Ubuntu Manpage: Unicode::Japanese - Convert encoding of japanese text

Provided by: libunicode-japanese-perl_0.49-1build3_amd64

NAME

       Unicode::Japanese - Convert encoding of japanese text

SYNOPSIS

        use Unicode::Japanese;
        use Unicode::Japanese qw(unijp);

        # convert utf8 -> sjis

        print Unicode::Japanese->new($str)->sjis;
        print unijp($str)->sjis; # same as above.

        # convert sjis -> utf8

        print Unicode::Japanese->new($str,'sjis')->get;

        # convert sjis (imode_EMOJI) -> utf8

        print Unicode::Japanese->new($str,'sjis-imode')->get;

        # convert zenkaku (utf8) -> hankaku (utf8)

        print Unicode::Japanese->new($str)->z2h->get;

DESCRIPTION

The Unicode::Japanese module converts encoding of japanese text from one encoding to another.

FEATURES
• An instance of Unicode::Japanese internally holds a string in UTF-8.

• This module is implemented in two ways: XS and pure perl. If efficiency is important for you, you
should build and install the XS module. If you don't want to, or if you can't build the XS module, you
may use the pure perl module instead. In that case, only you have to do is to copy Japanese.pm into
somewhere in @INC.

• This module can convert characters from zenkaku (full-width) form to hankaku (half-width) form, and
vice versa. Conversion between hiragana (one of two sets of japanese phonetical alphabet) and katakana
(another set of japanese phonetical alphabet) is also supported.

• This module has mapping tables for emoji (graphic characters) defined by various japanese mobile
phones; DoCoMo i-mode, ASTEL dot-i and J-PHONE J-Sky. Those letters are mapped on Unicode Private Use
Area so unicode strings it outputs are still valid even if they contain emoji, and you can safely pass
them to other software that can handle Unicode.

• This module can map some emoji from one set to another. Different mobile phones define different sets
of emoji, so mapping each other is not always possible. But since some emoji exist in two or more sets
with similar appearance, this module considers those emoji to be the same.

• This module uses the mapping table for MS-CP932 instead of the standard Shift_JIS. The Shift_JIS
encoding used by MS-Windows (MS-SJIS/MS-CP932) slightly differs from the standard.

• When the module converts strings from Unicode to Shift_JIS, EUC-JP or ISO-2022-JP, unicode letters
which can't be represented in those encodings will be encoded in "&#dddd;" form (decimal character
reference). Note, however, that letters in Unicode Private Use Area will be replaced with '?' mark
('QUESTION MARK'; U+003F) instead of being encoded. In addition, encoding to character sets for mobile
phones makes every unrepresentable letters being '?' mark.

• On perl-5.8.0 or later, this module handles the UTF-8 flag: the method utf8() returns UTF-8 byte
string, and the method getu() returns UTF-8 character string.

Currently the method get() returns UTF-8 byte string but this behavior may be changed in the future.

Methods like sjis(), jis(), utf8(), and such like return byte string. new(), set(), getcode() methods
just ignore the UTF-8 flag of strings they take.

REQUIREMENT

       •   perl 5.10.x, 5.8.x, etc. (5.004 and later)

       •   (optional) C Compiler.  This module supports both XS and Pure Perl.  If you have no C Compilers,
           Unicode::Japanese will be installed as Pure Perl module.

       •   (optional) Test.pm and Test::More for testing.

       No other modules are required at run time.

METHODS

$s = Unicode::Japanese->new($str [, $icode [, $encode]])
Create a new instance of Unicode::Japanese.

Any given parameters will be internally passed to the method "set"().

$s = unijp($str [, $icode [, $encode]])
Same as Unicode::Jananese->new(...).

$s->set($str [, $icode [, $encode]])
$str: string
$icode: optional character encoding (default: 'utf8')
$encode: optional binary encoding (default: no binary encodings are assumed)

Store a string into the instance.

