Provided by: libpoe-perl_1.3670-2_all 
NAME
POE::Wheel::Run - portably run blocking code and programs in subprocesses
SYNOPSIS
#!/usr/bin/perl
use warnings;
use strict;
use POE qw( Wheel::Run );
POE::Session->create(
inline_states => {
_start => \&on_start,
got_child_stdout => \&on_child_stdout,
got_child_stderr => \&on_child_stderr,
got_child_close => \&on_child_close,
got_child_signal => \&on_child_signal,
}
);
POE::Kernel->run();
exit 0;
sub on_start {
my $child = POE::Wheel::Run->new(
Program => [ "/bin/ls", "-1", "/" ],
StdoutEvent => "got_child_stdout",
StderrEvent => "got_child_stderr",
CloseEvent => "got_child_close",
);
$_[KERNEL]->sig_child($child->PID, "got_child_signal");
# Wheel events include the wheel's ID.
$_[HEAP]{children_by_wid}{$child->ID} = $child;
# Signal events include the process ID.
$_[HEAP]{children_by_pid}{$child->PID} = $child;
print(
"Child pid ", $child->PID,
" started as wheel ", $child->ID, ".\n"
);
}
# Wheel event, including the wheel's ID.
sub on_child_stdout {
my ($stdout_line, $wheel_id) = @_[ARG0, ARG1];
my $child = $_[HEAP]{children_by_wid}{$wheel_id};
print "pid ", $child->PID, " STDOUT: $stdout_line\n";
}
# Wheel event, including the wheel's ID.
sub on_child_stderr {
my ($stderr_line, $wheel_id) = @_[ARG0, ARG1];
my $child = $_[HEAP]{children_by_wid}{$wheel_id};
print "pid ", $child->PID, " STDERR: $stderr_line\n";
}
# Wheel event, including the wheel's ID.
sub on_child_close {
my $wheel_id = $_[ARG0];
my $child = delete $_[HEAP]{children_by_wid}{$wheel_id};
# May have been reaped by on_child_signal().
unless (defined $child) {
print "wid $wheel_id closed all pipes.\n";
return;
}
print "pid ", $child->PID, " closed all pipes.\n";
delete $_[HEAP]{children_by_pid}{$child->PID};
}
sub on_child_signal {
print "pid $_[ARG1] exited with status $_[ARG2].\n";
my $child = delete $_[HEAP]{children_by_pid}{$_[ARG1]};
# May have been reaped by on_child_close().
return unless defined $child;
delete $_[HEAP]{children_by_wid}{$child->ID};
}
DESCRIPTION
POE::Wheel::Run executes a program or block of code in a subprocess, created the usual
way: using fork(). The parent process may exchange information with the child over the
child's STDIN, STDOUT and STDERR filehandles.
In the parent process, the POE::Wheel::Run object represents the child process. It has
methods such as PID() and kill() to query and manage the child process.
POE::Wheel::Run's put() method sends data to the child's STDIN. Child output on STDOUT
and STDERR may be dispatched as events within the parent, if requested.
POE::Wheel::Run can also notify the parent when the child has closed its output
filehandles. Some programs remain active, but they close their output filehandles to
indicate they are done writing.
A more reliable way to detect child exit is to use POE::Kernel's sig_child() method to
wait for the wheel's process to be reaped. It is in fact vital to use sig_child() in all
circumstances since without it, POE will not try to reap child processes.
Failing to use sig_child() has in the past led to wedged machines. Long-running programs
have leaked processes, eventually consuming all available slots in the process table and
requiring reboots.
Because process leaks are so severe, POE::Kernel will check for this condition on exit and
display a notice if it finds that processes are leaking. Developers should heed these
warnings.
POE::Wheel::Run communicates with the child process in a line-based fashion by default.
Programs may override this by specifying some other POE::Filter object in "StdinFilter",
"StdoutFilter", "StdioFilter" and/or "StderrFilter".
PUBLIC METHODS
Constructor
POE::Wheel subclasses tend to perform a lot of setup so that they run lighter and faster.
POE::Wheel::Run's constructor is no exception.
new
new() creates and returns a new POE::Wheel::Run object. If it's successful, the object
will represent a child process with certain specified qualities. It also provides an OO-
and event-based interface for asynchronously interacting with the process.
