Provided by: backup2l_1.6-2_all bug

NAME

       backup2l -  low-maintenance backup/restore tool

SYNOPSIS

       backup2l [ -c conffile ] [ -t backup-ID ] command

DESCRIPTION

       backup2l  is  a tool for generating, maintaining and restoring backups on a mountable file
       system (e. g. hard disk). The main design goals are low  maintenance  effort,  efficiency,
       transparency  and  robustness.   It features differential backups at multiple hierarchical
       levels and provides rollback functionality.

       All control files are stored together with the archives on the backup  device,  and  their
       contents  are  mostly self-explaining. Hence, in the case of an emergency, a user does not
       only have to rely on the restore functionality of backup2l,  but  can  -  if  necessary  -
       browse the files and extract archives manually.

       An  open  driver  architecture  allows  one  to  use  virtually any archiving program as a
       backend.  Built-in drivers support .tar.gz, .tar.bz2, or .afioz files. Further drivers can
       be added by the user. When restoring data, an appropriate driver is selected automatically
       for each archive depending on the suffix of the archive file.

       The method of hierarchical differential backups is a generalization to the concept of  the
       "daily",  "weekly"  and  "monthly"  backups.  Each backup has a level and a serial number.
       Maximum-level backups are comparable with daily differential backups, level-0 backups  are
       full  backups.  For  example,  let  MAX_LEVEL be 4 and MAX_PER_LEVEL be 5. After 5 level-4
       backups (e. g. after 5 days), a new level-3 backup is made.  After 5 level-3 backups  (and
       5*5  at  level-4),  a  new  level-2  backup  is made, and so on.  Each differential backup
       contains the changes towards the previous backup of the same or a lower level.

       This scheme allows  one  to  efficiently  generate  small  incremental  backups  at  short
       intervals.   At  the  same  time,  the total number of archives that have to be stored (or
       processed in the case of a restore) only increases  logarithmically  with  the  number  of
       backups  since the last full backup. Time-consuming full backups are only sparsely needed.
       In the example above, a new full backup is only necessary after 780 (=5^4+5^3+5*5+5) days,
       while only at most 20 (=4*5) archives have to be processed.

       For  backup2l,  each  backup  archive  is identified by its backup ID (BID). The number of
       digits determines the level. Level-0 (full) backups have a 1-digit  BID,  level-n  backups
       have  a  BID  of n+1 digits.  The last digit is a serial number, the prefix identifies the
       lower-level backups on which a given backup is based on.  For  example,  the  archive  235
       contains  the differences towards archive 234, and to restore the file system state of the
       time it was generated, the full backup 2, the level-1 backups 21, 22, 23 and  the  level-2
       backups  231,  ...,  235  have to be processed.  All serial numbers are between 1 and 9, a
       zero in the BID indicates that no archive of the respective  level  is  contained  in  the
       chain. For example, the level-3 backup 1201 is immediately based on the level-1 backup 12.

       For  deciding  whether a file is new or modified, backup2l looks at its name, modification
       time, size, ownership and permissions. Unlike  other  backup  tools,  the  i-node  is  not
       considered in order to avoid problems with non-Unix file systems like FAT32.

OPTIONS

       -c, --conf conffile
              This argument specifies the configuration file (default: etc/backup2l.conf).

       -t, --time BID
              If  present,  this  option  selects a certain backup for the --locate and --restore
              commands.  E. g., the latter will restore files and  directories  exactly  as  they
              were  on the system at the time when the specified backup was made. If not present,
              the latest available backup is selected.

COMMANDS

       -h, --help
              Display the usage info.

       -e, --estimate [ level ]
              Prints the number of files, estimated amount of data and other information  on  the
              backup  that  would  be  generated next. No backup archives are actually created or
              removed. If specified, the parameter level overrides the MAX_LEVEL setting.

       -b, --backup [ level ]
              Creates a new backup and removes old archives  based  on  the  given  configuration
              file.   If  specified, the parameter level overrides the MAX_LEVEL setting. This is
              useful e. g. shortly before or after major changes  are  performed  with  the  file
              system.  In  this  case, a lower level should be specified in order to avoid that a
              large number of files are backed up multiple times again.

       -s, --get-summary
              Shows a table describing each backup (date, size, files, ...) and the  file  system
              usage of the backup device.

       -a, --get-available [ pattern list ]
              Shows  all  files  removed and added for all backups. A '+' in the output indicates
              that the file is new and thus contained in the archive file. A '-'  indicates  that
              the  file has been removed (or replaced).  If one or several patterns are supplied,
              grep(1) is used to filter the list. All status messages go to stderr, so  that  the
              generated file list can easily be redirected.