Possible character encodings are:

auto
utf8 ucs2 ucs4
utf16-be utf16-le utf16
utf32-be utf32-le utf32
sjis cp932 euc euc-jp jis
sjis-imode sjis-imode1 sjis-imode2
utf8-imode utf8-imode1 utf8-imode2
sjis-doti sjis-doti1
sjis-jsky sjis-jsky1 sjis-jsky2
jis-jsky jis-jsky1 jis-jsky2
utf8-jsky utf8-jsky1 utf8-jsky2
sjis-au sjis-au1 sjis-au2
jis-au jis-au1 jis-au2
sjis-icon-au sjis-icon-au1 sjis-icon-au2
euc-icon-au euc-icon-au1 euc-icon-au2
jis-icon-au jis-icon-au1 jis-icon-au2
utf8-icon-au utf8-icon-au1 utf8-icon-au2
ascii binary

(see also "SUPPORTED ENCODINGS".)

If you want the Unicode::Japanese detect the character encoding of string, you must explicitly
specify 'auto' as the second argument. In that case, the given string will be passed to the method
getcode() to guess the encoding.

For binary encodings, only 'base64' is currently supported. If you specify 'base64' as the third
argument, the given string will be decoded using Base64 decoder.

Specify 'binary' as the second argument if you want your string to be stored without modification.

When you specify 'sjis-imode' or 'sjis-doti' as the character encoding, any occurences of '&#dddd;'
(decimal character reference) in the string will be interpreted and decoded as code point of emoji,
just like emoji implanted into the string in binary form.

Since encoded forms of strings in various encodings are not clearly distinctive to each other, it is
not always certainly possible to detect what encoding is used for a given string.

When a given string is possibly interpreted as both Shift_JIS and UTF-8 string, this module considers
such a string to be encoded in Shift_JIS. And if the encoding is not distinguishable between
'sjis-au' and 'sjis-doti', this module considers it 'sjis-au'.

$str = $s->get
$str: string (UTF-8)

Get the internal string in UTF-8.

This method currently returns a byte string (whose UTF-8 flag is turned off), but this behavior may
be changed in the future.

If you absolutely want a byte string, you should use the method utf8() instead. And if you want a
character string (whose UTF-8 flag is turned on), you have to use the method getu().

$str = $s->getu
$str: string (UTF-8)

Get the internal string in UTF-8.

On perl-5.8.0 or later, this method returns a character string with its UTF-8 flag turned on.

$code = $s->getcode($str)
$str: string
$code: name of character encoding

Detect the character encoding of given string.

Note that this method, exceptionaly, doesn't deal with the internal string of an instance.

To guess the encoding, the following algorithm is used:

(For pure perl implementation)

1. If the string has an UTF-32 BOM, its encoding is 'utf32'.

2. If it has an UTF-16 BOM, its encoding is 'utf16'.

3. If it is valid for UTF-32BE, its encoding is 'utf32-be'.

4. If it is valid for UTF-32LE, its encoding is 'utf32-le'.

5. If it contains no ESC characters or bytes whose eighth bit is on, its encoding is 'ascii'. Every
ASCII control characters (0x00-0x1F and 0x7F) except ESC (0x1B) are considered to be in the range
of 'ascii'.

6. If it contains escape sequences of ISO-2022-JP, its encoding is 'jis'.

7. If it contains any emoji defined for J-PHONE, its encoding is 'sjis-jsky'.

8. If it is valid for EUC-JP, its encoding is 'euc'.

9. If it is valid for Shift_JIS, its encoding is 'sjis'.

10. If it contains any emoji defined for au, and everything else is valid for Shift_JIS, its encoding
is 'sjis-au'.

11. If it contains any emoji defined for i-mode, and everything else is valid for Shift_JIS, its
encoding is 'sjis-imode'.

12. If it contains any emoji defined for dot-i, and everything else is valid for Shift_JIS, its
encoding is 'sjis-doti'.

13. If it is valid for UTF-8, its encoding is 'utf8'.

14. If no conditions above are fulfilled, its encoding is 'unknown'.

(For XS implementation)

1. If the string has an UTF-32 BOM, its encoding is 'utf32'.

2. If it has an UTF-16 BOM, its encoding is 'utf16'.

3. Find all possible encodings that might have been applied to the string from the following:

ascii / euc / sjis / jis / utf8 / utf32-be / utf32-le / sjis-jsky / sjis-imode / sjis-au / sjis-
doti

4. If any encodings have been found possible, this module picks out one encoding having the highest
priority among them. The priority order is as follows:

utf32-be / utf32-le / ascii / jis / euc / sjis / sjis-jsky / sjis-imode / sjis-au / sjis-doti /
utf8

5. If no conditions above are fulfilled, its encoding is 'unknown'.

Pay attention to the following pitfalls in the above algorithm:

• UTF-8 strings might be accidentally considered to be encoded in Shift_JIS.

