Provided by: liblocales-perl_0.34+ds-1_all 
NAME
Locales - Methods for getting localized CLDR language/territory names (and a subset of
other data)
VERSION
This document describes Locales version 0.33
SYNOPSIS
use Locales;
my $locale = Locales->new('en_gb');
print $locale->get_locale(); # 'en_gb'
print $locale->get_language(); # 'en'
print $locale->get_territory(); # 'gb'
print $locale->get_language_from_code('fr'); # 'French'
print $locale->get_code_from_language('French'); # 'fr'
print $locale->get_territory_from_code('us'); # 'United States'
print $locale->get_code_from_territory('Australia'); # 'au'
DESCRIPTION
Locales lets you create an object for a certain locale that lets you access certain data
harvested directly from CLDR.
<http://cldr.unicode.org/index/downloads>
Currently the data/methods include translated locale names and territory names.
For simplicity Locales does not work with or know about Variants or Scripts. It only knows
about languages and territories.
Also it does not contain all the data contained in CLDR. For example, DateTime’s
localization already has all the calender/date/time info from CLDR. Other information has
not had any demand yet.
For consistency all data is written in utf-8. No conversion should be necessary if you are
(wisely) using utf-8 as your character set everywhere (See
<http://drmuey.com\/?do=page&id=57> for more info on that.).
Note: You probably [don't need to/should not] use utf8 in regards to the data contained
herein.
Based on CLDR
This module is based on CLDR v2.0.
You can learn about the Unicode Common Locale Data Repository at
<http://cldr.unicode.org/>.
Supported Locale Criteria
The locale tags that can be objectified fit this criteria:
the locale must have data in the CLDR
As noted in “I am using a locale code that I know exists in the CLDR but I can't use
it anywhere in Locales” in "BEFORE YOU SUBMIT A BUG REPORT".
the locale must have an entry in CLDR’s en data
As noted in “I am using a locale code that I know exists in the CLDR but I can't use
it anywhere in Locales” in "BEFORE YOU SUBMIT A BUG REPORT".
the locale can only have language and territory parts
As noted in the "DESCRIPTION".
the only exceptions are “soft locales”.
As described in "Soft Locales".
Soft Locales
As “soft locale” is a language-territory locale that does not fit the "Supported Locale
Criteria" directly but its super does and the territory is known.
For example “es-MX” does not fit the criteria but “es” does and “MX” is a valid territory
code.
To byte or not to byte, that is the question. Ok, I’ll byte …
The CLDR data is in bytes, specifically utf-8.
By default this module simply passes along the strings as bytes, which works fine in
applications that don’t operate in character mode (i.e. that use utf8 byte strings instead
of Unicode strings**).
If you want Unicode strings instead you can do so by bringing in the module this way:
use Locales unicode => 1;
[**] What is the difference between Unicode strings and utf-8 bytes strings you ask? See
String::UnicodeUTF8 for more info.
INTERFACE
new()
Takes one argument, the locale tag whose CLDR data you want to use.
No argument defaults to 'en'.
It is an argument based singleton so you can call it more than once with out it having to
rebuild the object every time.
It returns false if a locale given is not available. $@ should have been set at that point
by eval.
my $en = Locales->new('en') or die $@;
Object methods
Misc methods
get_cldr_version()
Takes no arguments.
Returns the version of the CLDR any data it uses comes from. Can also be called as a
class method or function.
get_locale()
Takes no arguments.
Returns the normalized locale of the object, this is the same as the argument to new()
get_language()
Takes no arguments.
Returns the language portion of the object’s locale.
get_territory()
Takes no arguments.
Returns the territory portion of the object’s locale if any (e.g. 'en_au'), undef if
there is none (e.g. 'it').
get_soft_locale_fallback()
Takes no arguments.
Returns the locale that the object is based on in the case that the given locale (i.e.
"get_locale()") is a soft locale.
Note: If you do not want to have soft locale objects you should simply not call new()
if it is soft:
- my $loc = Locales->new($tag) || die $@;
+ my $loc = (Locales::tag_is_soft_locale($tag) ? undef : Locales->new($tag)) || die $@;
This could be added to the constructor but for now I don't want to make it more
complicated only to support something that seems odd. If you have a use case submit an
rt w/ details. Thanks!
numf()
Note: As of v0.17 you probably want "get_formatted_decimal()" instead of numf().
