index-th comment Segment is replaced
with one or more new Segments based on $string (the index of the first comment Segment is 0). If
$string is too big, it is broken down as in add_comment. If $string is undefined, the selected
comment Segment is erased. If $index is out-of-bound a warning is printed out.
$file->set_comment(0, 'This is the new comment');
JPEG::remove_comment
JPEG::remove_all_comments
[arguments: "($index)" for remove_comment] However, if you only need to erase the comment, you can
just call remove_comment with just the Segment $index. If you want to remove all comments, just call
remove_all_comments.
$file->remove_comment(0);
$file->remove_all_comments();
JPEG::join_comments
[arguments: "($separation, @selection)"] It is known that some JPEG comment readers out there do not
read past the first comment. So, the join_comments method, whose goal is obvious, can be useful. This
method creates a string from joining all comments selected by the @selection index list (the
$separation scalar is a string inserted at each junction point), and overwrites the first selected
comment while deleting the others. A exception is thrown for each illegal comment index. Similar
considerations as before on the string length apply. If no separation string is provided, it defaults
to \n. If no index is provided in @selection, it is assumed that the method must join all the
comments into the first one, and delete the others.
$file->join_comments('---', 2, 5, 8);
JFIF data ("APP0" segments)
APP0 Segments are written by older cameras adopting the JFIF (JPEG File Interchange Format), or one of
its extensions, for storing images. JFIF files use the APP0 application Segment for inserting
configuration data and a JPEG or RGB packed thumbnail image. The format is described in the appendix
about the APP0 structure, including the names of all possible tags. It is of course possible to access
each APP0 Segment individually by means of the get_segments and search_record_value methods. A snippet of
code for doing this is the following:
for my $segment ($file->get_segments('APP0')) {
my $iden = $segment->search_record_value('Identifier');
my $xdim = $segment->search_record_value('Xthumbnail');
my $ydim = $segment->search_record_value('Ythumbnail');
printf 'Segment type: %s; dimensions: %dx%d\n',
substr($iden, 0, -1), $xdim, $ydim;
printf '%15s => %s\n', $_->{key}, $_->get_value()
for $segment->{records}; }
JPEG::get_app0_data
[arguments: none] However, if you want to avoid to deal directly with Segments, you can use the
get_app0_data method, which returns a reference to a hash with a plain translation of the content of
the first interesting APP0 segment (this is the first 'JFXX' APP0 segment, if present, the first
'JFIF' APP0 segment otherwise). Segments with errors are excluded. An empty hash means that no valid
APP0 segment is present.
my $data = $file->get_app0_data();
printf '%15s => %s\n', $_, (($_=~/..Thumbnail/)?'...':$$data{$_});
Exif data ("APP1" segments)
The DCT Exif (Exchangeable Image File format) standard provides photographic meta-data in the APP1
section. Various tag-values pairs are stored in groups called IFDs (Image File Directories), where each
group refers to a different kind of information; one can find data about how the photo was shot, GPS
data, thumbnail data and so on ... (see the appendix about the APP1 segment structure for more details).
This module provides a number of methods for managing Exif data without dealing with the details of the
low level representation. Note that, given the complicated structure of an Exif APP1 segment (where
extensive use of "pointers" is made), some digital cameras and graphic programs decide to leave some
unused space in the JPEG file. The dump routines of this module, on the other hand, leave no unused
space, so just calling update() on an Exif APP1 segment even without modifying its content can give you a
smaller file (some tens of kilobytes can be saved).
JPEG::retrieve_app1_Exif_segment
[arguments: "($index)"] In order to work on Exif data, an Exif APP1 Segment must be selected. The
retrieve_app1_Exif_Segment method returns a reference to the $index-th such Segment (the first
Segment if the index is undefined). If no such Segment exists, the method returns the undefined
reference. If $index is (-1), the routine returns the number of available APP1 Exif Segments (which
is non negative).
my $num = $file->retrieve_app1_Exif_segment(-1);
my $ref = $file->retrieve_app1_Exif_segment($num - 1);
JPEG::provide_app1_Exif_segment
[arguments: none] If you want to be sure to have an Exif APP1 Segment, use the
provide_app1_Exif_segment method instead, which forces the Segment to be present in the file, and
returns its reference. The algorithm is the following: 1) if at least one Segment with this
properties is already present, we are done; 2) if [1] fails, an APP1 segment is added and initialised
with a big-endian Exif structure (its position is chosen by find_new_app_segment_position, as usual).
Note that there is no $index argument here.
my $ref = $file->provide_app1_Exif_segment();
JPEG::remove_app1_Exif_info
[arguments: "($index)"] If you want to eliminate the $index-th Exif APP1 Segment from the JPEG file
segment list use the remove_app1_Exif_info method. As usual, if $index is (-1), all Exif APP1
Segments are affected at once; if $index is undefined, it defaults to -1, so both (-1) and undef
cause all Exif APP1 segments to be removed. Be aware that the file won't be a valid Exif file after
this.
$file->remove_app1_Exif_info(-1);
How to inspect your Exif data
JPEG::Segment::get_Exif_data
JPEG::get_Exif_data
[arguments: "($what, $type)"] Once you have a Segment reference pointing to your favourite Exif
Segment, you may want to have a look at the records it contains, by using the get_Exif_data method:
it accepts two arguments ($what and $type) and returns the content of the APP1 segment packed in
various forms. Error conditions (invalid $what's and $type's) manifest themselves through an
undefined return value.
