Provided by: perl-doc_5.26.1-6ubuntu0.7_all 
NAME
utf8 - Perl pragma to enable/disable UTF-8 (or UTF-EBCDIC) in source code
SYNOPSIS
use utf8;
no utf8;
# Convert the internal representation of a Perl scalar to/from UTF-8.
$num_octets = utf8::upgrade($string);
$success = utf8::downgrade($string[, $fail_ok]);
# Change each character of a Perl scalar to/from a series of
# characters that represent the UTF-8 bytes of each original character.
utf8::encode($string); # "\x{100}" becomes "\xc4\x80"
utf8::decode($string); # "\xc4\x80" becomes "\x{100}"
# Convert a code point from the platform native character set to
# Unicode, and vice-versa.
$unicode = utf8::native_to_unicode(ord('A')); # returns 65 on both
# ASCII and EBCDIC
# platforms
$native = utf8::unicode_to_native(65); # returns 65 on ASCII
# platforms; 193 on
# EBCDIC
$flag = utf8::is_utf8($string); # since Perl 5.8.1
$flag = utf8::valid($string);
DESCRIPTION
The "use utf8" pragma tells the Perl parser to allow UTF-8 in the program text in the
current lexical scope. The "no utf8" pragma tells Perl to switch back to treating the
source text as literal bytes in the current lexical scope. (On EBCDIC platforms,
technically it is allowing UTF-EBCDIC, and not UTF-8, but this distinction is academic, so
in this document the term UTF-8 is used to mean both).
Do not use this pragma for anything else than telling Perl that your script is written in
UTF-8. The utility functions described below are directly usable without "use utf8;".
Because it is not possible to reliably tell UTF-8 from native 8 bit encodings, you need
either a Byte Order Mark at the beginning of your source code, or "use utf8;", to instruct
perl.
When UTF-8 becomes the standard source format, this pragma will effectively become a no-
op.
See also the effects of the "-C" switch and its cousin, the "PERL_UNICODE" environment
variable, in perlrun.
Enabling the "utf8" pragma has the following effect:
• Bytes in the source text that are not in the ASCII character set will be treated as
being part of a literal UTF-8 sequence. This includes most literals such as
identifier names, string constants, and constant regular expression patterns.
Note that if you have non-ASCII, non-UTF-8 bytes in your script (for example embedded
Latin-1 in your string literals), "use utf8" will be unhappy. If you want to have such
bytes under "use utf8", you can disable this pragma until the end the block (or file, if
at top level) by "no utf8;".
Utility functions
The following functions are defined in the "utf8::" package by the Perl core. You do not
need to say "use utf8" to use these and in fact you should not say that unless you really
want to have UTF-8 source code.
• "$num_octets = utf8::upgrade($string)"
(Since Perl v5.8.0) Converts in-place the internal representation of the string from
an octet sequence in the native encoding (Latin-1 or EBCDIC) to UTF-8. The logical
character sequence itself is unchanged. If $string is already stored as UTF-8, then
this is a no-op. Returns the number of octets necessary to represent the string as
UTF-8. Can be used to make sure that the UTF-8 flag is on, so that "\w" or "lc()"
work as Unicode on strings containing non-ASCII characters whose code points are below
256.
Note that this function does not handle arbitrary encodings; use Encode instead.
• "$success = utf8::downgrade($string[, $fail_ok])"
(Since Perl v5.8.0) Converts in-place the internal representation of the string from
UTF-8 to the equivalent octet sequence in the native encoding (Latin-1 or EBCDIC). The
logical character sequence itself is unchanged. If $string is already stored as native
8 bit, then this is a no-op. Can be used to make sure that the UTF-8 flag is off,
e.g. when you want to make sure that the substr() or length() function works with the
usually faster byte algorithm.
Fails if the original UTF-8 sequence cannot be represented in the native 8 bit
encoding. On failure dies or, if the value of $fail_ok is true, returns false.
Returns true on success.
Note that this function does not handle arbitrary encodings; use Encode instead.