• UCS-2 strings (sequence of raw UCS-2 letters in big-endian; each letters has always 2 bytes) can't
be detected because they look like nothing but sequences of random bytes whose length is an even
number.

• UTF-16 strings must have BOM to be detected.

• Emoji are only be recognized if they are implanted into the string in binary form. If they are
described in '&#dddd;' form, they aren't considered to be emoji.

Since the XS and pure perl implementations use different algorithms to guess encoding, they may guess
differently for the same string. Especially, the pure perl implementation finds Shift_JIS strings
containing ESC character (0x1B) to be actually encoded in Shift_JIS but XS implementation doesn't.
This is because such strings can hardly be distinguished from 'sjis-jsky'. In addition, EUC-JP
strings containing ESC character are also rejected for the same reason.

$code = $s->getcodelist($str)
$str: string
$code: name of character encodings

Detect the character encoding of given string.

Unlike the method getcode(), getcodelist() returns a list of possible encodings.

$str = $s->conv($ocode, $encode)
$ocode: character encoding (possible encodings are:)
utf8 ucs2 ucs4 utf16
sjis cp932 euc euc-jp jis
sjis-imode sjis-imode1 sjis-imode2
utf8-imode utf8-imode1 utf8-imode2
sjis-doti sjis-doti1
sjis-jsky sjis-jsky1 sjis-jsky2
jis-jsky jis-jsky1 jis-jsky2
utf8-jsky utf8-jsky1 utf8-jsky2
sjis-au sjis-au1 sjis-au2
jis-au jis-au1 jis-au2
sjis-icon-au sjis-icon-au1 sjis-icon-au2
euc-icon-au euc-icon-au1 euc-icon-au2
jis-icon-au jis-icon-au1 jis-icon-au2
utf8-icon-au utf8-icon-au1 utf8-icon-au2
binary

(see also "SUPPORTED ENCODINGS".)

Some encodings for mobile phones have a trailing digit like 'sjis-au2'. Those digits represent the
version number of encodings. Such encodings have a variant with no trailing digits, like 'sjis-au',
which is the same as the latest version among its variants.

$encode: optional binary encoding
$str: string

Get the internal string of instance with encoding it using a given character encoding method.

If you want the resulting string to be encoded in Base64, specify 'base64' as the second argument.

On perl-5.8.0 or later, the UTF-8 flag of resulting string is turned off even if you specify 'utf8'
to the first argument.

$s->tag2bin
Interpret decimal character references (&#dddd;) in the instance, and replaces them with single
characters they represent.

$s->z2h
Replace zenkaku (full-width) letters in the instance with hankaku (half-width) letters.

$s->h2z
Replace hankaku (half-width) letters in the instance with zenkaku (full-width) letters.

$s->hira2kata
Replace any hiragana in the instance with katakana.

$s->kata2hira
Replace any katakana in the instance with hiragana.

$str = $s->jis
$str: byte string in ISO-2022-JP

Get the internal string of instance with encoding it in ISO-2022-JP.

$str = $s->euc
$str: byte string in EUC-JP

Get the internal string of instance with encoding it in EUC-JP.

$str = $s->utf8
$str: byte string in UTF-8

Get the internal UTF-8 string of instance.

On perl-5.8.0 or later, the UTF-8 flag of resulting string is turned off.

$str = $s->ucs2
$str: byte string in UCS-2

Get the internal string of instance as a sequence of raw UCS-2 letters in big-endian. Note that this
is different from UTF-16BE as raw UCS-2 sequence has no concept of surrogate pair.

$str = $s->ucs4
$str: byte string in UCS-4

Get the internal string of instance as a sequence of raw UCS-4 letters in big-endian. This is
practically the same as UTF-32BE.

$str = $s->utf16
$str: byte string in UTF-16

Get the insternal string of instance with encoding it in UTF-16 in big-endian with no BOM prepended.

$str = $s->sjis
$str: byte string in Shift_JIS

Get the internal string of instance with encoding it in Shift_JIS (MS-SJIS / MS-CP932).