Takes one optional boolean argument.
Returns 1 if the object’ss locale’s number format is comma for thousand separator,
period for decimal.
Returns 2 if the object’s locale’s number format is period for thousand separator,
comma for decimal.
Otherwise it returns a reference to a 3 element array containing this CLDR data:
number format, separator character, decimal character.
The boolean argument, when true will do it’s best to determine and return a 1 or a 2.
Territory methods
get_territory_codes()
Take no arguments.
Returns an unsorted list of known territory codes.
get_territory_names()
Take no arguments.
Returns an unsorted list of the display names for each known territory code.
get_territory_lookup()
Take no arguments.
Returns a copy of the lookup hash of the display names for each known territory code.
get_territory_from_code()
Takes one argument, the locale code whose territory name you want to find. Defaults to
the territory of the of object’s locale, if any.
Returns the name of the given tag’s territory or, if not found, the territory portion
(if any), returns false otherwise.
An optional second argument, when true, will force it to return the normalized tag if
nothing else can be figured out.
get_code_from_territory()
Takes one argument, the territory name whose locale you want to find.
Returns the locale tag if found, false otherwise.
code2territory()
Alias for get_territory_from_code()
territory2code()
Alias for get_code_from_territory()
Language Methods
get_language_codes()
Take no arguments.
Returns an unsorted list of known language codes.
get_language_names()
Take no arguments.
Returns an unsorted list of the display names for each known language code.
get_language_lookup()
Take no arguments.
Returns a copy of the lookup hash of the display names for each known language code.
get_language_from_code()
Takes one argument, the locale code whose language name you want to find. Defaults to
the object’s locale.
Returns the name of the given tag’s language, returns false otherwise.
An optional second argument, when true, will force it to return a properly formatted
CLDR format display based on if we know the language and/or territory if nothing else
can be figured out.
get_code_from_language()
Takes one argument, the language name whose locale you want to find.
Returns the locale tag if found, false otherwise.
get_native_language_from_code()
Like get_language_from_code() except it returns the name in the given locale’s native
language.
get_character_orientation_from_code()
Like get_language_from_code() except it returns the character orientation identifier
for the given locale. (defaulting to the locale of the object if non is given)
Typically it will be the string “left-to-right” or “right-to-left”.
See <http://unicode.org/repos/cldr-tmp/trunk/diff/by_type/misc.layout.html> for more
information.
get_character_orientation_from_code_fast()
Same as get_character_orientation_from_code() except it should use less-overhead. Can
be called as a function also so you can use it without creating an object.
get_locale_display_pattern_from_code()
Like get_character_orientation_from_code() except it returns the locale display
pattern for the given locale. (defaulting to the locale of the object if non is given)
Typically it will be something like '{0} ({1})'
See
<http://unicode.org/repos/cldr-tmp/trunk/diff/by_type/names.localeDisplayPattern.html>
for more information.
get_locale_display_pattern_from_code_fast()
Same as get_locale_display_pattern_from_code() except it should use less-overhead. Can
be called as a function also so you can use it without creating an object.
get_cldr_number_symbol_decimal()
Returns the decimal point symbol for the object’s locale. Takes no arguments.
For formatting numbers use get_formatted_decimal().
get_cldr_number_symbol_group()
Returns the integer grouping symbol for the object’s locale. Takes no arguments.
For formatting numbers use get_formatted_decimal().
get_fallback_list()
Returns a fallback list of locales in the order they apply based on the object’s
locale.
The basic list will be: object’s locale, object’s super if any, the object’s CLDR
fallback if any, “special lookup” if any, 'en'
my @list = $fr_ca->get_fallback_list();
# fr_ca fr en
"special lookup" is a code ref that can be passed in as the first optional arg.
It is given the object’s locale when called and should return a list of locale tags
(they will be normalized).
my @list = $fr_ca->get_fallback_list(sub { return $_[0] =~ m/fr/ ? qw(i_yoda i_love_rhi) : () } );
# fr_ca fr i_yoda i_love_rhi en
get_plural_form()
Takes a number and returns the plural category that the number fits under for the
object’s locale.
You can also add an array of items to return instead of the category name. For the
details on what arguments a given local needs see Locales::DB::Docs::PluralForms.
The array should be the same length of the list of plural form categories for the
locale. See get_plural_form_categories().
The exception to that is when you specify the optional "“Special Zero” Argument" in
Locales::DB::Docs::PluralForms.
For example, 'en' has the plural categories “one” and “other”, so it'd work like this:
my $cat = $en->get_plural_form(0); # 'other'
my $str = $en->get_plural_form(0,'I am 1','I am other'); # I am other
my $str = $en->get_plural_form(0,'I am 1','I am other','I am nothing'); # I am nothing
my $cat = $en->get_plural_form(1); # 'one'
my $str = $en->get_plural_form(1,'I am 1','I am other'); # I am 1
my $str = $en->get_plural_form(1,'I am 1','I am other','I am nothing'); #I am 1
my $cat = $en->get_plural_form(2); # 'other'
my $str = $en->get_plural_form(2,'I am 1','I am other'); # I am other
my $str = $en->get_plural_form(2,'I am 1','I am other','I am nothing'); # I am other
In array context the second value is a boolean for if the return value is the
"“Special Zero” Argument" in Locales::DB::Docs::PluralForms or not.
This boolean value only has meaning when called with the additional array of items to
return instead of the category name.
This method can carp() a few things:
"Could not determine plural logic."
The locale does not have plural logic data.
"The number of given values (%d) does not match the number of categories (%d)."
You passed too many or too few values after the initial numeric argument.
You'll only see this if $locales_object->{'verbose'} is set to true.
"The category (%s) is not used by this locale."
The locale’s plural rules come up with a category that is not applicable to the
locale. Default to “other” at this point.
get_plural_form_categories()
Returns an array of the CLDR plural rule category names that this locale uses.
Their order corresponds to the position of the corresponding value that
get_plural_form() uses.
supports_special_zeroth()
Takes no arguments, returns a boolean.
It is true if the locale uses the "“Special Zero” Argument" in
Locales::DB::Docs::PluralForms.
False if it does not.
plural_category_count()
Takes no arguments.
Returns the number of plural categories applicable to the object’s locale.
Does not factor in support (or not) of the special zeroth category.
get_list_and()
Stringify an "and" list of items as defined in the CLDR for the object’s locale.
Note: get_list_or() will be done once CLDR defines the OR-list data
<http://unicode.org/cldr/trac/ticket/4051>.
$en->get_list_and() # nothing
$en->get_list_and(1) # 1
$en->get_list_and(1,2) # 1 and 2
$en->get_list_and(1,2,3) # 1, 2, and 3
$en->get_list_and(1,2,3,4) # 1, 2, 3, and 3
$es->get_list_and() # nothing
$es->get_list_and(1) # 1
$es->get_list_and(1,2) # 1 y 2
$es->get_list_and(1,2,3) # 1, 2 y 3
$es->get_list_and(1,2,3,4) # 1, 2, 3 y 3
To help disambiguate ambiguous arguments (none, undef, “”, all space/non-break-space)
you can use $loc->{'misc'}{'list_quote_mode'}.
The default value is “none”.
Possible values:
“all”
quote() all values.
“some”
quote() only ambiguous values (none (as if it was “”), undef, “”, all
space/non-break-space).
“none”
do not quote() any values
If another value is given or the entry does not exist you'll get “none” behavior. If
it is set to an unknown value you'll get a carp() of “$self->{misc}{list_quote_mode}
is set to an unknown value”.
get_list_or()
Stringify an "or" list of items as defined in the CLDR for the object’s locale.
This is a stub until CLDR defines the OR-list data
<http://unicode.org/cldr/trac/ticket/4051>.
Until then it is essentially the same as "get_list_and()"except it uses English
rules/grammer for or lists.
Uses $loc->{'misc'}{'list_quote_mode'} the same way get_list_and() does.
get_formatted_ellipsis_initial()
Formats the given string per the initial ellipsis pattern.
