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NAME
regcomp, regerror, regexec, regfree — regular expression matching
SYNOPSIS
#include <regex.h>
int regcomp(regex_t *restrict preg, const char *restrict pattern,
int cflags);
size_t regerror(int errcode, const regex_t *restrict preg,
char *restrict errbuf, size_t errbuf_size);
int regexec(const regex_t *restrict preg, const char *restrict string,
size_t nmatch, regmatch_t pmatch[restrict], int eflags);
void regfree(regex_t *preg);
DESCRIPTION
These functions interpret basic and extended regular expressions as described in the Base
Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Chapter 9, Regular Expressions.
The regex_t structure is defined in <regex.h> and contains at least the following member:
┌──────────────┬──────────────┬───────────────────────────┐
│Member Type │ Member Name │ Description │
├──────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────────────────┤
│size_t │re_nsub │ Number of parenthesized │
│ │ │ subexpressions. │
└──────────────┴──────────────┴───────────────────────────┘
The regmatch_t structure is defined in <regex.h> and contains at least the following
members:
┌──────────────┬──────────────┬───────────────────────────┐
│Member Type │ Member Name │ Description │
├──────────────┼──────────────┼───────────────────────────┤
│regoff_t │rm_so │ Byte offset from start of │
│ │ │ string to start of │
│ │ │ substring. │
│regoff_t │rm_eo │ Byte offset from start of │
│ │ │ string of the first │
│ │ │ character after the end │
│ │ │ of substring. │
└──────────────┴──────────────┴───────────────────────────┘
The regcomp() function shall compile the regular expression contained in the string
pointed to by the pattern argument and place the results in the structure pointed to by
preg. The cflags argument is the bitwise-inclusive OR of zero or more of the following
flags, which are defined in the <regex.h> header:
REG_EXTENDED Use Extended Regular Expressions.
REG_ICASE Ignore case in match (see the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008,
Chapter 9, Regular Expressions).
REG_NOSUB Report only success/fail in regexec().
REG_NEWLINE Change the handling of <newline> characters, as described in the text.
The default regular expression type for pattern is a Basic Regular Expression. The
application can specify Extended Regular Expressions using the REG_EXTENDED cflags flag.
If the REG_NOSUB flag was not set in cflags, then regcomp() shall set re_nsub to the
number of parenthesized subexpressions (delimited by "\(\)" in basic regular expressions
or "()" in extended regular expressions) found in pattern.
The regexec() function compares the null-terminated string specified by string with the
compiled regular expression preg initialized by a previous call to regcomp(). If it finds
a match, regexec() shall return 0; otherwise, it shall return non-zero indicating either
no match or an error. The eflags argument is the bitwise-inclusive OR of zero or more of
the following flags, which are defined in the <regex.h> header:
REG_NOTBOL The first character of the string pointed to by string is not the beginning
of the line. Therefore, the <circumflex> character ('^'), when taken as a
special character, shall not match the beginning of string.
REG_NOTEOL The last character of the string pointed to by string is not the end of the
line. Therefore, the <dollar-sign> ('$'), when taken as a special character,
shall not match the end of string.
If nmatch is 0 or REG_NOSUB was set in the cflags argument to regcomp(), then regexec()
shall ignore the pmatch argument. Otherwise, the application shall ensure that the pmatch
argument points to an array with at least nmatch elements, and regexec() shall fill in the
elements of that array with offsets of the substrings of string that correspond to the
parenthesized subexpressions of pattern: pmatch[i].rm_so shall be the byte offset of the
beginning and pmatch[i].rm_eo shall be one greater than the byte offset of the end of
substring i. (Subexpression i begins at the ith matched open parenthesis, counting from
1.) Offsets in pmatch[0] identify the substring that corresponds to the entire regular
expression. Unused elements of pmatch up to pmatch[nmatch−1] shall be filled with −1. If
there are more than nmatch subexpressions in pattern (pattern itself counts as a
subexpression), then regexec() shall still do the match, but shall record only the first
nmatch substrings.
When matching a basic or extended regular expression, any given parenthesized
subexpression of pattern might participate in the match of several different substrings of
string, or it might not match any substring even though the pattern as a whole did match.
The following rules shall be used to determine which substrings to report in pmatch when
matching regular expressions:
1. If subexpression i in a regular expression is not contained within another
subexpression, and it participated in the match several times, then the byte offsets
in pmatch[i] shall delimit the last such match.
