Provided by: libimager-perl_1.006+dfsg-1_amd64 
NAME
Imager::Engines - Programmable transformation operations
SYNOPSIS
use Imager;
my %opts;
my @imgs;
my $img;
...
my $newimg = $img->transform(
xexpr=>'x',
yexpr=>'y+10*sin((x+y)/10)')
or die $img->errstr;
my $newimg = Imager::transform2(\%opts, @imgs)
or die "transform2 failed: $Imager::ERRSTR";
my $newimg = $img->matrix_transform(
matrix=>[ -1, 0, $img->getwidth-1,
0, 1, 0,
0, 0, 1 ]);
DESCRIPTION
transform()
The "transform()" function can be used to generate spatial warps and rotations and such effects. It only
operates on a single image and its only function is to displace pixels.
It can be given the operations in postfix notation or the module Affix::Infix2Postfix can be used to
generate postfix code from infix code. Look in the test case t/t55trans.t for an example.
"transform()" needs expressions (or opcodes) that determine the source pixel for each target pixel.
Source expressions are infix expressions using any of the +, -, *, / or ** binary operators, the - unary
operator, ( and ) for grouping and the "sin()" and "cos()" functions. The target pixel is input as the
variables x and y.
You specify the x and y expressions as "xexpr" and "yexpr" respectively. You can also specify opcodes
directly, but that's magic deep enough that you can look at the source code.
Note: You can still use the transform() function, but the transform2() function is just as fast and is
more likely to be enhanced and maintained.
$new_img=$img->transform(xexpr=>'x',yexpr=>'y+10*sin((x+y)/10)')
$new_img=$img->transform(xexpr=>'x+0.1*y+5*sin(y/10.0+1.57)',
yexpr=>'y+10*sin((x+y-0.785)/10)')
transform2()
Imager also supports a "transform2()" class method which allows you perform a more general set of
operations, rather than just specifying a spatial transformation as with the transform() method, you can
also perform color transformations, image synthesis and image combinations from multiple source images.
"transform2()" takes an reference to an options hash, and a list of images to operate one (this list may
be empty):
my %opts;
my @imgs;
...
my $img = Imager::transform2(\%opts, @imgs)
or die "transform2 failed: $Imager::ERRSTR";
The options hash may define a transformation function, and optionally:
• width - the width of the image in pixels. If this isn't supplied the width of the first input image
is used. If there are no input images an error occurs.
• height - the height of the image in pixels. If this isn't supplied the height of the first input
image is used. If there are no input images an error occurs.
• constants - a reference to hash of constants to define for the expression engine. Some extra
constants are defined by Imager
• channels - the number of channels in the output image. If this isn't supplied a 3 channel image will
be created.
The transformation function is specified using either the "expr" or "rpnexpr" member of the options.
Infix expressions
You can supply infix expressions to transform 2 with the "expr" keyword.
$opts{expr} = 'return getp1(w-x, h-y)'
The 'expression' supplied follows this general grammar:
( identifier '=' expr ';' )* 'return' expr
This allows you to simplify your expressions using variables.
A more complex example might be:
$opts{expr} = 'pix = getp1(x,y); return if(value(pix)>0.8,pix*0.8,pix)'
Currently to use infix expressions you must have the Parse::RecDescent module installed (available from
CPAN). There is also what might be a significant delay the first time you run the infix expression
parser due to the compilation of the expression grammar.
Postfix expressions
You can supply postfix or reverse-polish notation expressions to transform2() through the "rpnexpr"
keyword.
The parser for "rpnexpr" emulates a stack machine, so operators will expect to see their parameters on
top of the stack. A stack machine isn't actually used during the image transformation itself.
You can store the value at the top of the stack in a variable called "foo" using "!foo" and retrieve that
value again using @foo. The !foo notation will pop the value from the stack.
An example equivalent to the infix expression above:
$opts{rpnexpr} = 'x y getp1 !pix @pix value 0.8 gt @pix 0.8 * @pix ifp'
At the end of the expression there should be a single pixel value left on the stack, which is used as the
output pixel.
