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NAME
dets - A disk-based term storage.
DESCRIPTION
This module provides a term storage on file. The stored terms, in this module called
objects, are tuples such that one element is defined to be the key. A Dets table is a
collection of objects with the key at the same position stored on a file.
This module is used by the Mnesia application, and is provided "as is" for users who are
interested in efficient storage of Erlang terms on disk only. Many applications only need
to store some terms in a file. Mnesia adds transactions, queries, and distribution. The
size of Dets files cannot exceed 2 GB. If larger tables are needed, table fragmentation in
Mnesia can be used.
Three types of Dets tables exist:
* set. A table of this type has at most one object with a given key. If an object with a
key already present in the table is inserted, the existing object is overwritten by
the new object.
* bag. A table of this type has zero or more different objects with a given key.
* duplicate_bag. A table of this type has zero or more possibly matching objects with a
given key.
Dets tables must be opened before they can be updated or read, and when finished they must
be properly closed. If a table is not properly closed, Dets automatically repairs the
table. This can take a substantial time if the table is large. A Dets table is closed when
the process which opened the table terminates. If many Erlang processes (users) open the
same Dets table, they share the table. The table is properly closed when all users have
either terminated or closed the table. Dets tables are not properly closed if the Erlang
runtime system terminates abnormally.
Note:
A ^C command abnormally terminates an Erlang runtime system in a Unix environment with a
break-handler.
As all operations performed by Dets are disk operations, it is important to realize that a
single look-up operation involves a series of disk seek and read operations. The Dets
functions are therefore much slower than the corresponding ets(3erl) functions, although
Dets exports a similar interface.
Dets organizes data as a linear hash list and the hash list grows gracefully as more data
is inserted into the table. Space management on the file is performed by what is called a
buddy system. The current implementation keeps the entire buddy system in RAM, which
implies that if the table gets heavily fragmented, quite some memory can be used up. The
only way to defragment a table is to close it and then open it again with option repair
set to force.
Notice that type ordered_set in Ets is not yet provided by Dets, neither is the limited
support for concurrent updates that makes a sequence of first and next calls safe to use
on fixed ETS tables. Both these features may be provided by Dets in a future release of
Erlang/OTP. Until then, the Mnesia application (or some user-implemented method for
locking) must be used to implement safe concurrency. Currently, no Erlang/OTP library has
support for ordered disk-based term storage.
All Dets functions return {error, Reason} if an error occurs (first/1 and next/2 are
exceptions, they exit the process with the error tuple). If badly formed arguments are
specified, all functions exit the process with a badarg message.
DATA TYPES
access() = read | read_write
auto_save() = infinity | integer() >= 0
bindings_cont()
Opaque continuation used by match/1 and match/3.
cont()
Opaque continuation used by bchunk/2.
keypos() = integer() >= 1
match_spec() = ets:match_spec()
Match specifications, see section Match Specification in Erlang in ERTS User's
Guide and the ms_transform(3erl) module.
no_slots() = default | integer() >= 0
object() = tuple()
object_cont()
Opaque continuation used by match_object/1 and match_object/3.
pattern() = atom() | tuple()
For a description of patterns, see ets:match/2.
select_cont()
Opaque continuation used by select/1 and select/3.
tab_name() = term()
type() = bag | duplicate_bag | set
EXPORTS
all() -> [tab_name()]
Returns a list of the names of all open tables on this node.
bchunk(Name, Continuation) ->
{Continuation2, Data} |
'$end_of_table' |
{error, Reason}
Types:
Name = tab_name()
Continuation = start | cont()
Continuation2 = cont()
Data = binary() | tuple()
Reason = term()
Returns a list of objects stored in a table. The exact representation of the
returned objects is not public. The lists of data can be used for initializing a
table by specifying value bchunk to option format of function init_table/3 The
Mnesia application uses this function for copying open tables.
Unless the table is protected using safe_fixtable/2, calls to bchunk/2 do possibly
not work as expected if concurrent updates are made to the table.