2. If subexpression i is not contained within another subexpression, and it did not
participate in an otherwise successful match, the byte offsets in pmatch[i] shall be
−1. A subexpression does not participate in the match when:
'*' or "\{\}" appears immediately after the subexpression in a basic regular
expression, or '*', '?', or "{}" appears immediately after the subexpression in an
extended regular expression, and the subexpression did not match (matched 0 times)
or:
'|' is used in an extended regular expression to select this subexpression or
another, and the other subexpression matched.
3. If subexpression i is contained within another subexpression j, and i is not contained
within any other subexpression that is contained within j, and a match of
subexpression j is reported in pmatch[j], then the match or non-match of subexpression
i reported in pmatch[i] shall be as described in 1. and 2. above, but within the
substring reported in pmatch[j] rather than the whole string. The offsets in pmatch[i]
are still relative to the start of string.
4. If subexpression i is contained in subexpression j, and the byte offsets in pmatch[j]
are −1, then the pointers in pmatch[i] shall also be −1.
5. If subexpression i matched a zero-length string, then both byte offsets in pmatch[i]
shall be the byte offset of the character or null terminator immediately following the
zero-length string.
If, when regexec() is called, the locale is different from when the regular expression was
compiled, the result is undefined.
If REG_NEWLINE is not set in cflags, then a <newline> in pattern or string shall be
treated as an ordinary character. If REG_NEWLINE is set, then <newline> shall be treated
as an ordinary character except as follows:
1. A <newline> in string shall not be matched by a <period> outside a bracket expression
or by any form of a non-matching list (see the Base Definitions volume of
POSIX.1‐2008, Chapter 9, Regular Expressions).
2. A <circumflex> ('^') in pattern, when used to specify expression anchoring (see the
Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 9.3.8, BRE Expression Anchoring),
shall match the zero-length string immediately after a <newline> in string, regardless
of the setting of REG_NOTBOL.
3. A <dollar-sign> ('$') in pattern, when used to specify expression anchoring, shall
match the zero-length string immediately before a <newline> in string, regardless of
the setting of REG_NOTEOL.
The regfree() function frees any memory allocated by regcomp() associated with preg.
The following constants are defined as the minimum set of error return values, although
other errors listed as implementation extensions in <regex.h> are possible:
REG_BADBR Content of "\{\}" invalid: not a number, number too large, more than two
numbers, first larger than second.
REG_BADPAT Invalid regular expression.
REG_BADRPT '?', '*', or '+' not preceded by valid regular expression.
REG_EBRACE "\{\}" imbalance.
REG_EBRACK "[]" imbalance.
REG_ECOLLATE Invalid collating element referenced.
REG_ECTYPE Invalid character class type referenced.
REG_EESCAPE Trailing <backslash> character in pattern.
REG_EPAREN "\(\)" or "()" imbalance.
REG_ERANGE Invalid endpoint in range expression.
REG_ESPACE Out of memory.
REG_ESUBREG Number in "\digit" invalid or in error.
REG_NOMATCH regexec() failed to match.
If more than one error occurs in processing a function call, any one of the possible
constants may be returned, as the order of detection is unspecified.
The regerror() function provides a mapping from error codes returned by regcomp() and
regexec() to unspecified printable strings. It generates a string corresponding to the
value of the errcode argument, which the application shall ensure is the last non-zero
value returned by regcomp() or regexec() with the given value of preg. If errcode is not
such a value, the content of the generated string is unspecified.
If preg is a null pointer, but errcode is a value returned by a previous call to regexec()
or regcomp(), the regerror() still generates an error string corresponding to the value of
errcode, but it might not be as detailed under some implementations.
If the errbuf_size argument is not 0, regerror() shall place the generated string into the
buffer of size errbuf_size bytes pointed to by errbuf. If the string (including the
terminating null) cannot fit in the buffer, regerror() shall truncate the string and null-
terminate the result.
If errbuf_size is 0, regerror() shall ignore the errbuf argument, and return the size of
the buffer needed to hold the generated string.
If the preg argument to regexec() or regfree() is not a compiled regular expression
returned by regcomp(), the result is undefined. A preg is no longer treated as a compiled
regular expression after it is given to regfree().
RETURN VALUE
Upon successful completion, the regcomp() function shall return 0. Otherwise, it shall
return an integer value indicating an error as described in <regex.h>, and the content of
preg is undefined. If a code is returned, the interpretation shall be as given in
<regex.h>.
