Provided by: libpcre3-dev_8.39-9ubuntu0.1_amd64 
NAME
PCRE - Perl-compatible regular expressions
PCRE JUST-IN-TIME COMPILER SUPPORT
Just-in-time compiling is a heavyweight optimization that can greatly speed up pattern
matching. However, it comes at the cost of extra processing before the match is performed.
Therefore, it is of most benefit when the same pattern is going to be matched many times.
This does not necessarily mean many calls of a matching function; if the pattern is not
anchored, matching attempts may take place many times at various positions in the subject,
even for a single call. Therefore, if the subject string is very long, it may still pay
to use JIT for one-off matches.
JIT support applies only to the traditional Perl-compatible matching function. It does
not apply when the DFA matching function is being used. The code for this support was
written by Zoltan Herczeg.
8-BIT, 16-BIT AND 32-BIT SUPPORT
JIT support is available for all of the 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit PCRE libraries. To keep
this documentation simple, only the 8-bit interface is described in what follows. If you
are using the 16-bit library, substitute the 16-bit functions and 16-bit structures (for
example, pcre16_jit_stack instead of pcre_jit_stack). If you are using the 32-bit library,
substitute the 32-bit functions and 32-bit structures (for example, pcre32_jit_stack
instead of pcre_jit_stack).
AVAILABILITY OF JIT SUPPORT
JIT support is an optional feature of PCRE. The "configure" option --enable-jit (or
equivalent CMake option) must be set when PCRE is built if you want to use JIT. The
support is limited to the following hardware platforms:
ARM v5, v7, and Thumb2
Intel x86 32-bit and 64-bit
MIPS 32-bit
Power PC 32-bit and 64-bit
SPARC 32-bit (experimental)
If --enable-jit is set on an unsupported platform, compilation fails.
A program that is linked with PCRE 8.20 or later can tell if JIT support is available by
calling pcre_config() with the PCRE_CONFIG_JIT option. The result is 1 when JIT is
available, and 0 otherwise. However, a simple program does not need to check this in order
to use JIT. The normal API is implemented in a way that falls back to the interpretive
code if JIT is not available. For programs that need the best possible performance, there
is also a "fast path" API that is JIT-specific.
If your program may sometimes be linked with versions of PCRE that are older than 8.20,
but you want to use JIT when it is available, you can test the values of PCRE_MAJOR and
PCRE_MINOR, or the existence of a JIT macro such as PCRE_CONFIG_JIT, for compile-time
control of your code.
SIMPLE USE OF JIT
You have to do two things to make use of the JIT support in the simplest way:
(1) Call pcre_study() with the PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE option for
each compiled pattern, and pass the resulting pcre_extra block to
pcre_exec().
(2) Use pcre_free_study() to free the pcre_extra block when it is
no longer needed, instead of just freeing it yourself. This ensures that
any JIT data is also freed.
For a program that may be linked with pre-8.20 versions of PCRE, you can insert
#ifndef PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE
#define PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE 0
#endif
so that no option is passed to pcre_study(), and then use something like this to free the
study data:
#ifdef PCRE_CONFIG_JIT
pcre_free_study(study_ptr);
#else
pcre_free(study_ptr);
#endif
PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE requests the JIT compiler to generate code for complete matches. If
you want to run partial matches using the PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD or PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT options
of pcre_exec(), you should set one or both of the following options in addition to, or
instead of, PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE when you call pcre_study():
PCRE_STUDY_JIT_PARTIAL_HARD_COMPILE
PCRE_STUDY_JIT_PARTIAL_SOFT_COMPILE
The JIT compiler generates different optimized code for each of the three modes (normal,
soft partial, hard partial). When pcre_exec() is called, the appropriate code is run if it
is available. Otherwise, the pattern is matched using interpretive code.
In some circumstances you may need to call additional functions. These are described in
the section entitled "Controlling the JIT stack" below.
If JIT support is not available, PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE etc. are ignored, and no JIT data
is created. Otherwise, the compiled pattern is passed to the JIT compiler, which turns it
into machine code that executes much faster than the normal interpretive code. When
pcre_exec() is passed a pcre_extra block containing a pointer to JIT code of the
appropriate mode (normal or hard/soft partial), it obeys that code instead of running the
interpreter. The result is identical, but the compiled JIT code runs much faster.
There are some pcre_exec() options that are not supported for JIT execution. There are
also some pattern items that JIT cannot handle. Details are given below. In both cases,
execution automatically falls back to the interpretive code. If you want to know whether
JIT was actually used for a particular match, you should arrange for a JIT callback
function to be set up as described in the section entitled "Controlling the JIT stack"
below, even if you do not need to supply a non-default JIT stack. Such a callback function
is called whenever JIT code is about to be obeyed. If the execution options are not right
for JIT execution, the callback function is not obeyed.
If the JIT compiler finds an unsupported item, no JIT data is generated. You can find out
if JIT execution is available after studying a pattern by calling pcre_fullinfo() with the
PCRE_INFO_JIT option. A result of 1 means that JIT compilation was successful. A result of
0 means that JIT support is not available, or the pattern was not studied with
PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE etc., or the JIT compiler was not able to handle the pattern.