Conduit
Conduit specifies the inter-process communications mechanism that will be used to pass
data between the parent and child process. Conduit may be one of "pipe", "socketpair",
"inet", "pty", or "pty-pipe". POE::Wheel::Run will use the most appropriate Conduit for
the run-time (not the compile-time) operating system, but this varies from one OS to the
next.
Internally, POE::Wheel::Run passes the Conduit type to POE::Pipe::OneWay and
POE::Pipe::TwoWay. These helper classes were created to make IPC portable and reusable.
They do not require the rest of POE.
Three Conduit types use pipes or pipelike inter-process communication: "pipe",
"socketpair" and "inet". They determine whether the internal IPC uses pipe(),
socketpair() or Internet sockets. These Conduit values are passed through to
POE::Pipe::OneWay or POE::Pipe::TwoWay internally.
The "pty" conduit type runs the child process under a pseudo-tty, which is created by
IO::Pty. Pseudo-ttys (ptys) convince child processes that they are interacting with
terminals rather than pipes. This may be used to trick programs like ssh into believing
it's secure to prompt for a password, although passphraseless identities might be better
for that.
The "pty" conduit cannot separate STDERR from STDOUT, but the "pty-pipe" mode can.
The "pty-pipe" conduit uses a pty for STDIN and STDOUT and a one-way pipe for STDERR. The
additional pipe keeps STDERR output separate from STDOUT.
The IO::Pty module is only loaded if "pty" or "pty-pipe" is used. It's not a dependency
until it's actually needed.
Winsize
Winsize sets the child process' terminal size. Its value should be an arrayref with four
elements. The first two elements must be the number of lines and columns for the child's
terminal window, respectively. The second pair of elements describe the terminal's X and
Y dimensions in pixels. If the last pair is missing, they will be calculated from the
lines and columns using a 9x16 cell size.
$_[HEAP]{child} = POE::Wheel::Run->new(
# ... among other things ...
Winsize => [ 25, 80, 720, 400 ],
);
Winsize is only valid for conduits that use pseudo-ttys: "pty" and "pty-pipe". Other
conduits don't simulate terminals, so they don't have window sizes.
Winsize defaults to the parent process' window size, assuming the parent process has a
terminal to query.
CloseOnCall
CloseOnCall, when true, turns on close-on-exec emulation for subprocesses that don't
actually call exec(). These would be instances when the child is running a block of code
rather than executing an external program. For example:
$_[HEAP]{child} = POE::Wheel::Run->new(
# ... among other things ...
CloseOnCall => 1,
Program => \&some_function,
);
CloseOnCall is off (0) by default.
CloseOnCall works by closing all file descriptors greater than $^F in the child process
before calling the application's code. For more details, please the discussion of $^F in
perlvar.
StdioDriver
StdioDriver specifies a single POE::Driver object to be used for both STDIN and STDOUT.
It's equivalent to setting "StdinDriver" and "StdoutDriver" to the same POE::Driver
object.
POE::Wheel::Run will create and use a POE::Driver::SysRW driver of one isn't specified.
This is by far the most common use case, so it's the default.
StdinDriver
"StdinDriver" sets the POE::Driver used to write to the child process' STDIN IPC conduit.
It is almost never needed. Omitting it will allow POE::Wheel::Run to use an internally
created POE::Driver::SysRW object.
StdoutDriver
"StdoutDriver" sets the POE::Driver object that will be used to read from the child
process' STDOUT conduit. It's almost never needed. If omitted, POE::Wheel::Run will
internally create and use a POE::Driver::SysRW object.
StderrDriver
"StderrDriver" sets the driver that will be used to read from the child process' STDERR
conduit. As with "StdoutDriver", it's almost always preferable to let POE::Wheel::Run
instantiate its own driver.
CloseEvent
CloseEvent contains the name of an event that the wheel will emit when the child process
closes its last open output handle. This is a consistent notification that the child is
done sending output. Please note that it does not signal when the child process has
exited. Programs should use sig_child() to detect that.
While it is impossible for ErrorEvent or StdoutEvent to happen after CloseEvent, there is
no such guarantee for CHLD, which may happen before or after CloseEvent.
In addition to the usual POE parameters, each CloseEvent comes with one of its own:
"ARG0" contains the wheel's unique ID. This can be used to keep several child processes
separate when they're managed by the same session.
A sample close event handler:
sub close_state {
my ($heap, $wheel_id) = @_[HEAP, ARG0];
my $child = delete $heap->{child}->{$wheel_id};
print "Child ", $child->PID, " has finished.\n";
}
ErrorEvent
ErrorEvent contains the name of an event to emit if something fails. It is optional; if
omitted, the wheel will not notify its session if any errors occur. However,
POE::Wheel::Run->new() will still throw an exception if it fails.
"ARG0" contains the name of the operation that failed. It may be 'read', 'write', 'fork',
'exec' or the name of some other function or task. The actual values aren't yet defined.
They will probably not correspond so neatly to Perl builtin function names.
"ARG1" and "ARG2" hold numeric and string values for $!, respectively. "$!" will eq ""
for read error 0 (child process closed the file handle).
"ARG3" contains the wheel's unique ID.
"ARG4" contains the name of the child filehandle that has the error. It may be "STDIN",
"STDOUT", or "STDERR". The sense of "ARG0" will be the opposite of what you might
normally expect for these handles. For example, POE::Wheel::Run will report a "read"
error on "STDOUT" because it tried to read data from the child's STDOUT handle.
A sample error event handler:
sub error_state {
my ($operation, $errnum, $errstr, $wheel_id) = @_[ARG0..ARG3];
$errstr = "remote end closed" if $operation eq "read" and !$errnum;
warn "Wheel $wheel_id generated $operation error $errnum: $errstr\n";
}
Note that unless you deactivate the signal pipe, you might also see "EIO" (5) error during
read operations.
StdinEvent
StdinEvent contains the name of an event that Wheel::Run emits whenever everything queued
by its put() method has been flushed to the child's STDIN handle. It is the equivalent to
POE::Wheel::ReadWrite's FlushedEvent.
StdinEvent comes with only one additional parameter: "ARG0" contains the unique ID for the
wheel that sent the event.
StdoutEvent
StdoutEvent contains the name of an event that Wheel::Run emits whenever the child
process writes something to its STDOUT filehandle. In other words, whatever the child
prints to STDOUT, the parent receives a StdoutEvent---provided that the child prints
something compatible with the parent's StdoutFilter.
StdoutEvent comes with two parameters. "ARG0" contains the information that the child
wrote to STDOUT. "ARG1" holds the unique ID of the wheel that read the output.
sub stdout_state {
my ($heap, $input, $wheel_id) = @_[HEAP, ARG0, ARG1];
print "Child process in wheel $wheel_id wrote to STDOUT: $input\n";
}
StderrEvent
StderrEvent behaves exactly as StdoutEvent, except for data the child process writes to
its STDERR filehandle.
StderrEvent comes with two parameters. "ARG0" contains the information that the child
wrote to STDERR. "ARG1" holds the unique ID of the wheel that read the output.
sub stderr_state {
my ($heap, $input, $wheel_id) = @_[HEAP, ARG0, ARG1];
print "Child process in wheel $wheel_id wrote to STDERR: $input\n";
}
RedirectStdout
This is a filehandle or filename to which standard output will be redirected. It is an
error to use this option together with StdoutEvent. This is useful in case your program
needs to have standard I/O, but do not actually care for its contents to be visible to the
parent.
RedirectStderr
Just like RedirectStdout, but with standard error. It is an error to use this together
with StderrEvent
RedirectStdin
This is a filehandle or filename which the child process will use as its standard input.
It is an error to use this option with StdinEvent
RedirectOutput
This will redirect stderr and stdout to the same filehandle. This is equivalent to do
doing something like
$ something > /path/to/output 2>&1
in bourne shell.
NoStdin
While output filehandles will be closed if there are no events to be received on them,
stdin is open by default - because lack of an event handler does not necessarily mean
there is no desired input stream. This option explicitly disables the creation of an IPC
stdin conduit.
StdioFilter
StdioFilter, if used, must contain an instance of a POE::Filter subclass. This filter
describes how the parent will format put() data for the child's STDIN, and how the parent
will parse the child's STDOUT.
If STDERR will also be parsed, then a separate StderrFilter will also be needed.
StdioFilter defaults to a POE::Filter::Line instance, but only if both StdinFilter and
StdoutFilter are not specified. If either StdinFilter or StdoutFilter is used, then
StdioFilter is illegal.