Truncating for length is the caller’s responsibility since knowing how to do that
correctly depends on what the string is (e.g. plain text needs to factor in the
encoding or we might corrupt the text, HTML might have a broken or unclosed tag, ANSI
might be unclosed or truncated, etc) so it is outside of the scope of the CLDR.
…foo
get_formatted_ellipsis_medial()
Formats the given string per the medial ellipsis pattern.
Truncating for length is the caller’s responsibility since knowing how to do that
correctly depends on what the string is (e.g. plain text needs to factor in the
encoding or we might corrupt the text, HTML might have a broken or unclosed tag, ANSI
might be unclosed or truncated, etc) so it is outside of the scope of the CLDR.
foo…bar
get_formatted_ellipsis_final()
Formats the given string per the medial ellipsis pattern.
Truncating for length is the caller’s responsibility since knowing how to do that
correctly depends on what the string is (e.g. plain text needs to factor in the
encoding or we might corrupt the text, HTML might have a broken or includes tag, ANSI
might be unclosed or truncated, etc) so it is outside of the scope of the CLDR.
foo…
quote()
Quotes the argument with the CLDR delimiters quotation_start and quotation_end.
quote_alt()
Quotes the argument with the CLDR delimiters alternate_quotation_start and
alternate_quotation_end.
get_formatted_decimal()
Return the given number as a string formatted per the locale’s CLDR decimal format
pattern.
An optional second argument defines a maximum length of decimal places (default is 6
perl %f, max is 14, if you have a need for a larger max please open an rt w/ context
and we may make the max settable in the object)
$fr->get_formatted_decimal("1234567890.12345"); # 1 234 567 890,12345
$fr->get_formatted_decimal("1234567890.12345",4); # 1 234 567 890,123
$fr->get_formatted_decimal("1234567890.12345",3); # 1 234 567 890,1235
Perl number stringification caveats:
You can avoid most stringification of large integers issues by passing strings.
$l->get_formatted_decimal(99999999999999999983222787.1234); # returns 1e+26 since that is how it comes into the function
$l->get_formatted_decimal("99999999999999999983222787.1234"); # 99,999,999,999,999,999,983,222,787.1234
You can avoid most formatting of large decimal parts issues by passing strings.
$l->get_formatted_decimal(10000000001.12345678911234,12); # 10,000,000,001.1235 since it is already truncated when it comes into the function
$l->get_formatted_decimal("10000000001.12345678911234",12); # 10,000,000,001.123456789112
If the abs integer is > 10_000_000_000 and the decimal part alone stringify into an
exponential number the rounding is not done.
That is OK though, since this isn't intended to be used in math and you are
already aware of how large integers and decimals act oddly on computers right?
In general very large integers and/or very large decimal places get wonky when you
want to turn them into a string like [0-9]+.[0-9]+
This is why we have a hard limit of 14 decimal places, to enforce some sense of
sanity. You might consider only using the max decimal places argument to make it
less than 6 digits long.
This method can carp() a few (hopefully self explanatory) things regarding CLDR number
format syntax errors:
"Format had more than 2 pos/neg sections. Using default pattern."
"Format should have one decimal section. Using default pattern."
"Format is empty. Using default pattern."
code2language()
Alias for get_language_from_code()
language2code()
Alias for get_code_from_language()
Utility functions
These are some functions used internally that you might find useful.
Locales::normalize_tag()
Takes a single argument, the locale tag to normalize.
Returns the normalized tag.
print Locales::normalize_tag(" en-GB\n "); # 'en_gb'
Locales::normalize_tag_for_datetime_locale()
Like normalize_tag() except the return value should be suitable for DateTime::Locale
print Locales::normalize_tag_for_datetime_locale(" en-GB\n "); # 'en_GB'
Locales::normalize_tag_for_ietf()
Like normalize_tag() except the return value should be suitable for IETF.
This is not a comprehensive IETF formatter, it is intended (for now at least) for the
subset of tags Locales.pm uses.
print Locales::normalize_tag_for_ietf(" en_gb\n "); # 'en-GB'
Locales::split_tag()
Takes a single argument, the locale tag to split into language and territory parts.