Once a pattern has been studied, with or without JIT, it can be used as many times as you
like for matching different subject strings.
UNSUPPORTED OPTIONS AND PATTERN ITEMS
The only pcre_exec() options that are supported for JIT execution are PCRE_NO_UTF8_CHECK,
PCRE_NO_UTF16_CHECK, PCRE_NO_UTF32_CHECK, PCRE_NOTBOL, PCRE_NOTEOL, PCRE_NOTEMPTY,
PCRE_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART, PCRE_PARTIAL_HARD, and PCRE_PARTIAL_SOFT.
The only unsupported pattern items are \C (match a single data unit) when running in a UTF
mode, and a callout immediately before an assertion condition in a conditional group.
RETURN VALUES FROM JIT EXECUTION
When a pattern is matched using JIT execution, the return values are the same as those
given by the interpretive pcre_exec() code, with the addition of one new error code:
PCRE_ERROR_JIT_STACKLIMIT. This means that the memory used for the JIT stack was
insufficient. See "Controlling the JIT stack" below for a discussion of JIT stack usage.
For compatibility with the interpretive pcre_exec() code, no more than two-thirds of the
ovector argument is used for passing back captured substrings.
The error code PCRE_ERROR_MATCHLIMIT is returned by the JIT code if searching a very large
pattern tree goes on for too long, as it is in the same circumstance when JIT is not used,
but the details of exactly what is counted are not the same. The PCRE_ERROR_RECURSIONLIMIT
error code is never returned by JIT execution.
SAVING AND RESTORING COMPILED PATTERNS
The code that is generated by the JIT compiler is architecture-specific, and is also
position dependent. For those reasons it cannot be saved (in a file or database) and
restored later like the bytecode and other data of a compiled pattern. Saving and
restoring compiled patterns is not something many people do. More detail about this
facility is given in the pcreprecompile documentation. It should be possible to run
pcre_study() on a saved and restored pattern, and thereby recreate the JIT data, but
because JIT compilation uses significant resources, it is probably not worth doing this;
you might as well recompile the original pattern.
CONTROLLING THE JIT STACK
When the compiled JIT code runs, it needs a block of memory to use as a stack. By
default, it uses 32K on the machine stack. However, some large or complicated patterns
need more than this. The error PCRE_ERROR_JIT_STACKLIMIT is given when there is not enough
stack. Three functions are provided for managing blocks of memory for use as JIT stacks.
There is further discussion about the use of JIT stacks in the section entitled "JIT stack
FAQ" below.
The pcre_jit_stack_alloc() function creates a JIT stack. Its arguments are a starting size
and a maximum size, and it returns a pointer to an opaque structure of type
pcre_jit_stack, or NULL if there is an error. The pcre_jit_stack_free() function can be
used to free a stack that is no longer needed. (For the technically minded: the address
space is allocated by mmap or VirtualAlloc.)
JIT uses far less memory for recursion than the interpretive code, and a maximum stack
size of 512K to 1M should be more than enough for any pattern.
The pcre_assign_jit_stack() function specifies which stack JIT code should use. Its
arguments are as follows:
pcre_extra *extra
pcre_jit_callback callback
void *data
The extra argument must be the result of studying a pattern with PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE
etc. There are three cases for the values of the other two options:
(1) If callback is NULL and data is NULL, an internal 32K block
on the machine stack is used.
(2) If callback is NULL and data is not NULL, data must be
a valid JIT stack, the result of calling pcre_jit_stack_alloc().
(3) If callback is not NULL, it must point to a function that is
called with data as an argument at the start of matching, in
order to set up a JIT stack. If the return from the callback
function is NULL, the internal 32K stack is used; otherwise the
return value must be a valid JIT stack, the result of calling
pcre_jit_stack_alloc().
A callback function is obeyed whenever JIT code is about to be run; it is not obeyed when
pcre_exec() is called with options that are incompatible for JIT execution. A callback
function can therefore be used to determine whether a match operation was executed by JIT
or by the interpreter.
You may safely use the same JIT stack for more than one pattern (either by assigning
directly or by callback), as long as the patterns are all matched sequentially in the same
thread. In a multithread application, if you do not specify a JIT stack, or if you assign
or pass back NULL from a callback, that is thread-safe, because each thread has its own
machine stack. However, if you assign or pass back a non-NULL JIT stack, this must be a
different stack for each thread so that the application is thread-safe.
Strictly speaking, even more is allowed. You can assign the same non-NULL stack to any
number of patterns as long as they are not used for matching by multiple threads at the
same time. For example, you can assign the same stack to all compiled patterns, and use a
global mutex in the callback to wait until the stack is available for use. However, this
is an inefficient solution, and not recommended.
This is a suggestion for how a multithreaded program that needs to set up non-default JIT
stacks might operate:
During thread initalization
thread_local_var = pcre_jit_stack_alloc(...)