The first time bchunk/2 is called, an initial continuation, the atom start, must be
provided.
bchunk/2 returns a tuple {Continuation2, Data}, where Data is a list of objects.
Continuation2 is another continuation that is to be passed on to a subsequent call
to bchunk/2. With a series of calls to bchunk/2, all table objects can be
extracted.
bchunk/2 returns '$end_of_table' when all objects are returned, or {error, Reason}
if an error occurs.
close(Name) -> ok | {error, Reason}
Types:
Name = tab_name()
Reason = term()
Closes a table. Only processes that have opened a table are allowed to close it.
All open tables must be closed before the system is stopped. If an attempt is made
to open a table that is not properly closed, Dets automatically tries to repair it.
delete(Name, Key) -> ok | {error, Reason}
Types:
Name = tab_name()
Key = Reason = term()
Deletes all objects with key Key from table Name.
delete_all_objects(Name) -> ok | {error, Reason}
Types:
Name = tab_name()
Reason = term()
Deletes all objects from a table in almost constant time. However, if the table if
fixed, delete_all_objects(T) is equivalent to match_delete(T, '_').
delete_object(Name, Object) -> ok | {error, Reason}
Types:
Name = tab_name()
Object = object()
Reason = term()
Deletes all instances of a specified object from a table. If a table is of type bag
or duplicate_bag, this function can be used to delete only some of the objects with
a specified key.
first(Name) -> Key | '$end_of_table'
Types:
Name = tab_name()
Key = term()
Returns the first key stored in table Name according to the internal order of the
table, or '$end_of_table' if the table is empty.
Unless the table is protected using safe_fixtable/2, subsequent calls to next/2 do
possibly not work as expected if concurrent updates are made to the table.
If an error occurs, the process is exited with an error tuple {error, Reason}. The
error tuple is not returned, as it cannot be distinguished from a key.
There are two reasons why first/1 and next/2 are not to be used: they are not
efficient, and they prevent the use of key '$end_of_table', as this atom is used to
indicate the end of the table. If possible, use functions match, match_object, and
select for traversing tables.
foldl(Function, Acc0, Name) -> Acc | {error, Reason}
foldr(Function, Acc0, Name) -> Acc | {error, Reason}
Types:
Name = tab_name()
Function = fun((Object :: object(), AccIn) -> AccOut)
Acc0 = Acc = AccIn = AccOut = Reason = term()
Calls Function on successive elements of table Name together with an extra argument
AccIn. The table elements are traversed in unspecified order. Function must return
a new accumulator that is passed to the next call. Acc0 is returned if the table is
empty.
from_ets(Name, EtsTab) -> ok | {error, Reason}
Types:
Name = tab_name()
EtsTab = ets:tab()
Reason = term()
Deletes all objects of table Name and then inserts all the objects of the ETS table
EtsTab. The objects are inserted in unspecified order. As ets:safe_fixtable/2 is
called, the ETS table must be public or owned by the calling process.
info(Name) -> InfoList | undefined
Types:
Name = tab_name()
InfoList = [InfoTuple]
InfoTuple =
{file_size, integer() >= 0} |
{filename, file:name()} |
{keypos, keypos()} |
{size, integer() >= 0} |
{type, type()}
Returns information about table Name as a list of tuples:
* {file_size, integer() >= 0}} - The file size, in bytes.
* {filename, file:name()} - The name of the file where objects are stored.
* {keypos, keypos()} - The key position.
* {size, integer() >= 0} - The number of objects stored in the table.
* {type, type()} - The table type.
info(Name, Item) -> Value | undefined
Types:
Name = tab_name()
Item =
access |
auto_save |
bchunk_format |
hash |
file_size |
filename |
keypos |
memory |
no_keys |
no_objects |
no_slots |
owner |
ram_file |
safe_fixed |
safe_fixed_monotonic_time |
size |
type
Value = term()
Returns the information associated with Item for table Name. In addition to the
{Item, Value} pairs defined for info/1, the following items are allowed:
* {access, access()} - The access mode.