Operators
transform2() has a fairly rich range of operators.
Each entry below includes the usage with "rpnexpr", formatted as:
operand operand ... operator -- result
If the operand or result begins with "N" it is a numeric value, if it begins with "C" it is a color or
pixel value.
+, *, -, /, %, **
multiplication, addition, subtraction, division, remainder and exponentiation. Multiplication,
addition and subtraction can be used on color values too - though you need to be careful - adding 2
white values together and multiplying by 0.5 will give you gray, not white.
Division by zero (or a small number) just results in a large number. Modulo zero (or a small number)
results in zero. % is implemented using fmod() so you can use this to take a value mod a floating
point value.
"rpnexpr" usage:
N1 N2 + -- N
N1 N2 * -- N
N1 N2 - -- N
N1 N2 / -- N
N1 N2 ** -- N
N1 uminus -- N
sin(N), cos(N), atan2(y,x)
Some basic trig functions. They work in radians, so you can't just use the hue values.
"rpnexpr" usage:
N sin -- N
N cos -- N
Ny Nx atan2 -- N
distance(x1, y1, x2, y2)
Find the distance between two points. This is handy (along with atan2()) for producing circular
effects.
"rpnexpr" usage:
Nx1 Ny1 Nx2 Ny2 distance -- N
sqrt(n)
Find the square root. I haven't had much use for this since adding the distance() function.
"rpnexpr" usage:
N sqrt -- N
abs(n)
Find the absolute value.
"rpnexpr" usage:
N abs -- N
getp1(x,y), getp2(x,y), getp3(x, y)
Get the pixel at position (x,y) from the first, second or third image respectively. I may add a
getpn() function at some point, but this prevents static checking of the instructions against the
number of images actually passed in.
"rpnexpr" usage:
Nx Ny getp1 -- C
Nx Ny getp2 -- C
Nx Ny getp3 -- C
value(c), hue(c), sat(c), hsv(h,s,v), hsva(h,s,v,alpha)
Separates a color value into it's value (brightness), hue (color) and saturation elements. Use hsv()
to put them back together (after suitable manipulation), or hsva() to include a transparency value.
"rpnexpr" usage:
C value -- N
C hue -- N
C sat -- N
Nh Ns Nv hsv -- C
Nh Ns Nv Na hsva -- C
red(c), green(c), blue(c), rgb(r,g,b), rgba(r,g,b,a)
Separates a color value into it's red, green and blue colors. Use rgb(r,g,b) to put it back
together, or rgba() to include a transparency value.
"rpnexpr" usage:
C red -- N
C green -- N
C blue -- N
Nr Ng Nb rgb -- C
Nr Ng Nb Na rgba -- C
alpha(c)
Retrieve the alpha value from a color.
"rpnexpr" usage:
C alpha -- N
int(n)
Convert a value to an integer. Uses a C int cast, so it may break on large values.
"rpnexpr" usage:
N int -- N
if(cond,ntrue,nfalse), if(cond,ctrue,cfalse)
A simple (and inefficient) if function.
"rpnexpr" usage:
Ncond N-true-result N-false-result if -- N
Ncond C-true-result C-false-result if -- C
Ncond C-true-result C-false-result ifp -- C
<=,<,==,>=,>,!=
Relational operators (typically used with if()). Since we're working with floating point values the
equalities are 'near equalities' - an epsilon value is used.
N1 N2 <= -- N
N1 N2 < -- N
N1 N2 >= -- N
N1 N2 > -- N
N1 N2 == -- N
N1 N2 != -- N
&&, ||, not(n)
Basic logical operators.
"rpnexpr" usage:
N1 N2 and -- N
N1 N2 or -- N
N not -- N
log(n), exp(n)
Natural logarithm and exponential.
"rpnexpr" usage:
N log -- N
N exp -- N
det(a, b, c, d)
Calculate the determinant of the 2 x 2 matrix;
a b
c d
"rpnexpr" usage:
Na Nb Nc Nd det -- N
Constants
transform2() defines the following constants:
"pi"
The classical constant.