If regcomp() detects an invalid RE, it may return REG_BADPAT, or it may return one of the
error codes that more precisely describes the error.
Upon successful completion, the regexec() function shall return 0. Otherwise, it shall
return REG_NOMATCH to indicate no match.
Upon successful completion, the regerror() function shall return the number of bytes
needed to hold the entire generated string, including the null termination. If the return
value is greater than errbuf_size, the string returned in the buffer pointed to by errbuf
has been truncated.
The regfree() function shall not return a value.
ERRORS
No errors are defined.
The following sections are informative.
EXAMPLES
#include <regex.h>
/*
* Match string against the extended regular expression in
* pattern, treating errors as no match.
*
* Return 1 for match, 0 for no match.
*/
int
match(const char *string, char *pattern)
{
int status;
regex_t re;
if (regcomp(&re, pattern, REG_EXTENDED|REG_NOSUB) != 0) {
return(0); /* Report error. */
}
status = regexec(&re, string, (size_t) 0, NULL, 0);
regfree(&re);
if (status != 0) {
return(0); /* Report error. */
}
return(1);
}
The following demonstrates how the REG_NOTBOL flag could be used with regexec() to find
all substrings in a line that match a pattern supplied by a user. (For simplicity of the
example, very little error checking is done.)
(void) regcomp (&re, pattern, 0);
/* This call to regexec() finds the first match on the line. */
error = regexec (&re, &buffer[0], 1, &pm, 0);
while (error == 0) { /* While matches found. */
/* Substring found between pm.rm_so and pm.rm_eo. */
/* This call to regexec() finds the next match. */
error = regexec (&re, buffer + pm.rm_eo, 1, &pm, REG_NOTBOL);
}
APPLICATION USAGE
An application could use:
regerror(code,preg,(char *)NULL,(size_t)0)
to find out how big a buffer is needed for the generated string, malloc() a buffer to hold
the string, and then call regerror() again to get the string. Alternatively, it could
allocate a fixed, static buffer that is big enough to hold most strings, and then use
malloc() to allocate a larger buffer if it finds that this is too small.
To match a pattern as described in the Shell and Utilities volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section
2.13, Pattern Matching Notation, use the fnmatch() function.
RATIONALE
The regexec() function must fill in all nmatch elements of pmatch, where nmatch and pmatch
are supplied by the application, even if some elements of pmatch do not correspond to
subexpressions in pattern. The application developer should note that there is probably
no reason for using a value of nmatch that is larger than preg−>re_nsub+1.
The REG_NEWLINE flag supports a use of RE matching that is needed in some applications
like text editors. In such applications, the user supplies an RE asking the application to
find a line that matches the given expression. An anchor in such an RE anchors at the
beginning or end of any line. Such an application can pass a sequence of
<newline>-separated lines to regexec() as a single long string and specify REG_NEWLINE to
regcomp() to get the desired behavior. The application must ensure that there are no
explicit <newline> characters in pattern if it wants to ensure that any match occurs
entirely within a single line.
The REG_NEWLINE flag affects the behavior of regexec(), but it is in the cflags parameter
to regcomp() to allow flexibility of implementation. Some implementations will want to
generate the same compiled RE in regcomp() regardless of the setting of REG_NEWLINE and
have regexec() handle anchors differently based on the setting of the flag. Other
implementations will generate different compiled REs based on the REG_NEWLINE.
The REG_ICASE flag supports the operations taken by the grep −i option and the historical
implementations of ex and vi. Including this flag will make it easier for application
code to be written that does the same thing as these utilities.
The substrings reported in pmatch[] are defined using offsets from the start of the string
rather than pointers. This allows type-safe access to both constant and non-constant
strings.
The type regoff_t is used for the elements of pmatch[] to ensure that the application can
represent large arrays in memory (important for an application conforming to the Shell and
Utilities volume of POSIX.1‐2008).
The 1992 edition of this standard required regoff_t to be at least as wide as off_t, to
facilitate future extensions in which the string to be searched is taken from a file.
However, these future extensions have not appeared. The requirement rules out popular
implementations with 32-bit regoff_t and 64-bit off_t, so it has been removed.