* {auto_save, auto_save()} - The autosave interval.
* {bchunk_format, binary()} - An opaque binary describing the format of the
objects returned by bchunk/2. The binary can be used as argument to
is_compatible_chunk_format/2.
* {hash, Hash} - Describes which BIF is used to calculate the hash values of the
objects stored in the Dets table. Possible values of Hash:
* phash - Implies that the erlang:phash/2 BIF is used.
* phash2 - Implies that the erlang:phash2/1 BIF is used.
* {memory, integer() >= 0} - The file size, in bytes. The same value is
associated with item file_size.
* {no_keys, integer >= 0()} - The number of different keys stored in the table.
* {no_objects, integer >= 0()} - The number of objects stored in the table.
* {no_slots, {Min, Used, Max}} - The number of slots of the table. Min is the
minimum number of slots, Used is the number of currently used slots, and Max is
the maximum number of slots.
* {owner, pid()} - The pid of the process that handles requests to the Dets
table.
* {ram_file, boolean()} - Whether the table is kept in RAM.
* {safe_fixed_monotonic_time, SafeFixed} - If the table is fixed, SafeFixed is a
tuple {FixedAtTime, [{Pid,RefCount}]}. FixedAtTime is the time when the table
was first fixed, and Pid is the pid of the process that fixes the table
RefCount times. There can be any number of processes in the list. If the table
is not fixed, SafeFixed is the atom false.
FixedAtTime corresponds to the result returned by erlang:monotonic_time/0 at
the time of fixation. The use of safe_fixed_monotonic_time is time warp safe.
* {safe_fixed, SafeFixed} - The same as {safe_fixed_monotonic_time, SafeFixed}
except the format and value of FixedAtTime.
FixedAtTime corresponds to the result returned by erlang:timestamp/0 at the
time of fixation. Notice that when the system uses single or multi time warp
modes, this can produce strange results. This is because the use of safe_fixed
is not time warp safe. Time warp safe code must use safe_fixed_monotonic_time
instead.
init_table(Name, InitFun) -> ok | {error, Reason}
init_table(Name, InitFun, Options) -> ok | {error, Reason}
Types:
Name = tab_name()
InitFun = fun((Arg) -> Res)
Arg = read | close
Res =
end_of_input |
{[object()], InitFun} |
{Data, InitFun} |
term()
Options = Option | [Option]
Option = {min_no_slots, no_slots()} | {format, term | bchunk}
Reason = term()
Data = binary() | tuple()
Replaces the existing objects of table Name with objects created by calling the
input function InitFun, see below. The reason for using this function rather than
calling insert/2 is that of efficiency. Notice that the input functions are called
by the process that handles requests to the Dets table, not by the calling process.
When called with argument read, function InitFun is assumed to return end_of_input
when there is no more input, or {Objects, Fun}, where Objects is a list of objects
and Fun is a new input function. Any other value Value is returned as an error
{error, {init_fun, Value}}. Each input function is called exactly once, and if an
error occurs, the last function is called with argument close, the reply of which
is ignored.
If the table type is set and more than one object exists with a given key, one of
the objects is chosen. This is not necessarily the last object with the given key
in the sequence of objects returned by the input functions. Avoid duplicate keys,
otherwise the file becomes unnecessarily fragmented. This holds also for duplicated
objects stored in tables of type bag.
It is important that the table has a sufficient number of slots for the objects. If
not, the hash list starts to grow when init_table/2 returns, which significantly
slows down access to the table for a period of time. The minimum number of slots is
set by the open_file/2 option min_no_slots and returned by the info/2 item
no_slots. See also option min_no_slots below.
Argument Options is a list of {Key, Val} tuples, where the following values are
allowed:
* {min_no_slots, no_slots()} - Specifies the estimated number of different keys
to be stored in the table. The open_file/2 option with the same name is
ignored, unless the table is created, in which case performance can be enhanced
by supplying an estimate when initializing the table.