$str = $s->sjis_imode
$str: byte string in 'sjis-imode'

Get the internal string of instance with encoding it in 'sjis-imode'.

$str = $s->sjis_imode1
$str: byte string in 'sjis-imode1'

Get the internal string of instance with encoding it in 'sjis-imode1'.

$str = $s->sjis_imode2
$str: byte string in 'sjis-imode2'

Get the internal string of instance with encoding it in 'sjis-imode2'.

$str = $s->sjis_doti
$str: byte string in 'sjis-doti'

Get the internal string of instance with encoding it in 'sjis-doti'.

$str = $s->sjis_jsky
$str: byte string in 'sjis-jsky'

Get the internal string of instance with encoding it in 'sjis-jsky'.

$str = $s->sjis_jsky1
$str: byte string in 'sjis-jsky1'

Get the internal string of instance with encoding it in 'sjis-jsky1'.

$str = $s->sjis_jsky
$str: byte string in 'sjis-jsky'

Get the internal string of instance with encoding it in 'sjis-jsky'.

$str = $s->sjis_icon_au
$str: byte string in 'sjis-icon-au'

Get the internal string of instance with encoding it in 'sjis-icon-au'.

$str_arrayref = $s->strcut($len)
$len: maximum length of each chunks (in number of full-width characters)
$str_arrayref: reference to array of strings

Split the internal string of instance into chunks of a given length.

On perl-5.8.0 or later, UTF-8 flags of each chunks are turned on.

$len = $s->strlen
$len: character width of the internal string

Calculate the character width of the internal string. Half-width characters have width of one unit,
and full-width characters have width of two units.

$s->join_csv(@values);
@values: array of strings

Build a line of CSV from the arguments, and store it into the instance. The resulting line has a
trailing line break ("\n").

@values = $s->split_csv;
@values: array of strings

Parse a line of CSV in the instance and return each columns. The line will be chomp()ed before
getting parsed.

If the internal string was decoded from 'binary' encoding (see methods new() and set()), the UTF-8
flags of the resulting array of strings are turned off. Otherwise the flags are turned on.

SUPPORTED ENCODINGS

        +---------------+----+-----+-------+
        |encoding       | in | out | guess |
        +---------------+----+-----+-------+
        |auto           : OK : --  | ----- |
        +---------------+----+-----+-------+
        |utf8           : OK : OK  | OK    |
        |ucs2           : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |ucs4           : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |utf16-be       : OK : --  | ----- |
        |utf16-le       : OK : --  | ----- |
        |utf16          : OK : OK  | OK(#) |
        |utf32-be       : OK : --  | OK    |
        |utf32-le       : OK : --  | OK    |
        |utf32          : OK : --  | OK(#) |
        +---------------+----+-----+-------+
        |sjis           : OK : OK  | OK    |
        |cp932          : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |euc            : OK : OK  | OK    |
        |euc-jp         : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |jis            : OK : OK  | OK    |
        +---------------+----+-----+-------+
        |sjis-imode     : OK : OK  | OK    |
        |sjis-imode1    : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |sjis-imode2    : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |utf8-imode     : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |utf8-imode1    : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |utf8-imode2    : OK : OK  | ----- |
        +---------------+----+-----+-------+
        |sjis-doti      : OK : OK  | OK    |
        |sjis-doti1     : OK : OK  | ----- |
        +---------------+----+-----+-------+
        |sjis-jsky      : OK : OK  | OK    |
        |sjis-jsky1     : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |sjis-jsky2     : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |jis-jsky       : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |jis-jsky1      : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |jis-jsky2      : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |utf8-jsky      : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |utf8-jsky1     : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |utf8-jsky2     : OK : OK  | ----- |
        +---------------+----+-----+-------+
        |sjis-au        : OK : OK  | OK    |
        |sjis-au1       : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |sjis-au2       : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |jis-au         : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |jis-au1        : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |jis-au2        : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |sjis-icon-au   : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |sjis-icon-au1  : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |sjis-icon-au2  : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |euc-icon-au    : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |euc-icon-au1   : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |euc-icon-au2   : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |jis-icon-au    : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |jis-icon-au1   : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |jis-icon-au2   : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |utf8-icon-au   : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |utf8-icon-au1  : OK : OK  | ----- |
        |utf8-icon-au2  : OK : OK  | ----- |
        +---------------+----+-----+-------+
        |ascii          : OK : --  | OK    |
        |binary         : OK : OK  | ----- |
        +---------------+----+-----+-------+
        (#): guessed when it has bom.