Returns the resulting array of 1 or 2 normalized (but not validated) items.
my ($language, $territory) = Locales::split_tag(" en-GB\n "); # ('en','gb')
my ($language, $territory) = Locales::split_tag('fr'); # ('fr');
my ($language, $territory) = Locales::split_tag('sr_Cyrl_YU'); # ('sr','cyrl_yu'), yes 'cyrl_yu' is invalid here since Locales doesn't work with the Script variants, good catch
Locales::get_i_tag_for_string()
Takes a single argument, the locale tag string to transform into "i" notation.
Returns the resulting normalized locale tag.
The standard tag for strings/tags without a standard is an "i" notation tag.
For example, the language "Yoda Speak" does not have an ISO code. You'd have to use
i_yoda_speak.
# assuming $string = "Yoda Speak"; you'd get into the if(), assuming it was 'Spanish' or 'es'
if (!$en->get_language_from_code($string) && !$en->get_code_from_language($string) ) {
# it is not a code or a language (at least in the language of $en) so lets create a tag for it:
_create_locale_files( Locales::get_i_tag_for_string($string) ); # i_yoda_speak
}
else {
# if it is a language name then we fetch the code otherwise, at this point, we know it is a code, so return a normailized version
_create_locale_files( $en->get_code_from_language($yoda) || Locales::normalize_tag($yoda) );
}
Locales::tag_is_soft_locale()
Takes a single argument, the locale tag you want to check to see if it is <soft
locale|/Soft Locales> or not.
If it is it returns the super portion that an object would be based on. If it is not
it returns false.
Locales::tag_is_loadable()
Returns true if the given tag can be loaded as a Locales object via new(). False
otherwise.
Locales::territory_code_is_known()
Returns true if the given tag is a known territory. False otherwise.
Locales::get_loadable_language_codes()
Takes no arguments. Returns an unsorted list of codes that can be loaded as a Locales
object via new().
Locales::non_locale_list()
Takes no arguments. Returns a list of locale tags that are not actually locales. e.g.
'mul' means “Multiple Languages”.
Locales::is_non_locale()
Takes a locale tag as the argument and returns true if it is a non-locale code (See
"Locales::non_locale_list()"), false otherwise.
Locales::typical_en_alias_list
Takes no arguments. Returns a list of locale tags that are typically aliases of 'en'.
Locales::is_typical_en_alias
Takes a locale tag as the argument and returns true if it is typically an alias of
'en' (See "Locales::typical_en_alias_list()"), false otherwise.
Locales::normalize_for_key_lookup()
Takes a single argument, the phrase string normalize in the same way the names are
stored in each locale’s lookup hash.
Returns the resulting normalized string.
This is used internally to normalize a given name in the same manner the name-to-code
hash keys are normalized.
If said normalization is ever improved then using this function will ensure everything
is normalized consistently.
That allows $en->get_code_from_language($name) to map to 'afa' if given these various
variations of $arg:
"Afro-Asiatic Language"
"afroasiatic\tLanguage"
"AFRO-Asiatic Language"
" Afro_Asiatic Language"
"afro.Asiatic Language\n"
Locales::get_cldr_plural_category_list()
Returns a list of plural categories that CLDR uses.
With no argument, the order is what is appropriate for some noun quantifying
localization methods.
With a true argument, the order is the order it makes sense to check their
corresponding rules in.
Locales::plural_rule_string_to_code()
This is used under the hood to facilitate get_plural_form(). That being the case there
probably isn't much use for it to be used directly.
This takes the plural rule string as found in the CLDR XML and returns an eval()able
perl code version of it.
It will carp "Unknown plural rule syntax" and return; if it does not understand what
you sent.
A second, optional, argument is the value to return if the rule matches.
If you eval the returned string you'll have a code reference that returns true (or
whatever you give it) if the rule matched the given number or not:
my $perly = Locales::plural_rule_string_to_code("n is 42 or n mod 42 is not 7");
my $check = eval $perly;
my $plural_category = $check->(42);
Locales::plural_rule_hashref_to_code()
This is used under the hood to facilitate get_plural_form(). That being the case there
probably isn't much use for it to be used directly.