* {format, Format} - Specifies the format of the objects returned by function
InitFun. If Format is term (the default), InitFun is assumed to return a list
of tuples. If Format is bchunk, InitFun is assumed to return Data as returned
by bchunk/2. This option overrides option min_no_slots.
insert(Name, Objects) -> ok | {error, Reason}
Types:
Name = tab_name()
Objects = object() | [object()]
Reason = term()
Inserts one or more objects into the table Name. If there already exists an object
with a key matching the key of some of the given objects and the table type is set,
the old object will be replaced.
insert_new(Name, Objects) -> boolean() | {error, Reason}
Types:
Name = tab_name()
Objects = object() | [object()]
Reason = term()
Inserts one or more objects into table Name. If there already exists some object
with a key matching the key of any of the specified objects, the table is not
updated and false is returned. Otherwise the objects are inserted and true
returned.
is_compatible_bchunk_format(Name, BchunkFormat) -> boolean()
Types:
Name = tab_name()
BchunkFormat = binary()
Returns true if it would be possible to initialize table Name, using init_table/3
with option {format, bchunk}, with objects read with bchunk/2 from some table T,
such that calling info(T, bchunk_format) returns BchunkFormat.
is_dets_file(Filename) -> boolean() | {error, Reason}
Types:
Filename = file:name()
Reason = term()
Returns true if file Filename is a Dets table, otherwise false.
lookup(Name, Key) -> Objects | {error, Reason}
Types:
Name = tab_name()
Key = term()
Objects = [object()]
Reason = term()
Returns a list of all objects with key Key stored in table Name, for example:
2> dets:open_file(abc, [{type, bag}]).
{ok,abc}
3> dets:insert(abc, {1,2,3}).
ok
4> dets:insert(abc, {1,3,4}).
ok
5> dets:lookup(abc, 1).
[{1,2,3},{1,3,4}]
If the table type is set, the function returns either the empty list or a list with
one object, as there cannot be more than one object with a given key. If the table
type is bag or duplicate_bag, the function returns a list of arbitrary length.
Notice that the order of objects returned is unspecified. In particular, the order
in which objects were inserted is not reflected.
match(Continuation) ->
{[Match], Continuation2} |
'$end_of_table' |
{error, Reason}
Types:
Continuation = Continuation2 = bindings_cont()
Match = [term()]
Reason = term()
Matches some objects stored in a table and returns a non-empty list of the bindings
matching a specified pattern in some unspecified order. The table, the pattern, and
the number of objects that are matched are all defined by Continuation, which has
been returned by a previous call to match/1 or match/3.
When all table objects are matched, '$end_of_table' is returned.
match(Name, Pattern) -> [Match] | {error, Reason}
Types:
Name = tab_name()
Pattern = pattern()
Match = [term()]
Reason = term()
Returns for each object of table Name that matches Pattern a list of bindings in
some unspecified order. For a description of patterns, see ets:match/2. If the
keypos'th element of Pattern is unbound, all table objects are matched. If the
keypos'th element is bound, only the objects with the correct key are matched.
match(Name, Pattern, N) ->
{[Match], Continuation} |
'$end_of_table' |
{error, Reason}
Types:
Name = tab_name()
Pattern = pattern()
N = default | integer() >= 0
Continuation = bindings_cont()
Match = [term()]
Reason = term()
Matches some or all objects of table Name and returns a non-empty list of the
bindings that match Pattern in some unspecified order. For a description of
patterns, see ets:match/2.
A tuple of the bindings and a continuation is returned, unless the table is empty,
in which case '$end_of_table' is returned. The continuation is to be used when
matching further objects by calling match/1.
If the keypos'th element of Pattern is bound, all table objects are matched. If the
keypos'th element is unbound, all table objects are matched, N objects at a time,
until at least one object matches or the end of the table is reached. The default,
indicated by giving N the value default, is to let the number of objects vary
depending on the sizes of the objects. All objects with the same key are always
matched at the same time, which implies that more than N objects can sometimes be
matched.