              Note:  The  search  pattern is not just applied to the file names, but to the whole
              entry in the .list.gz file. This allows one to not only search for file  names  but
              also  for  other  attributes  like  ownership, modification time etc. . In order to
              apply a search pattern to file names only, precede it by "<space>/.*".

       -l, --locate [ pattern list ]
              Shows most recent backup location for active files. If one or several patterns  are
              supplied, grep(1) is used to filter the list in the same way as for --get-available
              (see above) . All status messages go to stderr, so that the generated file list can
              easily be redirected.

              Active  files  are  files  that have been on the system at the time of the selected
              backup, which is either the latest backup or  the  one  specified  by  --time  (see
              above).  Files  that  were  removed at that time but are still stored in some later
              archive will not be shown.

              Altogether, this command tells you, which files have to  be  extracted  from  which
              archive  in  order  to  restore the state of the system at the time of the selected
              backup.

       -r, --restore [ pattern list ]
              Performs the same steps like --locate and then restores the respective  files.  All
              files are restored relative to the current directory. They can be restored to their
              original location by cd'ing into / before, but this is not recommended.

       -p, --purge BID list
              Removes the specified backup archive(s) and all depending backups.

       -m, --make-check [ BID list ]
              Creates (a) check file(s) for the specified archive(s) using md5sum(1).  If no  BID
              is specified, check files are created wherever missing.

       -v, --verify [ BID list ]
              Verifies  the  specified  backup  archive(s).  If no BID is specified, all existing
              archives are checked.  If a check file exists, this allows one a comprehensive test
              including e. g. media failures. If the check file is missing, only the existence of
              all files and the immediate base archive are verified.

       -x, --extract capacity max-free BID-list
              Split and collect files to be stored on removable media (e. g.  CDs).  capacity  is
              the  medium  capacity  in MB. max-free is the maximum amount of empty space on each
              medium (except for the last one, of course). BID-list specifies  the  archives  and
              may   contain  wildcards,  e.  g.:  1  '2*'.   The  operation  generates  enumbered
              subdirectories representing the media contents.  Some more files are generated that
              may be useful, e. g. to print labels.

              While  guaranteeing  a  minimum  waste  of  max-free  MB per medium, the collection
              procedure preserves the ordering of files and keeps all control files of an archive
              always  together  on  the same medium.  Large archive files are split into multiple
              files with serial numbers appended to their names.

              The operation is interactive. Just run it and look what it is about to do.  If that
              is not what you want, you can stop it.

CONFIGURATION

       In the configuration file (/etc/backup2l.conf by default), the following variables have to
       be set, following the bash(1) syntax:

       FOR_VERSION=version
              Defines the backup2l version for which the configuration file is written. This way,
              future versions can automatically print a warning if the syntax has changed.

       SRCLIST=( source list )
              This  is  a  blank-separated  list of all top-level directories to make backups of.
              Directory  names  with  spaces  have  to  be  quoted,  e.  g.:  SRCLIST=("/my  dir"
              /another/dir).   The  last  elements  of  the  list may be options for find(1), for
              example -xdev in order to skip subdirs on other file systems like /dev or /proc.

       SKIPCOND=( find condition )
              Files for which this condition is  'true'  are  not  considered  for  backup.   See
              find(1)   for  information  on  how  to  formulate  possible  conditions.   Special
              characters ("(", ")", "!", ...) must be quoted by a leading backslash ("\(",  "\)",
              "  \!", ...). An empty condition (i. e. if you do not want any files to be skipped)
              must be specified as "( -false )".

       [ BACKUP_DEV="mount_point" ]
              If defined, backup2l mounts the backup device before any operation.  Afterwards, it
              is unmounted unless it was already mounted before.

       BACKUP_DIR="backup dir"
              Destination directory for backup files. This must be different from MOUNT_POINT, i.
              e.  a subdirectory on the device.

       VOLNAME="volname"
              This is a common prefix for all backup and control files. Multiple  backup  volumes
              are possible if for each volume a separate configuration file is written.

       MAX_LEVEL=max_level
              Maximum backup level. Possible values are 1..9.

       MAX_PER_LEVEL=max_per_level
              Number of differential backups per level. Possible values are 1..9.

       MAX_FULL=max_full
              Number of full backups kept. Possible values are 1..8.

       GENERATIONS=generations
              Number  of  backup  generations  to  keep  for each non-zero level. Old backups are
              automatically removed as long as at least GENERATIONS * MAX_PER_LEVEL  backups  for
              the respective level remain.

              For example, with MAX_LEVEL=3, MAX_PER_LEVEL=5, GENERATIONS=2 it is always possible
              to access the last 10 level-3 (e. g. daily) backups, the last  10  level-2  backups
              (e. g. 5, 10, 15, ..., 50 days old), and so on.