• "utf8::encode($string)"
(Since Perl v5.8.0) Converts in-place the character sequence to the corresponding
octet sequence in UTF-8. That is, every (possibly wide) character gets replaced with a
sequence of one or more characters that represent the individual UTF-8 bytes of the
character. The UTF8 flag is turned off. Returns nothing.
my $a = "\x{100}"; # $a contains one character, with ord 0x100
utf8::encode($a); # $a contains two characters, with ords (on
# ASCII platforms) 0xc4 and 0x80. On EBCDIC
# 1047, this would instead be 0x8C and 0x41.
Note that this function does not handle arbitrary encodings; use Encode instead.
• "$success = utf8::decode($string)"
(Since Perl v5.8.0) Attempts to convert in-place the octet sequence encoded as UTF-8
to the corresponding character sequence. That is, it replaces each sequence of
characters in the string whose ords represent a valid UTF-8 byte sequence, with the
corresponding single character. The UTF-8 flag is turned on only if the source string
contains multiple-byte UTF-8 characters. If $string is invalid as UTF-8, returns
false; otherwise returns true.
my $a = "\xc4\x80"; # $a contains two characters, with ords
# 0xc4 and 0x80
utf8::decode($a); # On ASCII platforms, $a contains one char,
# with ord 0x100. Since these bytes aren't
# legal UTF-EBCDIC, on EBCDIC platforms, $a is
# unchanged and the function returns FALSE.
Note that this function does not handle arbitrary encodings; use Encode instead.
• "$unicode = utf8::native_to_unicode($code_point)"
(Since Perl v5.8.0) This takes an unsigned integer (which represents the ordinal
number of a character (or a code point) on the platform the program is being run on)
and returns its Unicode equivalent value. Since ASCII platforms natively use the
Unicode code points, this function returns its input on them. On EBCDIC platforms it
converts from EBCDIC to Unicode.
A meaningless value will currently be returned if the input is not an unsigned
integer.
Since Perl v5.22.0, calls to this function are optimized out on ASCII platforms, so
there is no performance hit in using it there.
• "$native = utf8::unicode_to_native($code_point)"
(Since Perl v5.8.0) This is the inverse of "utf8::native_to_unicode()", converting the
other direction. Again, on ASCII platforms, this returns its input, but on EBCDIC
platforms it will find the native platform code point, given any Unicode one.
A meaningless value will currently be returned if the input is not an unsigned
integer.
Since Perl v5.22.0, calls to this function are optimized out on ASCII platforms, so
there is no performance hit in using it there.
• "$flag = utf8::is_utf8($string)"
(Since Perl 5.8.1) Test whether $string is marked internally as encoded in UTF-8.
Functionally the same as "Encode::is_utf8()".
• "$flag = utf8::valid($string)"
[INTERNAL] Test whether $string is in a consistent state regarding UTF-8. Will return
true if it is well-formed UTF-8 and has the UTF-8 flag on or if $string is held as
bytes (both these states are 'consistent'). Main reason for this routine is to allow
Perl's test suite to check that operations have left strings in a consistent state.
You most probably want to use "utf8::is_utf8()" instead.
"utf8::encode" is like "utf8::upgrade", but the UTF8 flag is cleared. See perlunicode,
and the C API functions "sv_utf8_upgrade", ""sv_utf8_downgrade" in perlapi",
""sv_utf8_encode" in perlapi", and ""sv_utf8_decode" in perlapi", which are wrapped by the
Perl functions "utf8::upgrade", "utf8::downgrade", "utf8::encode" and "utf8::decode".
Also, the functions "utf8::is_utf8", "utf8::valid", "utf8::encode", "utf8::decode",
"utf8::upgrade", and "utf8::downgrade" are actually internal, and thus always available,
without a "require utf8" statement.
BUGS
Some filesystems may not support UTF-8 file names, or they may be supported incompatibly
with Perl. Therefore UTF-8 names that are visible to the filesystem, such as module names
may not work.
SEE ALSO
perlunitut, perluniintro, perlrun, bytes, perlunicode