The table is always to be protected using safe_fixtable/2 before calling match/3,
otherwise errors can occur when calling match/1.
match_delete(Name, Pattern) -> ok | {error, Reason}
Types:
Name = tab_name()
Pattern = pattern()
Reason = term()
Deletes all objects that match Pattern from table Name. For a description of
patterns, see ets:match/2.
If the keypos'th element of Pattern is bound, only the objects with the correct key
are matched.
match_object(Continuation) ->
{Objects, Continuation2} |
'$end_of_table' |
{error, Reason}
Types:
Continuation = Continuation2 = object_cont()
Objects = [object()]
Reason = term()
Returns a non-empty list of some objects stored in a table that match a given
pattern in some unspecified order. The table, the pattern, and the number of
objects that are matched are all defined by Continuation, which has been returned
by a previous call to match_object/1 or match_object/3.
When all table objects are matched, '$end_of_table' is returned.
match_object(Name, Pattern) -> Objects | {error, Reason}
Types:
Name = tab_name()
Pattern = pattern()
Objects = [object()]
Reason = term()
Returns a list of all objects of table Name that match Pattern in some unspecified
order. For a description of patterns, see ets:match/2.
If the keypos'th element of Pattern is unbound, all table objects are matched. If
the keypos'th element of Pattern is bound, only the objects with the correct key
are matched.
Using the match_object functions for traversing all table objects is more efficient
than calling first/1 and next/2 or slot/2.
match_object(Name, Pattern, N) ->
{Objects, Continuation} |
'$end_of_table' |
{error, Reason}
Types:
Name = tab_name()
Pattern = pattern()
N = default | integer() >= 0
Continuation = object_cont()
Objects = [object()]
Reason = term()
Matches some or all objects stored in table Name and returns a non-empty list of
the objects that match Pattern in some unspecified order. For a description of
patterns, see ets:match/2.
A list of objects and a continuation is returned, unless the table is empty, in
which case '$end_of_table' is returned. The continuation is to be used when
matching further objects by calling match_object/1.
If the keypos'th element of Pattern is bound, all table objects are matched. If the
keypos'th element is unbound, all table objects are matched, N objects at a time,
until at least one object matches or the end of the table is reached. The default,
indicated by giving N the value default, is to let the number of objects vary
depending on the sizes of the objects. All matching objects with the same key are
always returned in the same reply, which implies that more than N objects can
sometimes be returned.
The table is always to be protected using safe_fixtable/2 before calling
match_object/3, otherwise errors can occur when calling match_object/1.
member(Name, Key) -> boolean() | {error, Reason}
Types:
Name = tab_name()
Key = Reason = term()
Works like lookup/2, but does not return the objects. Returns true if one or more
table elements has key Key, otherwise false.
next(Name, Key1) -> Key2 | '$end_of_table'
Types:
Name = tab_name()
Key1 = Key2 = term()
Returns either the key following Key1 in table Name according to the internal order
of the table, or '$end_of_table' if there is no next key.
If an error occurs, the process is exited with an error tuple {error, Reason}.
To find the first key in the table, use first/1.
open_file(Filename) -> {ok, Reference} | {error, Reason}
Types:
Filename = file:name()
Reference = reference()
Reason = term()
Opens an existing table. If the table is not properly closed, it is repaired. The
returned reference is to be used as the table name. This function is most useful
for debugging purposes.
open_file(Name, Args) -> {ok, Name} | {error, Reason}
Types:
Name = tab_name()
Args = [OpenArg]
OpenArg =
{access, access()} |
{auto_save, auto_save()} |
{estimated_no_objects, integer() >= 0} |
{file, file:name()} |
{max_no_slots, no_slots()} |
{min_no_slots, no_slots()} |
{keypos, keypos()} |
{ram_file, boolean()} |
{repair, boolean() | force} |
{type, type()}
Reason = term()
Opens a table. An empty Dets table is created if no file exists.