StdinFilter
StdinFilter may be used to specify a particular STDIN serializer that is different from
the STDOUT parser. If specified, it conflicts with StdioFilter. StdinFilter's value, if
specified, must be an instance of a POE::Filter subclass.
Without a StdinEvent, StdinFilter is illegal.
StdoutFilter
StdoutFilter may be used to specify a particular STDOUT parser that is different from the
STDIN serializer. If specified, it conflicts with StdioFilter. StdoutFilter's value, if
specified, must be an instance of a POE::Filter subclass.
Without a StdoutEvent, StdoutFilter is illegal.
StderrFilter
StderrFilter may be used to specify a filter for a child process' STDERR output. If
omitted, POE::Wheel::Run will create and use its own POE::Filter::Line instance, but only
if a StderrEvent is specified.
Without a StderrEvent, StderrFilter is illegal.
Group
Group contains a numeric group ID that the child process should run within. By default,
the child process will run in the same group as the parent.
Group is not fully portable. It may not work on systems that have no concept of user
groups. Also, the parent process may need to run with elevated privileges for the child
to be able to change groups.
User
User contains a numeric user ID that should own the child process. By default, the child
process will run as the same user as the parent.
User is not fully portable. It may not work on systems that have no concept of users.
Also, the parent process may need to run with elevated privileges for the child to be able
to change users.
NoSetSid
When true, NoSetSid disables setsid() in the child process. By default, the child process
calls setsid() is called so that it may execute in a separate UNIX session.
NoSetPgrp
When true, NoSetPgrp disables setprgp() in the child process. By default, the child
process calls setpgrp() to change its process group, if the OS supports that.
setsid() is used instead of setpgrp() if Conduit is pty or pty-pipe. See "NoSetSid".
Priority
Priority adjusts the child process' niceness or priority level, depending on which (if
any) the underlying OS supports. Priority contains a numeric offset which will be added
to the parent's priority to determine the child's.
The priority offset may be negative, which in UNIX represents a higher priority. However
UNIX requires elevated privileges to increase a process' priority.
Program
Program specifies the program to exec() or the block of code to run in the child process.
Program's type is significant.
If Program holds a scalar, its value will be executed as exec($program). Shell
metacharacters are significant, per exec(SCALAR) semantics.
If Program holds an array reference, it will executed as exec(@$program). As per
exec(ARRAY), shell metacharacters will not be significant.
If Program holds a code reference, that code will be called in the child process. This
mode allows POE::Wheel::Run to execute long-running internal code asynchronously, while
the usual modes execute external programs. The child process will exit after that code is
finished, in such a way as to avoid DESTROY and END block execution. See "Coderef
Execution Side Effects" for more details.
perlfunc has more information about exec() and the different ways to call it.
Please avoid calling exit() explicitly when executing a subroutine. The child process
inherits all objects from the parent, including ones that may perform side effects.
POE::Wheel::Run takes special care to avoid object destructors and END blocks in the child
process, but calling exit() will trigger them.
ProgramArgs
If specified, ProgramArgs should refer to a list of parameters for the program being run.
my @parameters = qw(foo bar baz); # will be passed to Program
ProgramArgs => \@parameters;
event EVENT_TYPE => EVENT_NAME, ...
event() allows programs to change the events that Wheel::Run emits when certain activities
occurs. EVENT_TYPE may be one of the event parameters described in POE::Wheel::Run's
constructor.
This example changes the events that $wheel emits for STDIN flushing and STDOUT activity:
$wheel->event(
StdinEvent => 'new-stdin-event',
StdoutEvent => 'new-stdout-event',
);
Undefined EVENT_NAMEs disable events.
put RECORDS
put() queues up a list of RECORDS that will be sent to the child process' STDIN
filehandle. These records will first be serialized according to the wheel's StdinFilter.