During thread exit
pcre_jit_stack_free(thread_local_var)
Use a one-line callback function
return thread_local_var
All the functions described in this section do nothing if JIT is not available, and
pcre_assign_jit_stack() does nothing unless the extra argument is non-NULL and points to a
pcre_extra block that is the result of a successful study with PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE etc.
JIT STACK FAQ
(1) Why do we need JIT stacks?
PCRE (and JIT) is a recursive, depth-first engine, so it needs a stack where the local
data of the current node is pushed before checking its child nodes. Allocating real
machine stack on some platforms is difficult. For example, the stack chain needs to be
updated every time if we extend the stack on PowerPC. Although it is possible, its
updating time overhead decreases performance. So we do the recursion in memory.
(2) Why don't we simply allocate blocks of memory with malloc()?
Modern operating systems have a nice feature: they can reserve an address space instead of
allocating memory. We can safely allocate memory pages inside this address space, so the
stack could grow without moving memory data (this is important because of pointers). Thus
we can allocate 1M address space, and use only a single memory page (usually 4K) if that
is enough. However, we can still grow up to 1M anytime if needed.
(3) Who "owns" a JIT stack?
The owner of the stack is the user program, not the JIT studied pattern or anything else.
The user program must ensure that if a stack is used by pcre_exec(), (that is, it is
assigned to the pattern currently running), that stack must not be used by any other
threads (to avoid overwriting the same memory area). The best practice for multithreaded
programs is to allocate a stack for each thread, and return this stack through the JIT
callback function.
(4) When should a JIT stack be freed?
You can free a JIT stack at any time, as long as it will not be used by pcre_exec() again.
When you assign the stack to a pattern, only a pointer is set. There is no reference
counting or any other magic. You can free the patterns and stacks in any order, anytime.
Just do not call pcre_exec() with a pattern pointing to an already freed stack, as that
will cause SEGFAULT. (Also, do not free a stack currently used by pcre_exec() in another
thread). You can also replace the stack for a pattern at any time. You can even free the
previous stack before assigning a replacement.
(5) Should I allocate/free a stack every time before/after calling pcre_exec()?
No, because this is too costly in terms of resources. However, you could implement some
clever idea which release the stack if it is not used in let's say two minutes. The JIT
callback can help to achieve this without keeping a list of the currently JIT studied
patterns.
(6) OK, the stack is for long term memory allocation. But what happens if a pattern causes
stack overflow with a stack of 1M? Is that 1M kept until the stack is freed?
Especially on embedded sytems, it might be a good idea to release memory sometimes without
freeing the stack. There is no API for this at the moment. Probably a function call which
returns with the currently allocated memory for any stack and another which allows
releasing memory (shrinking the stack) would be a good idea if someone needs this.
(7) This is too much of a headache. Isn't there any better solution for JIT stack
handling?
No, thanks to Windows. If POSIX threads were used everywhere, we could throw out this
complicated API.
EXAMPLE CODE
This is a single-threaded example that specifies a JIT stack without using a callback.
int rc;
int ovector[30];
pcre *re;
pcre_extra *extra;
pcre_jit_stack *jit_stack;
re = pcre_compile(pattern, 0, &error, &erroffset, NULL);
/* Check for errors */
extra = pcre_study(re, PCRE_STUDY_JIT_COMPILE, &error);
jit_stack = pcre_jit_stack_alloc(32*1024, 512*1024);
/* Check for error (NULL) */
pcre_assign_jit_stack(extra, NULL, jit_stack);
rc = pcre_exec(re, extra, subject, length, 0, 0, ovector, 30);
/* Check results */
pcre_free(re);
pcre_free_study(extra);
pcre_jit_stack_free(jit_stack);
JIT FAST PATH API
Because the API described above falls back to interpreted execution when JIT is not
available, it is convenient for programs that are written for general use in many
environments. However, calling JIT via pcre_exec() does have a performance impact.
Programs that are written for use where JIT is known to be available, and which need the
best possible performance, can instead use a "fast path" API to call JIT execution
directly instead of calling pcre_exec() (obviously only for patterns that have been
successfully studied by JIT).
The fast path function is called pcre_jit_exec(), and it takes exactly the same arguments
as pcre_exec(), plus one additional argument that must point to a JIT stack. The JIT stack
arrangements described above do not apply. The return values are the same as for
pcre_exec().
When you call pcre_exec(), as well as testing for invalid options, a number of other
sanity checks are performed on the arguments. For example, if the subject pointer is NULL,
or its length is negative, an immediate error is given. Also, unless PCRE_NO_UTF[8|16|32]
is set, a UTF subject string is tested for validity. In the interests of speed, these
checks do not happen on the JIT fast path, and if invalid data is passed, the result is
undefined.
Bypassing the sanity checks and the pcre_exec() wrapping can give speedups of more than
10%.
SEE ALSO
pcreapi(3)
AUTHOR
Philip Hazel (FAQ by Zoltan Herczeg)
University Computing Service
Cambridge CB2 3QH, England.
REVISION
Last updated: 17 March 2013
Copyright (c) 1997-2013 University of Cambridge.