The atom Name is the table name. The table name must be provided in all subsequent
operations on the table. The name can be used by other processes as well, and many
processes can share one table.
If two processes open the same table by giving the same name and arguments, the
table has two users. If one user closes the table, it remains open until the second
user closes it.
Argument Args is a list of {Key, Val} tuples, where the following values are
allowed:
* {access, access()} - Existing tables can be opened in read-only mode. A table
that is opened in read-only mode is not subjected to the automatic file
reparation algorithm if it is later opened after a crash. Defaults to
read_write.
* {auto_save, auto_save()} - The autosave interval. If the interval is an integer
Time, the table is flushed to disk whenever it is not accessed for Time
milliseconds. A table that has been flushed requires no reparation when
reopened after an uncontrolled emulator halt. If the interval is the atom
infinity, autosave is disabled. Defaults to 180000 (3 minutes).
* {estimated_no_objects, no_slots()} - Equivalent to option min_no_slots.
* {file, file:name()} - The name of the file to be opened. Defaults to the table
name.
* {max_no_slots, no_slots()} - The maximum number of slots to be used. Defaults
to 32 M, which is the maximal value. Notice that a higher value can increase
the table fragmentation, and a smaller value can decrease the fragmentation, at
the expense of execution time.
* {min_no_slots, no_slots()} - Application performance can be enhanced with this
flag by specifying, when the table is created, the estimated number of
different keys to be stored in the table. Defaults to 256, which is the minimum
value.
* {keypos, keypos()} - The position of the element of each object to be used as
key. Defaults to 1. The ability to explicitly state the key position is most
convenient when we want to store Erlang records in which the first position of
the record is the name of the record type.
* {ram_file, boolean()} - Whether the table is to be kept in RAM. Keeping the
table in RAM can sound like an anomaly, but can enhance the performance of
applications that open a table, insert a set of objects, and then close the
table. When the table is closed, its contents are written to the disk file.
Defaults to false.
* {repair, Value} - Value can be either a boolean() or the atom force. The flag
specifies if the Dets server is to invoke the automatic file reparation
algorithm. Defaults to true. If false is specified, no attempt is made to
repair the file, and {error, {needs_repair, FileName}} is returned if the table
must be repaired.
Value force means that a reparation is made even if the table is properly
closed. This is a seldom needed option.
Option repair is ignored if the table is already open.
* {type, type()} - The table type. Defaults to set.
pid2name(Pid) -> {ok, Name} | undefined
Types:
Pid = pid()
Name = tab_name()
Returns the table name given the pid of a process that handles requests to a table,
or undefined if there is no such table.
This function is meant to be used for debugging only.
repair_continuation(Continuation, MatchSpec) -> Continuation2
Types:
Continuation = Continuation2 = select_cont()
MatchSpec = match_spec()
This function can be used to restore an opaque continuation returned by select/3 or
select/1 if the continuation has passed through external term format (been sent
between nodes or stored on disk).
The reason for this function is that continuation terms contain compiled match
specifications and therefore are invalidated if converted to external term format.
Given that the original match specification is kept intact, the continuation can be
restored, meaning it can once again be used in subsequent select/1 calls even
though it has been stored on disk or on another node.
For more information and examples, see the ets(3erl) module.
Note:
This function is rarely needed in application code. It is used by application
Mnesia to provide distributed select/3 and select/1 sequences. A normal application
would either use Mnesia or keep the continuation from being converted to external
format.
The reason for not having an external representation of compiled match
specifications is performance. It can be subject to change in future releases,
while this interface remains for backward compatibility.
safe_fixtable(Name, Fix) -> ok
Types:
Name = tab_name()
Fix = boolean()
If Fix is true, table Name is fixed (once more) by the calling process, otherwise
the table is released. The table is also released when a fixing process terminates.