The serialized RECORDS will be flushed asynchronously once the current event handler
returns.
get_stdin_filter
get_stind_filter() returns the POE::Filter object currently being used to serialize put()
records for the child's STDIN filehandle. The return object may be used according to its
own interface.
get_stdout_filter
get_stdout_filter() returns the POE::Filter object currently being used to parse what the
child process writes to STDOUT.
get_stderr_filter
get_stderr_filter() returns the POE::Filter object currently being used to parse what the
child process writes to STDERR.
set_stdio_filter FILTER_OBJECT
Set StdinFilter and StdoutFilter to the same new FILTER_OBJECT. Unparsed STDOUT data will
be parsed later by the new FILTER_OBJECT. However, data already put() will remain
serialized by the old filter.
set_stdin_filter FILTER_OBJECT
Set StdinFilter to a new FILTER_OBJECT. Data already put() will remain serialized by the
old filter.
set_stdout_filter FILTER_OBJECT
Set StdoutFilter to a new FILTER_OBJECT. Unparsed STDOUT data will be parsed later by the
new FILTER_OBJECT.
set_stderr_filter FILTER_OBJECT
Set StderrFilter to a new FILTER_OBJECT. Unparsed STDERR data will be parsed later by the
new FILTER_OBJECT.
pause_stdout
Pause reading of STDOUT from the child. The child process may block if the STDOUT IPC
conduit fills up. Reading may be resumed with resume_stdout().
pause_stderr
Pause reading of STDERR from the child. The child process may block if the STDERR IPC
conduit fills up. Reading may be resumed with resume_stderr().
resume_stdout
Resume reading from the child's STDOUT filehandle. This is only meaningful if
pause_stdout() has been called and remains in effect.
resume_stderr
Resume reading from the child's STDERR filehandle. This is only meaningful if
pause_stderr() has been called and remains in effect.
shutdown_stdin
shutdown_stdin() closes the child process' STDIN and stops the wheel from reporting
StdinEvent. It is extremely useful for running utilities that expect to receive EOF on
STDIN before they respond.
ID
ID() returns the wheel's unique ID. Every event generated by a POE::Wheel::Run object
includes a wheel ID so that it can be matched to the wheel that emitted it. This lets a
single session manage several wheels without becoming confused about which one generated
what event.
ID() is not the same as PID().
PID
PID() returns the process ID for the child represented by the POE::Wheel::Run object.
It's often used as a parameter to sig_child().
PID() is not the same as ID().
kill SIGNAL
POE::Wheel::Run's kill() method sends a SIGNAL to the child process the object represents.
kill() is often used to force a reluctant program to terminate. SIGNAL is one of the
operating signal names present in %SIG.
kill() returns the number of processes successfully signaled: 1 on success, or 0 on
failure, since the POE::Wheel::Run object only affects at most a single process.
kill() sends SIGTERM if SIGNAL is undef or omitted.
get_driver_out_messages
get_driver_out_messages() returns the number of put() records remaining in whole or in
part in POE::Wheel::Run's POE::Driver output queue. It is often used to tell whether the
wheel has more input for the child process.
In most cases, StdinEvent may be used to trigger activity when all data has been sent to
the child process.
get_driver_out_octets
get_driver_out_octets() returns the number of serialized octets remaining in
POE::Wheel::Run's POE::Driver output queue. It is often used to tell whether the wheel
has more input for the child process.
TIPS AND TRICKS
MSWin32 Support
In the past POE::Wheel::Run did not support MSWin32 and users had to use custom work-
arounds. Then Chris Williams ( BINGOS ) arrived and saved the day with his
POE::Wheel::Run::Win32 module. After some testing, it was decided to merge the win32 code
into POE::Wheel::Run. Everyone was happy!
However, after some investigation Apocalypse ( APOCAL ) found out that in some situations
it still didn't behave properly. The root cause was that the win32 code path in
POE::Wheel::Run didn't exit cleanly. This means DESTROY and END blocks got executed! After
talking with more people, the solution was not pretty.
The problem is that there is no equivalent of POSIX::_exit() for MSWin32. Hopefully, in a
future version of Perl this can be fixed! In the meantime, POE::Wheel::Run will use
CORE::kill() to terminate the child. However, this comes with a caveat: you will leak
around 1KB per exec. The code has been improved so the chance of this happening has been
reduced.
As of now the most reliable way to trigger this is to exec an invalid binary. The
definition of "invalid binary" depends on different things, but what it means is that
Win32::Job->spawn() failed to run. This will force POE::Wheel::Run to use the workaround
to exit the child. If this happens, a very big warning will be printed to the STDERR of
the child and the parent process will receive it.
If you are a Perl MSWin32 hacker, PLEASE help us with this situation! Go read rt.cpan.org
bug #56417 and talk with us/p5p to see where you can contribute.
Thanks again for your patience as we continue to improve POE::Wheel::Run on MSWin32!
kill() and ClosedEvent on Windows
Windows will often fail to report EOF on pipes when subprocesses are killed. The work-
around is to catch the signal in the subprocess, and exit normally:
my $child = POE::Wheel::Run->new(
Program => sub {
$SIG{INT} = sub { exit };
...;
},
...,
);
Be sure to kill() the subprocess using the same signal that it catches and exits upon.
Remember, not all signals can be caught by user code.
$child->kill("INT");
Execution Environment
It's common to scrub a child process' environment, so that only required, secure values
exist. This amounts to clearing the contents of %ENV and repopulating it.
Environment scrubbing is easy when the child process is running a subroutine, but it's not
so easy---or at least not as intuitive---when executing external programs.
The way we do it is to run a small subroutine in the child process that performs the
exec() call for us.
Program => \&exec_with_scrubbed_env,
sub exec_with_scrubbed_env {
delete @ENV{keys @ENV};
$ENV{PATH} = "/bin";
exec(@program_and_args);
}
That deletes everything from the environment and sets a simple, secure PATH before
executing a program.
Coderef Execution Side Effects
The child process is created by fork(), which duplicates the parent process including a
copy of POE::Kernel, all running Session instances, events in the queue, watchers, open
filehandles, and so on.
When executing an external program, the UNIX exec() call immediately replaces the copy of
the parent with a completely new program.
When executing internal coderefs, however, we must preserve the code and any memory it
might reference. This leads to some potential side effects.
DESTROY and END Blocks Run Twice
Objects that were created in the parent process are copied into the child. When the child
exits normally, any DESTROY and END blocks are executed there. Later, when the parent
exits, they may run again.
POE::Wheel::Run takes steps to avoid running DESTROY and END blocks in the child process.
It uses POSIX::_exit() to bypass them. If that fails, it may even kill() itself.
If an application needs to exit explicitly, for example to return an error code to the
parent process, then please use POSIX::_exit() rather than Perl's core exit().
POE::Kernel's run() method was never called
This warning is displayed from POE::Kernel's DESTROY method. It's a side effect of
calling exit() in a child process that was started before "POE::Kernel->run()" could be
called. The child process receives a copy of POE::Kernel where run() wasn't called, even
if it was called later in the parent process.
The most direct solution is to call POSIX::_exit() rather than exit(). This will bypass
POE::Kernel's DESTROY, and the message it emits.
Running POE::Kernel in the Child
Calling "POE::Kernel->run()" in the child process effectively resumes the copy of the
parent process. This is rarely (if ever) desired.
More commonly, an application wants to run an entirely new POE::Kernel instance in the
child process. This is supported by first stop()ping the copied instance, starting one or
more new sessions, and calling run() again. For example:
Program => sub {
# Wipe the existing POE::Kernel clean.
$poe_kernel->stop();
# Start a new session, or more.
POE::Session->create(
...
);
# Run the new sessions.
POE::Kernel->run();
}
Strange things are bound to happen if the program does not call "stop" in POE::Kernel
before "run" in POE::Kernel. However this is vaguely supported in case it's the right
thing to do at the time.
SEE ALSO
POE::Wheel describes wheels in general.
The SEE ALSO section in POE contains a table of contents covering the entire POE
distribution.
CAVEATS & TODOS
POE::Wheel::Run's constructor should emit proper events when it fails. Instead, it just
dies, carps or croaks. This isn't necessarily bad; a program can trap the death in new()
and move on.
Priority is a delta, not an absolute niceness value.
It might be nice to specify User by name rather than just UID.
It might be nice to specify Group by name rather than just GID.
POE::Pipe::OneWay and Two::Way don't require the rest of POE. They should be spun off
into a separate distribution for everyone to enjoy.
If StdinFilter and StdoutFilter seem backwards, remember that it's the filters for the
child process. StdinFilter is the one that dictates what the child receives on STDIN.
StdoutFilter tells the parent how to parse the child's STDOUT.
AUTHORS & COPYRIGHTS
Please see POE for more information about authors and contributors.