Provided by: libmoose-perl_2.2009-1_amd64 
NAME
Moose::Spec::Role - Formal spec for Role behavior
VERSION
version 2.2009
DESCRIPTION
NOTE: This document is currently incomplete.
Components of a Role
Excluded Roles
A role can have a list of excluded roles, these are basically roles that they
shouldn't be composed with. This is not just direct composition either, but also
"inherited" composition.
This feature was taken from the Fortress language and is really of most use when
building a large set of role "building blocks" some of which should never be used
together.
Attributes
A roles attributes are similar to those of a class, except that they are not actually
applied. This means that methods that are generated by an attributes accessor will not
be generated in the role, but only created once the role is applied to a class.
Methods
These are the methods defined within the role. Simple as that.
Required Methods
A role can require a consuming class (or role) to provide a given method. Failure to
do so for classes is a fatal error, while for roles it simply passes on the method
requirement to the consuming role.
Required Attributes
Just as a role can require methods, it can also require attributes. The requirement
fulfilling attribute must implement at least as much as is required. That means, for
instance, that if the role requires that the attribute be read-only, then it must at
least have a reader and can also have a writer. It means that if the role requires
that the attribute be an ArrayRef, then it must either be an ArrayRef or a subtype of
an ArrayRef.
Overridden Methods
The "override" and "super" keywords are allowed in roles, but their behavior is
different from that of its class counterparts. The "super" in a class refers directly
to that class's superclass, while the "super" in a role is deferred and only has
meaning once the role is composed into a class. Once that composition occurs, "super"
then refers to that class's superclass.
It is key to remember that roles do not have hierarchy, so they can never have a super
role.
Method Modifiers
These are the "before", "around" and "after" modifiers provided in Moose classes. The
difference here is that the modifiers are not actually applied until the role is
composed into a class (this is just like attributes and the "override" keyword).
Role Composition
Composing into a Class
Excluded Roles
Required Methods
Required Attributes
Attributes
Methods
Overridden methods
Method Modifiers (before, around, after)
Composing into a Instance
Composing into a Role
Excluded Roles
Required Methods
Required Attributes
Attributes
Methods
Overridden methods
Method Modifiers (before, around, after)
Role Summation
When multiple roles are added to another role (using the "with @roles" keyword) the roles
are composed symmetrically. The product of the composition is a composite role
(Moose::Meta::Role::Composite).
Excluded Roles
Required Methods
Required Attributes
Attributes
Attributes with the same name will conflict and are considered a unrecoverable error.
No other aspect of the attribute is examined, it is enough that just the attribute
names conflict.
The reason for such early and harsh conflicts with attributes is because there is so
much room for variance between two attributes that the problem quickly explodes and
rules get very complex. It is my opinion that this complexity is not worth the
trouble.
Methods
Methods with the same name will conflict, but no error is thrown, instead the method
name is added to the list of required methods for the new composite role.
To look at this in terms of set theory, each role can be said to have a set of
methods. The symmetric difference of these two sets is the new set of methods for the
composite role, while the intersection of these two sets are the conflicts. This can
be illustrated like so:
Role A has method set { a, b, c }
Role B has method set { c, d, e }
The composite role (A,B) has
method set { a, b, d, e }
conflict set { c }
Overridden methods
An overridden method can conflict in one of two ways.
The first way is with another overridden method of the same name, and this is
considered an unrecoverable error. This is an obvious error since you cannot override
a method twice in the same class.
The second way for conflict is for an overridden method and a regular method to have
the same name. This is also an unrecoverable error since there is no way to combine
these two, nor is it okay for both items to be composed into a single class at some
point.
The use of override in roles can be tricky, but if used carefully they can be a very
powerful tool.
Method Modifiers (before, around, after)
Method modifiers are the only place where the ordering of role composition matters.
This is due to the nature of method modifiers themselves.
Since a method can have multiple method modifiers, these are just collected in order
to be later applied to the class in that same order.
In general, great care should be taken in using method modifiers in roles. The order
sensitivity can possibly lead to subtle and difficult to find bugs if they are
overused. As with all good things in life, moderation is the key.
Composition Edge Cases
This is a just a set of complex edge cases which can easily get confused. This attempts to
clarify those cases and provide an explanation of what is going on in them.
Role Method Overriding
Many people want to "override" methods in roles they are consuming. This works fine
for classes, since the local class method is favored over the role method. However in
roles it is trickier, this is because conflicts result in neither method being chosen
and the method being "required" instead.
Here is an example of this (incorrect) type of overriding.
package Role::Foo;
use Moose::Role;
sub foo { ... }
package Role::FooBar;
use Moose::Role;
with 'Role::Foo';
sub foo { ... }
sub bar { ... }
Here the "foo" methods conflict and the Role::FooBar now requires a class or role
consuming it to implement "foo". This is very often not what the user wants.
Now here is an example of the (correct) type of overriding, only it is not overriding
at all, as is explained in the text below.
package Role::Foo;
use Moose::Role;
sub foo { ... }
package Role::Bar;
use Moose::Role;
sub foo { ... }
sub bar { ... }
package Role::FooBar;
use Moose::Role;
with 'Role::Foo', 'Role::Bar';
sub foo { ... }
This works because the combination of Role::Foo and Role::Bar produce a conflict with
the "foo" method. This conflict results in the composite role (that was created by the
combination of Role::Foo and Role::Bar using the with keyword) having a method
requirement of "foo". The Role::FooBar then fulfills this requirement.
It is important to note that Role::FooBar is simply fulfilling the required "foo"
method, and **NOT** overriding "foo". This is an important distinction to make.
Now here is another example of a (correct) type of overriding, this time using the
excludes option.
package Role::Foo;
use Moose::Role;
sub foo { ... }
package Role::FooBar;
use Moose::Role;
with 'Role::Foo' => { -excludes => 'foo' };
sub foo { ... }
sub bar { ... }
By specifically excluding the "foo" method during composition, we allow Role::FooBar
to define its own version of "foo".
SEE ALSO
Traits
Roles are based on Traits, which originated in the Smalltalk community.
<http://www.iam.unibe.ch/~scg/Research/Traits/>
This is the main site for the original Traits papers.
Class::Trait
I created this implementation of traits several years ago, after reading the
papers linked above. (This module is now maintained by Ovid and I am no longer
involved with it).
Roles
Since they are relatively new, and the Moose implementation is probably the most
mature out there, roles don't have much to link to. However, here is some bits worth
looking at (mostly related to Perl 6)
<http://www.oreillynet.com/onlamp/blog/2006/08/roles_composable_units_of_obje.html>
This is chromatic's take on roles, which is worth reading since he was/is one of
the big proponents of them.
<http://svn.perl.org/perl6/doc/trunk/design/syn/S12.pod>
This is Synopsis 12, which is all about the Perl 6 Object System. Which, of
course, includes roles.
AUTHORS
• Stevan Little <stevan.little@iinteractive.com>
• Dave Rolsky <autarch@urth.org>
• Jesse Luehrs <doy@tozt.net>
• Shawn M Moore <code@sartak.org>
• יובל קוג'מן (Yuval Kogman) <nothingmuch@woobling.org>
• Karen Etheridge <ether@cpan.org>
• Florian Ragwitz <rafl@debian.org>
• Hans Dieter Pearcey <hdp@weftsoar.net>
• Chris Prather <chris@prather.org>
• Matt S Trout <mst@shadowcat.co.uk>
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
This software is copyright (c) 2006 by Infinity Interactive, Inc.
This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as
the Perl 5 programming language system itself.