If many processes fix a table, the table remains fixed until all processes have
released it or terminated. A reference counter is kept on a per process basis, and
N consecutive fixes require N releases to release the table.
It is not guaranteed that calls to first/1, next/2, or select and match functions
work as expected even if the table is fixed; the limited support for concurrency
provided by the ets(3erl) module is not yet provided by Dets. Fixing a table
currently only disables resizing of the hash list of the table.
If objects have been added while the table was fixed, the hash list starts to grow
when the table is released, which significantly slows down access to the table for
a period of time.
select(Continuation) ->
{Selection, Continuation2} |
'$end_of_table' |
{error, Reason}
Types:
Continuation = Continuation2 = select_cont()
Selection = [term()]
Reason = term()
Applies a match specification to some objects stored in a table and returns a non-
empty list of the results. The table, the match specification, and the number of
objects that are matched are all defined by Continuation, which is returned by a
previous call to select/1 or select/3.
When all objects of the table have been matched, '$end_of_table' is returned.
select(Name, MatchSpec) -> Selection | {error, Reason}
Types:
Name = tab_name()
MatchSpec = match_spec()
Selection = [term()]
Reason = term()
Returns the results of applying match specification MatchSpec to all or some
objects stored in table Name. The order of the objects is not specified. For a
description of match specifications, see the ERTS User's Guide.
If the keypos'th element of MatchSpec is unbound, the match specification is
applied to all objects of the table. If the keypos'th element is bound, the match
specification is applied to the objects with the correct key(s) only.
Using the select functions for traversing all objects of a table is more efficient
than calling first/1 and next/2 or slot/2.
select(Name, MatchSpec, N) ->
{Selection, Continuation} |
'$end_of_table' |
{error, Reason}
Types:
Name = tab_name()
MatchSpec = match_spec()
N = default | integer() >= 0
Continuation = select_cont()
Selection = [term()]
Reason = term()
Returns the results of applying match specification MatchSpec to some or all
objects stored in table Name. The order of the objects is not specified. For a
description of match specifications, see the ERTS User's Guide.
A tuple of the results of applying the match specification and a continuation is
returned, unless the table is empty, in which case '$end_of_table' is returned. The
continuation is to be used when matching more objects by calling select/1.
If the keypos'th element of MatchSpec is bound, the match specification is applied
to all objects of the table with the correct key(s). If the keypos'th element of
MatchSpec is unbound, the match specification is applied to all objects of the
table, N objects at a time, until at least one object matches or the end of the
table is reached. The default, indicated by giving N the value default, is to let
the number of objects vary depending on the sizes of the objects. All objects with
the same key are always handled at the same time, which implies that the match
specification can be applied to more than N objects.
The table is always to be protected using safe_fixtable/2 before calling select/3,
otherwise errors can occur when calling select/1.
select_delete(Name, MatchSpec) -> N | {error, Reason}
Types:
Name = tab_name()
MatchSpec = match_spec()
N = integer() >= 0
Reason = term()
Deletes each object from table Name such that applying match specification
MatchSpec to the object returns value true. For a description of match
specifications, see the ERTS User's Guide. Returns the number of deleted objects.
If the keypos'th element of MatchSpec is bound, the match specification is applied
to the objects with the correct key(s) only.
slot(Name, I) -> '$end_of_table' | Objects | {error, Reason}
Types:
Name = tab_name()
I = integer() >= 0
Objects = [object()]
Reason = term()
The objects of a table are distributed among slots, starting with slot 0 and ending
with slot n. Returns the list of objects associated with slot I. If I > n,
'$end_of_table' is returned.
sync(Name) -> ok | {error, Reason}
Types:
Name = tab_name()
Reason = term()
Ensures that all updates made to table Name are written to disk. This also applies
to tables that have been opened with flag ram_file set to true. In this case, the
contents of the RAM file are flushed to disk.
Notice that the space management data structures kept in RAM, the buddy system, is
also written to the disk. This can take some time if the table is fragmented.
table(Name) -> QueryHandle
table(Name, Options) -> QueryHandle
Types:
Name = tab_name()
Options = Option | [Option]
Option = {n_objects, Limit} | {traverse, TraverseMethod}
Limit = default | integer() >= 1
TraverseMethod = first_next | select | {select, match_spec()}
QueryHandle = qlc:query_handle()
Returns a Query List Comprehension (QLC) query handle. The qlc(3erl) module
provides a query language aimed mainly for Mnesia, but ETS tables, Dets tables, and
lists are also recognized by qlc as sources of data. Calling dets:table/1,2 is the
means to make Dets table Name usable to qlc.
When there are only simple restrictions on the key position, qlc uses dets:lookup/2
to look up the keys. When that is not possible, the whole table is traversed.
Option traverse determines how this is done:
* first_next - The table is traversed one key at a time by calling dets:first/1
and dets:next/2.
* select - The table is traversed by calling dets:select/3 and dets:select/1.
Option n_objects determines the number of objects returned (the third argument
of select/3). The match specification (the second argument of select/3) is
assembled by qlc:
* Simple filters are translated into equivalent match specifications.
* More complicated filters must be applied to all objects returned by select/3
given a match specification that matches all objects.
* {select, match_spec()} - As for select, the table is traversed by calling
dets:select/3 and dets:select/1. The difference is that the match specification
is specified explicitly. This is how to state match specifications that cannot
easily be expressed within the syntax provided by qlc.
The following example uses an explicit match specification to traverse the table:
1> dets:open_file(t, []),
ok = dets:insert(t, [{1,a},{2,b},{3,c},{4,d}]),
MS = ets:fun2ms(fun({X,Y}) when (X > 1) or (X < 5) -> {Y} end),
QH1 = dets:table(t, [{traverse, {select, MS}}]).
An example with implicit match specification:
2> QH2 = qlc:q([{Y} || {X,Y} <- dets:table(t), (X > 1) or (X < 5)]).
The latter example is equivalent to the former, which can be verified using
function qlc:info/1:
3> qlc:info(QH1) =:= qlc:info(QH2).
true
qlc:info/1 returns information about a query handle. In this case identical
information is returned for the two query handles.
to_ets(Name, EtsTab) -> EtsTab | {error, Reason}
Types:
Name = tab_name()
EtsTab = ets:tab()
Reason = term()
Inserts the objects of the Dets table Name into the ETS table EtsTab. The order in
which the objects are inserted is not specified. The existing objects of the ETS
table are kept unless overwritten.
traverse(Name, Fun) -> Return | {error, Reason}
Types:
Name = tab_name()
Fun = fun((Object) -> FunReturn)
Object = object()
FunReturn =
continue | {continue, Val} | {done, Value} | OtherValue
Return = [term()] | OtherValue
Val = Value = OtherValue = Reason = term()
Applies Fun to each object stored in table Name in some unspecified order.
Different actions are taken depending on the return value of Fun. The following Fun
return values are allowed:
continue:
Continue to perform the traversal. For example, the following function can be
used to print the contents of a table:
fun(X) -> io:format("~p~n", [X]), continue end.
{continue, Val}:
Continue the traversal and accumulate Val. The following function is supplied
to collect all objects of a table in a list:
fun(X) -> {continue, X} end.
{done, Value}:
Terminate the traversal and return [Value | Acc].
Any other value OtherValue returned by Fun terminates the traversal and is returned
immediately.
update_counter(Name, Key, Increment) -> Result
Types:
Name = tab_name()
Key = term()
Increment = {Pos, Incr} | Incr
Pos = Incr = Result = integer()
Updates the object with key Key stored in table Name of type set by adding Incr to
the element at the Pos:th position. The new counter value is returned. If no
position is specified, the element directly following the key is updated.
This functions provides a way of updating a counter, without having to look up an
object, update the object by incrementing an element, and insert the resulting
object into the table again.
SEE ALSO
ets(3erl), mnesia(3erl), qlc(3erl)