   GUESSING ORDER
        1.  utf32 (#)
        2.  utf16 (#)
        3.  utf32-be
        4.  utf32-le
        5.  ascii
        6.  jis
        7.  sjis-jsky (pp)
        8.  euc
        9.  sjis
        10. sjis-jsky (xs)
        11. sjis-au
        12. sjis-imode
        13. sjis-doti
        14. utf8
        15. unknown

DESCRIPTION OF UNICODE MAPPING

Transcoding between Unicode encodings and other ones is performed as below:

Shift_JIS
This module uses the mapping table of MS-CP932.

<ftp://ftp.unicode.org/Public/MAPPINGS/VENDORS/MICSFT/WINDOWS/CP932.TXT>

When the module tries to convert Unicode string to Shift_JIS, it represents most letters which isn't
available in Shift_JIS as decimal character reference ('&#dddd;'). There is one exception to this:
every graphic characters for mobile phones are replaced with '?' mark.

For variants of Shift_JIS defined for mobile phones, every unrepresentable characters are replaced with
'?' mark unlike the plain Shift_JIS.

EUC-JP/ISO-2022-JP
This module doesn't directly convert Unicode string from/to EUC-JP or ISO-2022-JP: it once converts
from/to Shift_JIS and then do the rest translation. So characters which aren't available in the
Shift_JIS can not be properly translated.

DoCoMo i-mode
This module maps emoji in the range of F800 - F9FF to U+0FF800 - U+0FF9FF.

ASTEL dot-i
This module maps emoji in the range of F000 - F4FF to U+0FF000 - U+0FF4FF.

J-PHONE J-SKY
The encoding method defined by J-SKY is as follows: first an escape sequence "\e\$" comes to indicate
the beginning of emoji, then the first byte of an emoji comes next, then the second bytes of at least
one emoji comes next, then "\x0f" comes last to indicate the end of emoji. If a string contains a
series of emoji whose first bytes are identical, such sequence can be compressed by cascading second
bytes of them to the single first byte.

This module considers a pair of those first and second bytes to be one letter, and map them from 4500 -
47FF to U+0FFB00 - U+0FFDFF.

When the module encodes J-SKY emoji, it performs the compression automatically.

AU
This module maps AU emoji to U+0FF500 - U+0FF6FF.

PurePerl mode

          use Unicode::Japanese qw(PurePerl);

       If you want to explicitly take the pure perl implementation, pass 'PurePerl' to the argument of the "use"
       statement.

BUGS

       Please report bugs and requests to "bug-unicode-japanese at rt.cpan.org" or
       <http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/ReportBug.html?Queue=Unicode-Japanese>. If you report them to the web
       interface, any progress to your report will be automatically sent back to you.

       • This module doesn't directly convert Unicode string from/to EUC-JP or ISO-2022-JP: it once converts
         from/to Shift_JIS and then do the rest translation. So characters which aren't available in the
         Shift_JIS can not be properly translated.

       • The XS implementation of getcode() fails to detect the encoding when the given string contains \e while
         its encoding is EUC-JP or Shift_JIS.

       • Japanese.pm is composed of textual perl script and binary character conversion table. If you transfer
         it on FTP using ASCII mode, the file will collapse.

SUPPORT

       You can find documentation for this module with the perldoc command.

           perldoc Unicode::Japanese

       You can find more information at:

       •   AnnoCPAN: Annotated CPAN documentation

           <http://annocpan.org/dist/Unicode-Japanese>

       •   CPAN Ratings

           <http://cpanratings.perl.org/d/Unicode-Japanese>

       •   RT: CPAN's request tracker

           <http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/Bugs.html?Dist=Unicode-Japanese>

       •   Search CPAN

           <http://search.cpan.org/dist/Unicode-Japanese>

CREDITS

       Thanks very much to:

       NAKAYAMA Nao

       SUGIURA Tatsuki & Debian JP Project

COPYRIGHT & LICENSE

       Copyright 2001-2008 SANO Taku (SAWATARI Mikage) and YAMASHINA Hio, all rights reserved.

       This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl
       itself.