All Exif records are natively identified by numeric tags (keys), which can be "translated" into a
human-readable form by using the Exif standard docs; only a few fields in the Exif APP1 preamble
(they are not Exif records) are always identified by this module by means of textual tags. The $type
argument selects the output format for the record keys (tags):
* NUMERIC: record tags are native numeric keys
* TEXTUAL: record tags are human-readable (default)
Of course, record values are never translated. If a numeric Exif tag is not known, a custom textual
key is created with "Unknown_tag_" followed by its numerical value (this solves problems with non-
standard tags). The subset of Exif tags returned by this method is determined by the value of $what,
which can be one of:
$what returned info returned type
---------------------------------------------------------------------
ALL (default) everything but THUMBNAIL ref. to hash of hashes
IMAGE_DATA a merge of IFD0_DATA and SUBIFD_DATA ref. to flat hash
THUMB_DATA this is an alias for IFD1_DATA ref. to flat hash
THUMBNAIL the actual (un)compressed thumbnail ref. to scalar
ROOT_DATA header records (TIFF and similar) ref. to flat hash
IFD0_DATA primary image TIFF tags ref. to flat hash
SUBIFD_DATA Exif private tags ref. to flat hash
MAKERNOTE_DATA MakerNote tags (if struct. is known) ref. to flat hash
GPS_DATA GPS data of the primary image ref. to flat hash
INTEROP_DATA interoperability data ref. to flat hash
IFD1_DATA thumbnail-related TIFF tags ref. to flat hash
Setting $what equal to 'ALL' returns a reference to a hash of hashes, whose top-level hash contains
the following keys: ROOT_DATA, IFD0_DATA, SUBIFD_DATA, GPS_DATA, INTEROP_DATA, MAKERNOTE_DATA and
IFD1_DATA; each key corresponds to a second-level hash containing a copy of all Exif records present
in the IFD (sub)directory corresponding to the key (if this directory is not present or contains no
records, the second-level hash exists and is empty). Note that the Exif record values' format is not
checked to be valid according to the Exif standard. This is, in some sense, consistent with the fact
that also "unknown" tags are included in the output. This complicated structure is more easily
explained by showing an example (see also the section about valid Exif tags for details on possible
records):
my $hash_ref = $segment->get_Exif_data('ALL', 'TEXTUAL');
can give
$hash_ref = {
'ROOT_DATA' =>
{ 'Signature' => [ 42 ],
'Endianness' => [ 'MM' ],
'Identifier' => [ "Exif\000\000" ],
'ThumbnailData' => [ ... image ... ], },
'IFD1_DATA' =>
{ 'ResolutionUnit' => [ 2 ],
'JPEGInterchangeFormatLength' => [ 3922 ],
'JPEGInterchangeFormat' => [ 2204 ],
'Orientation' => [ 1 ],
'XResolution' => [ 72, 1 ],
'Compression' => [ 6 ],
'YResolution' => [ 72, 1 ], },
'SubIFD_DATA' =>
{ 'ApertureValue' => [ 35, 10 ],
'PixelXDimension' => [ 2160 ],
etc., etc. ....
'ExifVersion' => [ '0210' ], },
'MAKERNOTE_DATA' => {},
'IFD0_DATA' =>
{ 'Model' => [ "KODAK DX3900 ZOOM DIGITAL CAMERA\000" ],
'ResolutionUnit' => [ 2 ],
etc., etc. ...
'YResolution' => [ 230, 1 ], },
'GPS_DATA' => {},
'INTEROP_DATA' =>
{ 'InteroperabilityVersion' => [ '0100' ],
'InteroperabilityIndex' => [ "R98\000" ], }, };
Setting $what equal to '*_DATA' returns a reference to a flat hash, corresponding to one or more IFD
(sub)dirs. For instance, 'IMAGE_DATA' is a merge of 'IFD0_DATA' and 'SUBIFD_DATA': this interface is
simpler for the end-user, because there is only one dereference level; also, he/she does not need to
be aware of the partition of records related to the main image into two IFDs. If the (sub)directory
is not present or contains no records, the returned hash exists and is empty. With reference to the
previous example:
my $hash_ref = $segment->get_Exif_data('IMAGE_DATA', 'TEXTUAL');
gives
$hash_ref = {
'ResolutionUnit' => [ 2 ],
'JPEGInterchangeFormatLength' => [ 3922 ],
'JPEGInterchangeFormat' => [ 2204 ],
'Orientation' => [ 1 ],
'XResolution' => [ 72, 1 ],
'Compression' => [ 6 ],
'YResolution' => [ 72, 1 ],
'ApertureValue' => [ 35, 10 ],
'PixelXDimension' => [ 2160 ],
etc., etc. ....
'ExifVersion' => [ '0210' ], };
Last, setting $what to 'THUMBNAIL' returns a reference to a copy of the actual Exif thumbnail image
(this is not included in the set returned by 'THUMB_DATA'); if there is no thumbnail, a reference to
the empty string is returned (the undefined value cannot be used, because it is assumed that it
corresponds to an error condition here). Note that the pointed scalar may be quite large (~ 10^1 KB).