       PRE_BACKUP () { do something }
              This  function  is  called  before  writing the backup. It can be used to dump some
              important system information, e. g. the HD's partition table, to a  file  which  is
              then backed up.

       POST_BACKUP () { do something }
              This  function  is called after writing the backup. Together with PRE_BACKUP it can
              be used to stop and restart e. g. database or mail services  which  may  frequently
              alter some files that have to be backed up.

       [ AUTORUN=1 ]
              If  set  to  1,  backup2l  performs  the  --backup  operation  when invoked without
              arguments.  Otherwise, the usage information is shown.

       [ SIZE_UNITS= B | K | M | G ]
              Sets the units for archive sizes in summary listings to bytes, KB, MB, or  GB.   If
              unset,  a  user-readable  format is chosen automatically. If set, the units are the
              same for the whole table, which may be even more user-friendly.

       [ CREATE_DRIVER="archive driver" ]
              Selects an archive driver for creating backups. An archive  driver  is  responsible
              for  managing  backup  files. If unset, the default driver "DRIVER_TAR_GZ" is used.
              The --help operation lists all available drivers. More drivers can  be  defined  in
              the configuration file (see below).

       [ USER_DRIVER_LIST="user-defined drivers" ]
              Declares  additional,  user-defined  archive  drivers  which are implemented in the
              configuration file.  The sample configuration file contains  a  commented  example.
              Read it in order to learn how to implement your own driver.

FILES

       /etc/backup2l.conf
              Configuration file.

       VOLNAME.BID.tar.gz, VOLNAME.BID.afioz, ...
              Archive files.

       VOLNAME.BID.list.gz
              List  of  all active files when the backup was made. Each file is preceded with its
              size, modification time, and other information.

       VOLNAME.BID.new.gz
              List of all new ore modified files when  the  backup  was  made  (pathnames  only).
              Unless an error occurred, this list reflects the contents of the archive.

       VOLNAME.BID.obsolete.gz
              List of all obsolete files when the backup was made (pathnames only).

       VOLNAME.BID.skipped.gz
              Complete list of all files that were skipped according to SKIPMASK.

       VOLNAME.BID.error.gz
              This  file  is  generated  by  comparing  the  .new.gz file with the actual archive
              contents using diff(1). If the error file is non-empty,  something  may  have  gone
              wrong.

       VOLNAME.BID.check
              MD5  check  sums  of  all files of the present archive and the .list.gz file of the
              base archive.  This file is optional and may be used by the --verify operation.

INVOCATION BY CRON

       backup2l is designed to be run autonomously as a cron job.  If  the  variable  AUTORUN  is
       set,  it generates a backup if invoked without any parameters, and you can simply create a
       symlink, e. g. by:

                           ln -s `which backup2l` /etc/cron.daily/zz-backup2l

       The "zz-" prefix causes the backup job to be the last one executed, so that other jobs are
       not  delayed if the backup takes somewhat longer. The status output is e-mailed to root by
       the cron daemon.

MANIPULATING FILES AND CONFIGURATIONS

       backup2l has been designed to be robust with respect to errors and configuration  changes.
       If  the backup process is interrupted, e. g. because of a shutdown while it is running, no
       serious data corruption can occur. Some temporary files may remain which  are  cleaned  up
       during  the  next  run.  If  file  is  changed during the backup generation, it may not be
       contained in the current backup. However, it is guaranteed that it is considered  modified
       during the next backup.

       In order to save disk space, e. g. after some archives have been copied to external media,
       archive files (.tar.gz or .afioz, for example) can  safely  be  removed  from  the  backup
       directory.   As long as all control files are kept, backup2l retains full functionality as
       far as possible.  The --restore command prompts for eventually missing archive  files  for
       the  respective  request  (and  only  those). The --extract command completely ignores all
       backups with missing archive files.

       The configuration, especially the settings for MAX_LEVEL,  MAX_PER_LEVEL, MAX_FULL and the
       specification  of  source  files, can be arbitrarily changed without having to expect data
       corruption. backup2l will gracefully adapt the new settings during the next run.

BUGS

       After a  restore  operation,  the  modification  time  of  directories  is  equal  to  the
       restoration time while for files it is equal to the original modification time.

AUTHOR

       backup2l was written by Gundolf Kiefer <gundolfk at web.de>.

       This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of
       the GNU General Public License as  published  by  the  Free  Software  Foundation,  either
       version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

       This  program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;
       without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR  PURPOSE.
       See the GNU General Public License for more details.

SEE ALSO

       tar(1), afio(1), find(1), grep(1), md5sum(1)