"w"
"h" The width and height of the output image.
"cx"
"cy"
The center of the output image.
"w"image number
"h"image number
The width and height of each of the input images, "w1" is the width of the first input image and so
on.
"cx"image number
"cy"image number
The center of each of the input images, ("cx1", "cy1") is the center of the first input image and so
on.
A few examples:
rpnexpr=>'x 25 % 15 * y 35 % 10 * getp1 !pat x y getp1 !pix @pix sat 0.7 gt @pat @pix ifp'
tiles a smaller version of the input image over itself where the color has a saturation over 0.7.
rpnexpr=>'x 25 % 15 * y 35 % 10 * getp1 !pat y 360 / !rat x y getp1 1 @rat - pmult @pat @rat pmult padd'
tiles the input image over itself so that at the top of the image the full-size image is at full
strength and at the bottom the tiling is most visible.
rpnexpr=>'x y getp1 !pix @pix value 0.96 gt @pix sat 0.1 lt and 128 128 255 rgb @pix ifp'
replace pixels that are white or almost white with a palish blue
rpnexpr=>'x 35 % 10 * y 45 % 8 * getp1 !pat x y getp1 !pix @pix sat 0.2 lt @pix value 0.9 gt and @pix @pat @pix value 2 / 0.5 + pmult ifp'
Tiles the input image over it self where the image isn't white or almost white.
rpnexpr=>'x y 160 180 distance !d y 180 - x 160 - atan2 !a @d 10 / @a + 3.1416 2 * % !a2 @a2 180 * 3.1416 / 1 @a2 sin 1 + 2 / hsv'
Produces a spiral.
rpnexpr=>'x y 160 180 distance !d y 180 - x 160 - atan2 !a @d 10 / @a + 3.1416 2 * % !a2 @a 180 * 3.1416 / 1 @a2 sin 1 + 2 / hsv'
A spiral built on top of a color wheel.
For details on expression parsing see Imager::Expr. For details on the virtual machine used to transform
the images, see Imager::regmach.
# generate a colorful spiral
# requires that Parse::RecDescent be installed
my $newimg = Imager::transform2({
width => 160, height=>160,
expr => <<EOS
dist = distance(x, y, w/2, h/2);
angle = atan2(y-h/2, x-w/2);
angle2 = (dist / 10 + angle) % ( 2 * pi );
return hsv(angle*180/pi, 1, (sin(angle2)+1)/2);
EOS
});
# replace green portions of an image with another image
my $newimg = Imager::transform2({
rpnexpr => <<EOS
x y getp2 !pat # used to replace green portions
x y getp1 !pix # source with "green screen"
@pix red 10 lt @pix blue 10 lt && # low blue and red
@pix green 254 gt && # and high green
@pat @pix ifp
EOS
}, $source, $background);
Matrix Transformations
matrix_transform()
Rather than having to write code in a little language, you can use a matrix to perform affine
transformations, using the matrix_transform() method:
my $newimg = $img->matrix_transform(matrix=>[ -1, 0, $img->getwidth-1,
0, 1, 0,
0, 0, 1 ]);
By default the output image will be the same size as the input image, but you can supply the "xsize"
and "ysize" parameters to change the size.
Rather than building matrices by hand you can use the Imager::Matrix2d module to build the matrices.
This class has methods to allow you to scale, shear, rotate, translate and reflect, and you can
combine these with an overloaded multiplication operator.
WARNING: the matrix you provide in the matrix operator transforms the co-ordinates within the
destination image to the co-ordinates within the source image. This can be confusing.
You can also supply a "back" argument which acts as a background color for the areas of the image
with no samples available (outside the rectangle of the source image.) This can be either an
Imager::Color or Imager::Color::Float object. This is not mixed transparent pixels in the middle of
the source image, it is only used for pixels where there is no corresponding pixel in the source
image.
AUTHOR
Tony Cook <tonyc@cpan.org>, Arnar M. Hrafnkelsson