If the thumbnail is in JPEG format (this corresponds to the 'Compression' property, in IFD1, set to
6), you can create another JPEG picture object from it, like in the following example:
my $data_ref = $segment->get_Exif_data('THUMBNAIL');
my $thumb = new Image::MetaData::JPEG($data_ref);
print $thumb->get_description();
If you are only interested in reading Exif data in a standard configuration, you can skip the
segment-search calls and use directly JPEG::get_Exif_data (a method of the JPEG class, so you only
need a JPEG structure object). This is an interface to the method with the same name in the Segment
class, acting on the first Exif APP1 Segment (if no such segment is present, the undefined value is
returned) and passing the arguments through. Note that most JPEG files with Exif data contain at most
one Exif APP1 segment, so you are not going to loose anything here. A snippet of code for visualising
Exif data looks like this:
while (my ($d, $h) = each %{$image->get_Exif_data('ALL')}) {
while (my ($t, $a) = each %$h) {
printf '%-25s\t%-25s\t-> ', $d, $t;
s/([\000-\037\177-\377])/sprintf '\\%02x',ord($1)/ge,
$_ = (length $_ > 30) ? (substr($_,0,30) . ' ... ') : $_,
printf '%-5s', $_ for @$a; print "\n"; } }
How to modify your Exif data
JPEG::Segment::set_Exif_data
JPEG::set_Exif_data
[arguments: "($data, $what, $action)"]
Similarly to the getter case, there is a set_Exif_data method callable from a picture object, which
does nothing more than looking for the first Exif APP1 segment (creating it, if there is none) and
invoke the method with the same name in the Segment class, passing its arguments through. So, the
remaining of this section will concentrate on the Segment method. The problem of setting a new
thumbnail or erasing it is dealt with in the last paragraphs of this section. (The APP1 Exif
structure is quite complicated, and the number of different possible cases when trying to modify it
is very large; therefore, designing a clean and intuitive interface for this task is not trivial.
Fell free to suggest improvements and cleaner interfaces).
Exif records are usually characterised by a numeric key (a tag); this was already discussed in the
"getter" section. Since these keys, for valid records, can be translated from numeric to textual form
and back, the end user has the freedom to use whichever form better fits his needs. The two forms can
even be mixed in the same "setter" call: the method will take care to translate textual tags to
numeric tags when possible, and reject the others; then, it will proceed as if all tags were numeric
from the very beginning. Records with unknown textual or numeric tags are always rejected.
The arguments to set_Exif_data are $data, $what and $action. The $data argument must be a hash
reference to a flat hash, containing the key - record values pairs supplied by the user. The "value"
part of each hash element can be an array reference (containing a list of values for the record,
remember that some records are multi-valued) or a single scalar (this is internally converted to a
reference to an array containing only the supplied scalar). If a record value is supposed to be a
null terminated string, the user can supply a Perl scalar without the final null character (it will
be inserted automatically).
The $what argument must be a scalar, and it selects the portion of the Exif APP1 segment concerned by
the set_Exif_data call. So, obviously, the end user can modify only one section at a time; this is a
simplification (for the developer of course) but also for the end user, because trying to set all
Exif-like values in one go would require an offensively complicated data structure to specify the
destination of each record (note that some records in different sections can have the same numerical
tag, so a plain hash would not trivially work). Valid values for $what are (MakerNote data are not
currently modifiable):
$what modifies ... $data type
--------------------------------------------------------------------
IMAGE_DATA as IFD0_DATA and SUBIFD_DATA ref. to flat hash
THUMB_DATA this is an alias for IFD1_DATA ref. to flat hash
THUMBNAIL the actual (un)compressed thumbnail ref. to scalar/object
ROOT_DATA header records (endianness) ref. to flat hash
IFD0_DATA primary image TIFF tags ref. to flat hash
SUBIFD_DATA Exif private tags ref. to flat hash
GPS_DATA GPS data of the primary image ref. to flat hash
INTEROP_DATA interoperability data in SubIFD ref. to flat hash
IFD1_DATA thumbnail-related TIFF tags ref. to flat hash
The $action argument controls whether the setter adds ($action = 'ADD') records to a given data
directory or replaces ($action = 'REPLACE') them. In the first case, each user-supplied record
replaces the existing version of that record if present, and simply inserts the record if it was not
already present; however, existing records with no counterpart in the user supplied $data hash remain
untouched. In the second case, the record directory is cleared before inserting user data. Note that,
since Exif and Exif-like records are non-repeatable in nature, there is no need of an 'UPDATE'
action, like for IPTC (see the IPTC section).
The set_Exif_data routine first checks that the concerned segment is of the appropriate type (Exif
APP1), that $data is a hash reference (a scalar reference for the thumbnail), and that $action and
$what are valid. If $action is undefined, it defaults to 'REPLACE'. Then, an appropriate (sub)IFD is
created, if absent, and all user-supplied records are checked for consistency (have a look at the
appendixes for this). Last, records are set in increasing (numerical) tag order, and mandatory data
are added, if not present. The return value of the setter routine is always a hash reference; in
general it contains records rejected by the specialised routines. If an error occurs in a very early
stage of the setter, this reference contains a single entry with key='ERROR' and value set to some
meaningful error message. So, returning a reference to an empty hash means that everything was OK. An
example, concerning the much popular task of changing the DateTime record, follows:
$dt = '1994:07:23 12:14:51';
$hash = $image->set_Exif_data({'DateTime' => $dt}, 'IMAGE_DATA', 'ADD');
print "DateTime record rejected\n" if %$hash;
Depending on $what, some of the following notes apply:
ROOT_DATA
The only modifiable item is the 'Endianness' (and it can only be set to big-endian, 'MM', or
little-endian, 'II'); everything else is rejected (see the APP1 structure for further details).
This only influences how the image is written back to disk (the in-memory representation is
always native).
IMAGE_DATA
By specifying this target one can address the IFD0_DATA and SUBIFD_DATA targets at once. First,
all records are tried in the IFD0, then, rejected records are tried into SubIFD (then, they are
definitively rejected).
IFD0_DATA
See the canonical, additional and company-assigned tags' sections in the appendixes (this target
refers to the primary image). The 'XResolution', 'YResolution', 'ResolutionUnit', and
'YCbCrPositioning' records are forced if not present (to [1,72], [1,72], 2 and 1 respectively).
Note that the situation would be more complicated if we were dealing with uncompressed (TIFF)
primary images.
SUBIFD_DATA
See the private Exif section in the appendixes. The 'ExifVersion', 'ComponentsConfiguration',
'FlashpixVersion', 'ColorSpace', and 'Pixel[XY]Dimension' records are forced if not present (to
'0220', '1230', '0100', 1 and 0x0 respectively). Image dimensions can be retrieved from the SOF
segment with the JPEG structure object's method get_dimensions() and set explicitly by the user
if necessary (this cannot be done from within the APP1 segment, because it does not link back to
its parent); however, the horizontal field in the SubIFD should not include data padding, while
that in the SOF segment does, so the meaning is slightly different and these fields cannot be
automatically calculated.
THUMB_DATA (or its alias IFD1_DATA)
See the canonical, additional and company-related tag lists' sections in the appendixes (this
target refers to thumbnail properties). The 'XResolution', 'YResolution', 'ResolutionUnit',
'YCbCrSubSampling', 'PhotometricInterpretation' and 'PlanarConfiguration' records are forced if
not present (to [1,72], [1,72], 2, [2,1], 2 and 1 respectively). Note that some of these records
are not necessary for all types of thumbnails, but JPEG readers will probably skip unnecessary
information without problems.
GPS_DATA
See the GPS tags section in the appendixes. The 'GPSVersionID' record is forced, if it is not
present at the end of the process, because it is mandatory (ver 2.2 is chosen). There are some
record inter-correlations which are still neglected here (for instance, the 'GPSAltitude' record
can be inserted without providing the corresponding 'GPSAltitudeRef' record).
INTEROP_DATA
JPEG::forge_interoperability_IFD
[arguments: none] See the Interoperability directory section in the appendixes. The
'InteroperabilityIndex' and 'InteroperabilityVersion' records are forced, if they are not present
at the end of the process, because they are mandatory ('R98' and ver 1.0 are chosen). Note that
an Interoperability subIFD should be made as standard as possible: if you just want to add it to
the file, it is better to use the forge_interoperability_IFD method, which takes care of all
values ('RelatedImageFileFormat' is set to 'Exif JPEG Ver. 2.2', and the dimensions are taken
from get_dimensions()).
MAKERNOTE_DATA
See the appendix on MakerNotes for a detailed discussion on how the content of a MakerNote is
managed. If there is an error during the parsing of the MakerNote, only those tags which could be
fully decoded before the error are returned. Note that MakerNote structures are often partially
known, so many tags will likely be translated as 'Unknown_tag_...'. MakerNotes cannot be
currently modified.
THUMBNAIL
$data must be a reference to a scalar containing the new thumbnail or to a valid
Image::MetaData::JPEG object; if it points to an empty string, the thumbnail is erased (the
undefined value DOES NOT erase the thumbnail, it generates instead an error). All thumbnail
specific records (see the canonical tags section) are removed, and only those corresponding to
the newly inserted thumbnail are calculated and written back. Currently, it is not possible to
insert an uncompressed thumbnail (this will probably happen in the form of a TIFF image), only
JPEG ones are accepted (automatic records contain the type, length and offset). The following
code shows how to set and delete a thumbnail.
my $image = new Image::MetaData::JPEG('original_image.jpg');
my $thumb = new Image::MetaData::JPEG('some_thumbnail.jpg');
$image->set_Exif_data($thumb, 'THUMBNAIL');
$image->save('modified_image.jpg');
$image->set_Exif_data(\ '', 'THUMBNAIL');
$image->save('thumbless_image.jpg');
XMP data ("APP1" segments)
XMP (eXtensible Metadata Platform) is a technology, conceived by Adobe Systems, to tag graphic files with
metadata, and to manage them during a lifetime made of multiple processing steps. Its serialisation (the
actual way metadata are saved in the file) is based on RDF (Resource Description Framework) implemented
as an application of XML. Its flexibility allows to accomodate existing, future and private metadata
schemas. In a JPEG file, XMP information is included alongside Exif and IPTC data, and is stored in an
APP1 segment on its own starting with the XMP namespace URI and followed by the actual XMP packet (see
XMP APP1 segment structure for more details).
XMP was introduced in 2001 as part of Adobe Acrobat version 5.01. Adobe has a trademark on XMP, and
retains control over its specification. Source code for the XMP software-development kit was released by
Adobe, but with a custom license, whose compatibility with the GNU public license and open-source nature
altogether is questioned.
Photoshop and IPTC data ("APP13" segments)
Adobe's Photoshop program, a de-facto standard for image manipulation, has, since long, used the APP13
segment for storing non-graphical information, such as layers, paths, ecc..., including editorial
information modelled on IPTC/NAA recommendations. This module provides a number of methods for managing
Photoshop/IPTC data without dealing with the details of the low level representation (although sometimes
this means taking some decisions for the end user ....). The structure of the IPTC data block(s) is
managed in detail and separately from the rest, although this block is a sort of "sub-case" of Photoshop
information. The interface is intentionally similar to that for Exif data.
All public methods have a $what argument selecting which part of the APP13 segment you are working with.
The default is 'IPTC'. If $what is invalid, an exception is always raised. The kind of information you
can access with different values of $what is explained in the following (have a look at the appendices
about valid Photoshop-style and IPTC tags for further details):
$what: Concerned pieces of information:
----------- --------------------------------
'IPTC' or Editorial information like caption, abstract, author,
'IPTC_2' copyright notice, byline, shot site, user defined keywords,
and many more; in practise, all what is covered by the IPTC
Application Record 2. This is the most common option; the
default value of $what, 'IPTC', is a synonym for 'IPTC_2'
for backward compatibility (NOT a merge of 'IPTC_1/2').
'IPTC_1' This refers to more obscure pieces of information, contained
in the IPTC Envelope Record 1. One is rarely interested by
this, exception made for the "Coded Character Set" tag,
which is necessary to define a character set different
from ASCII (i.e., when you don't write or read in English).
'PHOTOSHOP' Alpha channels, colour information, transfer functions,
or 'PS_8BIM' and many other details concerning the visual rendering of
or 'PS_8BPS' the picture. These fields are most often only modified by
or 'PS_PHUT' an image manipulation program, and not directly by the user.
Recent versions of Photoshop (>= 4.0) use a resource data
block type equal to '8BIM', and this is the default in
this module (so, 'PHOTOSHOP' and 'PS_8BIM' are synonyms).
However, some other older or undocumented resource data
block types are also allowed.
JPEG::retrieve_app13_segment
[arguments: "($index, $what)"] In order to work on Photoshop/IPTC data, a suitable Photoshop-style
APP13 Segment must first be selected. The retrieve_app13_segment method returns a reference to the
$index-th Segment (the first Segment if the $index is undefined) which contains information matching
the $what argument. If such Segment does not exist, the method returns the undefined reference. If
$index is (-1), the routine returns the number of available suitable APP13 Segments (which is non
negative). Beware, the meaning of $index is influenced by the value of $what.
my $num_IPTC = $file->retrieve_app13_segment(-1, 'IPTC');
my $ref_IPTC = $file->retrieve_app13_segment($num - 1, 'IPTC');
JPEG::provide_app13_segment
[arguments: "($what)"] If you want to be sure to have an APP13 Segment suitable for the kind of
information you want to write, use the provide_app13_segment method instead, which forces the Segment
to be present in the file, and returns its reference. If at least one segment matching $what is
already present, the first one is returned. Otherwise, the first Photoshop-like APP13 is adapted by
inserting an appropriate subdirectory record (update is called automatically). If no such segment
exists, it is first created and inserted (the "Photoshop 3.0\000" identifier is used). Note that
there is no $index argument here.
my $ref_Photoshop = $file->provide_app13_segment('PHOTOSHOP');
JPEG::remove_app13_info
[arguments: "($index, $what)"] If you want to remove all traces of some flavour of APP13 information
from the $index-th APP13 Photoshop-style Segment, use the remove_app13_info method with $what set to
the appropriate value. If, after this, the segment is empty, it is eliminated from the list of
segments in the file. If $index is (-1), all APP13 Segments are affected at once. Beware, the meaning
of $index is influenced by the value of $what.
$file->remove_app13_info(3, 'PHOTOSHOP');
$file->remove_app13_info(-1, 'IPTC');
$file->remove_app13_info(0, 'IPTC_1');
How to inspect and modify your IPTC data
JPEG::Segment::get_app13_data
[arguments: "($type, $what)"]
Once you have a Segment reference pointing to your favourite IPTC-enabled APP13 Segment, you may want
to have a look at the records it contains. Use the get_app13_data method for this: its behaviour is
controlled by the $type and $what argument (here, $what is 'IPTC_1' or 'IPTC_2' alias 'IPTC', of
course). It returns a reference to a hash containing a copy of the list of the appropriate IPTC
records, if present, undef otherwise: each element of the hash is a pair (key, arrayref), where
arrayref points to an array with the real values (some IPTC records are repeatable so multiple values
are possible). The record keys can be the native numeric keys ($type eq 'NUMERIC') or translated
textual keys ($type eq 'TEXTUAL', default); in any case, the record values are untranslated. If a
numeric key stored in the JPEG file is unknown, and a textual translation is requested, the name of
the key becomes "Unknown_tag_$tag". Note that there is no check on the validity of IPTC records'
values: their format is not checked and one or multiple values can be attached to a single tag
independently of its repeatability. This is, in some sense, consistent with the fact that also
"unknown" tags are included in the output. If $type or $what is invalid, an exception is thrown out.
An example of how to extract and display IPTC data is given here:
my $hash_ref = $segment->get_app13_data('TEXTUAL', 'IPTC');
while (my ($key, $vals) = each %$hash_ref) {
printf "# %20s =", $key; print " '$_'" for @$vals; print "\n"; }
### This could print:
# DateCreated = '19890207'
# ByLine = 'Interesting picture' 'really'
# Category = 'POL'
# Keywords = 'key-1' 'key-2' 'key-99'
# OriginatingProgram = 'Mapivi'
JPEG::Segment::set_app13_data
[arguments: "($data, $action, $what)"] The hash returned by get_app13_data can be edited and
reinserted with the set_app13_data method, whose arguments are $data, $action and, as usual, $what.
If $action or $what is invalid, an exception is generated. This method accepts IPTC data in various
formats and updates the corresponding subdirectory in the segment. The key type of each entry in the
input hash can be numeric or textual, independently of the others (the same key can appear in both
forms, the corresponding values will be put together). The value of each entry can be an array
reference or a scalar (you can use this as a shortcut for value arrays with only one value). The
$action argument can be:
- ADD : new records are added and nothing is deleted; however, if you
try to add a non-repeatable record which is already present,
the newly supplied value ejects (replaces) the pre-existing value.
- UPDATE : new records replace those characterised by the same tags,
but the others are preserved. This makes it possible to modify
some repeatable IPTC records without deleting the other tags.
- REPLACE : all records present in the IPTC subdirectory are deleted
before inserting the new ones (this is the default action).
If, after implementing the changes required by $action, any mandatory dataset (according to the IPTC
standard), is still undefined, it is added automatically. This often concerns version datasets, with
numeric index 0.
The return value is a reference to a hash containing the rejected key-values entries. The entries of
%$data are not modified. An entry in the %$data hash can be rejected for various reasons (you might
want to have a look at appendix about valid IPTC tags for further information): a) the tag is
undefined or not known; b) the entry value is undefined or points to an empty array; c) the non-
repeatability constraint is violated; d) the tag is marked as invalid; e) a value is undefined f) the
length of a value is invalid; g) a value does not match its mandatory regular expression.
$segment->set_app13_data($additional_data, 'ADD', 'IPTC');
A snippet of code for changing IPTC data looks like this:
my $segment = $file->provide_app13_segment('IPTC');
my $hashref_1 = { CodedCharacterSet => "\033\045G" }; # UTF-8
my $hashref_2 = { ObjectName => 'prova',
ByLine => 'ciao',
Keywords => [ 'donald', 'duck' ],
SupplementalCategory => ['arte', 'scienza', 'diporto'] };
$segment->set_app13_data($hashref_2, 'REPLACE', 'IPTC');
$segment->provide_app13_subdir('IPTC_1');
$segment->set_app13_data($hashref_1, 'ADD', 'IPTC_1');
JPEG::get_app13_data
[arguments: "($type, $what)"] If you are only interested in reading IPTC data in a standard
configuration, you can skip most of the previous calls and use directly JPEG::get_app13_data (a
method in the JPEG class, so you only need a JPEG structure object). This is an interface to the
method with the same name in the Segment class, acting on the first relevant APP13 Segment (if no
such segment is present, the undefined value is returned) and passing the arguments through. Note
that most JPEG files with Photoshop/IPTC data contain at most one APP13 segment, so you are not going
to "loose" anything here. A snippet of code for visualising IPTC data looks like this:
my $hashref = $file->get_app13_data('TEXTUAL', 'IPTC');
while (my ($tag, $val_arrayref) = each %$hashref) {
printf '%25s --> ', $tag;
print "$_ " for @$val_arrayref; print "\n"; }
JPEG::set_app13_data
[arguments: "($data, $action, $what)"] There is, of course, a symmetric JPEG::set_app13_data method,
which writes data to the JPEG object without asking the user to bother about Segments: it uses the
first available suitable Segment; if this is not possible, a new Segment is created and initialised
(because the method uses "JPEG::provide_app13_segment" internally, and not
"JPEG::retrieve_app13_segment" as "JPEG::get_app13_data" does).
$file->set_app13_data($hashref, 'UPDATE', 'IPTC');
How to inspect and modify your Photoshop data
The procedure of inspecting and modifying Photoshop data (i.e., non-IPTC data in a Photoshop-style APP13
segment) is analogous to that for IPTC data, but with $what set to 'PHOTOSHOP' (alias 'PS_8BIM'), or to
the seldom used 'PS_8BPS' and 'PS_PHUT'. The whole description will not be repeated here, have a look at
the IPTC section for it: this section takes only care to point out differences. If you are not acquainted
with the structure of an APP13 segment and its terminology (e.g., "resource data block"), have a look at
the Photoshop-style tags' section.
About get_app13_data, it should only be pointed out that resource block names are appended to the list of
values for each tag (even if they are undefined), so the list length is alway even. Things are more
complicated for set_app13_data: non-IPTC Photoshop specifications are less uniform than IPTC ones, and
checking the correctness of user supplied data would be an enumerative task. Currently, this module does
not perform any syntax check on non-IPTC data, but this could change in the future (any contribution is
welcome); only tags (or, how they are called in this case, "resource block identifiers") are checked for
being in the allowed tags list (see the Photoshop-style tags' table for details). The IPTC/NAA tag is of
course rejected: IPTC data must be inserted with $what set to 'IPTC' or its siblings.
Although not explicitly stated, it seems that non-IPTC Photoshop tags are non-repeatable (let me know if
not so), so two resource blocks with the same tag shouldn't exist. For this reason, the 'UPDATE' action
is changed internally to 'ADD'. Moreover, since the resource block structure is not explored, all
resource blocks are treated as single-valued and the value type is $UNDEF. So, in the user-supplied data
hash, if a tag key returns a data array reference, only the first element (which cannot be undefined) of
the array is used as resource block value: if a second element is present, it is used as resource block
name (which is otherwise set to the null string). Suppling more than two elements is an error and causes
the record to be rejected.
my $segment = $file->provide_app13_segment('PHOTOSHOP');
my $hashref = {
GlobalAngle => pack('N', 0x1e),
GlobalAltitude => pack('N', 0x1e),
CopyrightFlag => "\001",
IDsBaseValue => [ pack('N', 1), 'Layer ID Generator Base' ] };
$segment->set_app13_data($hashref, 'ADD', 'PHOTOSHOP');
NOTES
On the subject of year specification in a date
There are currently eight fields whose purpose is to store a date in a JPEG picture, namely 'DateTime',
'DateTimeOriginal' and 'DateTimeDigitized' (in IFD0/1 or SubIFD), 'GPSDateStamp' (in the GPS section),
and 'ReleaseDate', 'ExpirationDate', 'DateCreated' and 'DigitalCreationDate' (in the IPTC section). Most
of these dates refer to some electronic treatment of images, a kind of process which was not available
before the late twentieth century. Two of them refer to release and expiration dates in the IPTC
standard, and should therefore not be set to a date before the introduction of the standard itself.
However, there exist users who want to use some of these fields in a non-conventional way to refer to
dates when analog photography but not digital photography was available. For this reason, all tags (but
one) can be written with a year starting from 1800 (and not from 1900 as in earlier releases). Users are
however advised to check the "specifications" for these tags before setting the date and take
responsibility for their non-conventionality.
There is one notable exception to the previous considerations, that is the IPTC 'DateCreated' dataset,
which should explicitly refer to the creation date of the object represented in the picture, which can be
many centuries in the past. For this dataset a special regular expression is provided which allows a date
in the full ISO-8601 YYYY-MM-DD format (however, it should be noted that even ISO-8601 does not allow a
date before 0AD, so not all masterworks from ancient Greece can be tagged in this way ... let me know if
I am wrong). I am, of course, still open to suggestions and reconsiderations on this subject.
On the problem of MakerNote corruption and ways to overcome it
A widespread problem with Exif maker notes is that there is no common standard for how to parse and
rewrite the information in the MakerNote data area. This is the reason why most programs dealing with
Exif JPEG files corrupt the MakerNote on saving, or decide to drop it altogether (be aware that there
existed programs known to hang when they try to read a corrupt maker note).
In fact, many maker notes contain a non-standard IFD structure, with some tags storing file offsets (see
the documentation page describing the IFD structure). Therefore, saving a maker note without regard for
internal offsets' adjustment reduces the note mostly to garbage. Re-dumping a maker note after changing
the Exif APP1 segment endianness incurs the same problem, because no internal byte-swap is performed.
A few countermeasures have been introduced in this package to try to cure some maker note problems. The
first one concerns the correct byte order (the endianness, which is not always the same used in the Exif
segment), which needs not to be known in advance; it is in fact determined by using the fact that, if the
note is IFD-like (even non-standard), the number of tags is always in the range [1,255], so the two-bytes
tag count has always the most significant byte set to zero, and the least significant byte set to non-
zero.
There is also a prediction and correction mechanism for the offsets in the interoperability arrays, based
on the simple assumption that the absolute value of offsets can be wrong, but their differences are
always right, so, if one can get the first one right ... a good bet is the address of the byte
immediately following the next_IFD link (or the tag list, if this link is absent). If the parsing process
does not end successfully, this mechanism is enabled and its "corrected" findings are stored instead of
the original ones if it is able to cure the problems (i.e., if the second try at parsing the note is
successful).
CURRENT STATUS
A lot of other routines for modifying other meta-data could be added in the future. The following is a
list of the current status of various meta-data Segments (only APP and COM Segments).
Segment Possible content Status
* COM User comments parse/read/write
* APP0 JFIF data (+ thumbnail) parse/read
* APP1 Exif or XMP data parse/read[Exif]/write[Exif]
* APP1 Maker notes parse/read
* APP2 FPXR data or ICC profiles parse
* APP3 additional Exif-like data parse
* APP4 HPSC nothing
* APP12 PreExif ASCII meta parse
* APP13 IPTC and PhotoShop data parse/read/write
* APP14 Adobe tags parse
KNOWN BUGS
USE WITH CAUTION! THIS IS EXPERIMENTAL SOFTWARE!
This module is still experimental, and not yet finished. In particular, it is far from being well tested,
and some interfaces could change depending on user feedback. The ability to modify maker notes is not yet
implemented (moreover, have a look at the MakerNote appendix for a general note on the problem of
MakerNote corruption). APP13 data spanning multiple Segments are not correctly read/written. Most of
APP12 Segments do not fit the structure parsed by parse_app12(), probably there is some standard I don't
know.
OTHER PACKAGES
Other packages are available in the free software arena, with a feature set showing a large overlap with
that found in this package; a probably incomplete list follows. However, none of them is (or was)
completely satisfactory with respect to the package's objectives, which are: being a single package
dealing with all types of meta-information in read/write mode in a JPEG (and possibly TIFF) file;
depending on the least possible number of non standard packages and/or external programs or libraries;
being open-source and written in Perl. Of course, most of these objectives are far from being reached
....
"Image::ExifTool" by Phil Harvey
ExifTool is a Perl module with an included command-line application for reading and writing meta
information in image files. It recognizes EXIF, GPS, IPTC, XMP, JFIF, GeoTIFF, ICC Profile, Photoshop
IRB and ID3 meta information as well as the maker notes of many digital cameras including Canon,
Casio, FujiFilm, Kodak, Leaf, Minolta/Konica-Minolta, Nikon, Olympus/Epson, Panasonic/Leica,
Pentax/Asahi, Ricoh, Sanyo and Sigma/Foveon. It was started as a highly customisable, read-only
report tool, capable of organising the results in various ways. Since version 4.10 (beginning of
2005) it added the ability to modify and rewrite JPEG tags. So sad there are now two projects with
such a large overlap.
"Image::IPTCInfo" by Josh Carter
This is a CPAN module for for extracting IPTC image meta-data. It allows reading IPTC data (there is
an XML and also an HTML output feature) and manipulating them through native Perl structures. This
library does not implement a full parsing of the JPEG file, so I did not consider it as a good base
for the development of a full-featured module. Moreover, I don't like the separate treatment of
keywords and supplemental categories.
"JPEG::JFIF" by Marcin Krzyzanowski, "Image::EXIF" by Sergey Prozhogin and "exiftags" by Eric M. Johnston
JPEG::JFIF is a very small CPAN module for reading meta-data in JFIF/JPEG format files. In practice,
it only recognises a subset of the IPTC tags in APP13, and the parsing code is not suitable for being
reused for a generic JPEG segment. Image::Exif is just a Perl wrapper around exiftags, which is a
program parsing the APP1 section in JPEG files for Exif meta-data (it supports a variety of
MakerNotes). exiftags can also rewrite comments and date and time tags.
"Image::Info" by Gisle Aas
This CPAN module extracts meta information from a variety of graphic formats (including JPEG and
TIFF). So, it is not specifically about JPEG segments: reported information includes media type,
extension, width, height, colour type, comments, Interlace, Compression, Gamma, and
LastModificationTime. For JPEG files, it additionally reports from JFIF (APP0) and Exif (APP1)
segments (including MakerNotes). This module does not allow for editing.
"exif" by Martin Krzywinski and "exifdump.py" by Thierry Bousch
These are two basic scripts to extract Exif information from JPEGs. The first script is written in
Perl and targets Canon pictures. The second one is written in Python, and it only works on JPEG files
beginning with an APP1 section after the SOI. So, they are much simpler than all other
programs/libraries described here. Of course, they cannot modify Exif data.
"jhead" by Matthias Wandel
The jhead program (written in C) is used to display JPEG comments and Exif data, and to perform
limited manipulation of Exif headers (such as changing the internal time-stamps, removing the
thumbnail, or transferring headers back into edited images) and comments. Exif header data
modification is very limited, as jhead's internal implementation of the file system contained in the
Exif header is read-only; there, for instance, no way to replace the thumbnail in the Exif header
with another.
"exifprobe" by Duane H. Hesser
This is a C program which examines and reports the contents and structure of JPEG and TIFF image
files. It recognises all standard JPEG markers and reports the contents of any properly structured
TIFF IFD encountered, even when entry tags are not recognised. Camera MakerNotes are included. GPS
and GeoTIFF tags are recognised and entries printed in "raw" form, but are not expanded. The output
is nicely formatted, with indentation and colouration; this program is a great tool for inspecting a
JPEG/TIFF structure while debugging.
"libexif" by Lutz Mueller
This is a library, written in C, for parsing, editing, and saving Exif data. All Exif tags described
in Exif standard 2.1 are supported. Libexif can only handle some maker notes, and even those not very
well. It is used by a number of front-ends, including: Exif (read-only command-line utility), gexif
(a GTK+ front-end for editing Exif data), gphoto2 (command-line front-end to libgphoto2, a library to
access digital cameras), gtkam (a GTK+ front-end to libgphoto2), thirdeye (a digital photos organiser
and driver for eComStation).
"jpegrdf" by Norman Walsh
This is a Java application for manipulating (read/write) RDF meta-data in the comment sections of
JPEG images (is this the same thing which can be found in APP1 segments in XMP format?). It can also
access and convert into RDF the Exif tags and a few other general properties. However, I don't want
to rely on a Java environment being installed in order to be able to access these properties.
"OpenExif" by Eastman Kodak Company
This is an object-oriented interface written in C++ to Exif formatted JPEG image files. It is very
complete and sponsored by a large company, so it is to be considered a sort of reference. The toolkit
allows creating, reading, and modifying the meta-data in the Exif file. It also provides means of
getting and setting the main image and the thumbnail image. OpenExif is also extensible, and
Application segments can be added.
AUTHOR
Stefano Bettelli, bettelli@cpan.org
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
Copyright (C) 2004,2005,2006 by Stefano Bettelli
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU
General Public License. See the COPYING and LICENSE file for the license terms.
SEE ALSO
Have a look at the technical appendixes of the Image::MetaData::JPEG module [M in the following],
packaged as separate documents: they contain a description of segment structures [M::Structures], and
lists of valid tags [M::TagLists], including a tentative description of some MakerNote formats
[M::MakerNotes]. See also your current perl(1) documentation, an explanation for the General Public
License and the manual pages of the following optional Perl modules: Image::ExifTool(3pm),
Image::IPTCInfo(3pm), JPEG::JFIF(3pm), Image::EXIF(3pm) and Image::Info(3pm).