This takes a hashref that contains rules, puts them in the hash, and returns an
overall code ref. Its pretty internal so if you really need the details have a gander
at the source.
Locales::plural_rule_string_to_javascript_code
Same as Locales::plural_rule_string_to_code() except it returns javascript code
instead of perl code.
Used internally when building this distribution’s share/misc_info contents.
DIAGNOSTICS
Throws no warning or errors of it’s own. If any function or method returns false then the
arguments given (or not given) were invalid/not found.
Deviations from this are documented per function/method.
CONFIGURATION AND ENVIRONMENT
Locales requires no configuration files or environment variables.
DEPENDENCIES
None.
INCOMPATIBILITIES
None reported.
TODO
- CLDR builder TODOs
- more CLDR version/misc-info fetchers
- generally improve get_code_from_* lookups
- tests that misc info doesn't get odd structs from XML instead of a string
- ? install share/ via L<File::ShareDir> mechanism ?
- vet share/ && document better
DEPRECATED MODULES/INTERFACE
The original, non CLDR based, '::Base' based modules/interface in this distribution were
deprecated in version 0.06.
These modules were removed in version 0.15.
BUGS AND FEATURES
Please report any bugs or feature requests (and a pull request for bonus points)
through the issue tracker at <https://github.com/drmuey/p5-Locales/issues>.
Please report any bugs or feature requests regarding CLDR data as per
<http://cldr.unicode.org/index/bug-reports>.
BEFORE YOU SUBMIT A BUG REPORT
Please read TODO, DESCRIPTION, and the information below thoroughly to see if your thought
is already addressed.
• A non-English object returns English names.
Data that is not defined in a locale’s CLDR data falls back to English.
Please report the missing data to the CLDR as per
<http://cldr.unicode.org/index/bug-reports>.
• I am using a locale code that I know exists in the CLDR but I can't use it anywhere in
Locales
Only locales and territory codes that 'en' knows about are used. Only locales that
have their own data set in CLDR are able to be objectified.
Additions or updates can be request as per
<http://cldr.unicode.org/index/bug-reports>.
• A name is misformatted, incorrect, etc.
The data is automatically harvested from CLDR. So if there is really a problem you'll
have to report the problem to them. (as per
<http://cldr.unicode.org/index/bug-reports>)
Here are some things to check before submitting a report:
• Corrupt text
• Is your charset correct?
For example, viewing UTF-8 characters on a latin1 web page will result in
garbled characters.
• It still looks corrupt!
Some locale’s require special fonts to be installed on your system to view
them properly.
For example Bengali (bn) is like this. As per
<http://www.unicode.org/help/display_problems.html> if you install the proper
font it renders correctly.
• Incorrect data or formatting
• Is it really inaccurate?
It could simply be an incomplete understanding of the context of the data, for
example:
In English we capitalize proper names (e.g. French).
In other languages it may be perfectly acceptable for a language or territory
name to not start with upper case letters.
In that case a report about names not being capitalized like we do in English
would be unwarranted.
• Is it really mis-formatted?
Sometimes something might look strange to us and we'd be tempted to report the
problem. Keep in mind though that sometimes locale nuances can cause things to
render in a way that non-native speakers may not understand.
For example Arabic’s (ar) right-to-left text direction can seem strange when
mixed with latin text. It's simply not wrong. You may be able to improve it by
using the direction data to render it better (e.g. CSS or HTML attributes if
the output is HTML).
Also, CLDR pattern formats can differ per locale.
In cases like this a report would be unwarranted.
AUTHOR
Daniel Muey "<http://drmuey.com/cpan_contact.pl>"
LICENCE AND COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2009, Daniel Muey "<http://drmuey.com/cpan_contact.pl>". All rights
reserved.
This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same
terms as Perl itself. See perlartistic.
DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY
BECAUSE THIS SOFTWARE IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE SOFTWARE,
TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE
COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE SOFTWARE "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO
THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE SOFTWARE IS WITH YOU. SHOULD THE SOFTWARE PROVE
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