The standard developers rejected the inclusion of a regsub() function that would be used
to do substitutions for a matched RE. While such a routine would be useful to some
applications, its utility would be much more limited than the matching function described
here. Both RE parsing and substitution are possible to implement without support other
than that required by the ISO C standard, but matching is much more complex than
substituting. The only difficult part of substitution, given the information supplied by
regexec(), is finding the next character in a string when there can be multi-byte
characters. That is a much larger issue, and one that needs a more general solution.
The errno variable has not been used for error returns to avoid filling the errno name
space for this feature.
The interface is defined so that the matched substrings rm_sp and rm_ep are in a separate
regmatch_t structure instead of in regex_t. This allows a single compiled RE to be used
simultaneously in several contexts; in main() and a signal handler, perhaps, or in
multiple threads of lightweight processes. (The preg argument to regexec() is declared
with type const, so the implementation is not permitted to use the structure to store
intermediate results.) It also allows an application to request an arbitrary number of
substrings from an RE. The number of subexpressions in the RE is reported in re_nsub in
preg. With this change to regexec(), consideration was given to dropping the REG_NOSUB
flag since the user can now specify this with a zero nmatch argument to regexec().
However, keeping REG_NOSUB allows an implementation to use a different (perhaps more
efficient) algorithm if it knows in regcomp() that no subexpressions need be reported. The
implementation is only required to fill in pmatch if nmatch is not zero and if REG_NOSUB
is not specified. Note that the size_t type, as defined in the ISO C standard, is
unsigned, so the description of regexec() does not need to address negative values of
nmatch.
REG_NOTBOL was added to allow an application to do repeated searches for the same pattern
in a line. If the pattern contains a <circumflex> character that should match the
beginning of a line, then the pattern should only match when matched against the beginning
of the line. Without the REG_NOTBOL flag, the application could rewrite the expression
for subsequent matches, but in the general case this would require parsing the expression.
The need for REG_NOTEOL is not as clear; it was added for symmetry.
The addition of the regerror() function addresses the historical need for conforming
application programs to have access to error information more than ``Function failed to
compile/match your RE for unknown reasons''.
This interface provides for two different methods of dealing with error conditions. The
specific error codes (REG_EBRACE, for example), defined in <regex.h>, allow an application
to recover from an error if it is so able. Many applications, especially those that use
patterns supplied by a user, will not try to deal with specific error cases, but will just
use regerror() to obtain a human-readable error message to present to the user.
The regerror() function uses a scheme similar to confstr() to deal with the problem of
allocating memory to hold the generated string. The scheme used by strerror() in the ISO C
standard was considered unacceptable since it creates difficulties for multi-threaded
applications.
The preg argument is provided to regerror() to allow an implementation to generate a more
descriptive message than would be possible with errcode alone. An implementation might,
for example, save the character offset of the offending character of the pattern in a
field of preg, and then include that in the generated message string. The implementation
may also ignore preg.
A REG_FILENAME flag was considered, but omitted. This flag caused regexec() to match
patterns as described in the Shell and Utilities volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 2.13,
Pattern Matching Notation instead of REs. This service is now provided by the fnmatch()
function.
Notice that there is a difference in philosophy between the ISO POSIX‐2:1993 standard and
POSIX.1‐2008 in how to handle a ``bad'' regular expression. The ISO POSIX‐2:1993 standard
says that many bad constructs ``produce undefined results'', or that ``the interpretation
is undefined''. POSIX.1‐2008, however, says that the interpretation of such REs is
unspecified. The term ``undefined'' means that the action by the application is an error,
of similar severity to passing a bad pointer to a function.
The regcomp() and regexec() functions are required to accept any null-terminated string as
the pattern argument. If the meaning of the string is ``undefined'', the behavior of the
function is ``unspecified''. POSIX.1‐2008 does not specify how the functions will
interpret the pattern; they might return error codes, or they might do pattern matching in
some completely unexpected way, but they should not do something like abort the process.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
fnmatch(), glob()
The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Chapter 9, Regular Expressions, <regex.h>,
<sys_types.h>
The Shell and Utilities volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 2.13, Pattern Matching Notation
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std
1003.1, 2013 Edition, Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System
Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7, Copyright (C) 2013 by the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. (This is
POSIX.1-2008 with the 2013 Technical Corrigendum 1 applied.) In the event of any
discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the
original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard
can be obtained online at http://www.unix.org/online.html .
Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page are most likely to have
been introduced during the conversion of the source files to man page format. To report
such errors, see https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .