Ubuntu Manpage: dnsviz-graph - graph the assessment of diagnostic DNS queries

NAME

       dnsviz-graph - graph the assessment of diagnostic DNS queries

SYNOPSIS

       dnsviz graph [ options ] [ domain_name... ]

DESCRIPTION

Process the results of diagnostic DNS queries previously performed, e.g., using dnsviz-probe(1), to
assess the health of the associated DNS deployments for one or more domain names specified. The results
of this processing are presented in one of several graphical formats for user diagnostics.

The source of the diagnostic query input is either a file specified with -r or standard input.

Domain names to be processed may be passed either as command-line arguments, in a file (using the -f
option), or simply implied using the diagnostic query input. The latter is the preferred methodology
(and the simplest) and is useful, except in cases where the input contains diagnostic queries for
multiple domain names, only a subset of which are to be processed.

If -f is not used and no domain names are supplied on the command line, then the domain names to be
processed are extracted from the diagnostic query input. If the -f option is used, then names may not be
specified on the command line.

The domain names passed as input are fully-qualified domain names, such as example.com, www.example.com,
_443._tcp.example.com, 1.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa, or 8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa. Because it is implied that
specified domain names are fully qualified, no trailing dot is necessary.

The graphical output is the image of a directed graph created using dot(1). The "html" format makes this
image interactive using javascript libraries that are distributed with this software.

OPTIONS

-f filename
Read names from a file (one name per line), instead of from command line.

If this option is used, then names may not be specified on the command line.

-r filename
Read diagnostic query input from the specified file, instead of from standard input.

-t filename
Use trusted keys from the specified file when processing diagnostic queries. This overrides the
default behavior of using the installed keys for the root zone.

The format of this file is master zone file format and should contain DNSKEY records that
correspond to one more trusted keys for one or more DNS zones.

This option may be used multiple times on the command line.

-C Enforce DNS cookies strictly. Require a server to return a "BADCOOKIE" response when a query
contains a COOKIE option with no server cookie or with an invalid server cookie.

-R type[,type...]
Process queries of only the specified type(s) (e.g., A, AAAA). The default is to process all
types queried as part of the diagnostic input.

-e Do not remove redundant RRSIG edges from the graph.

As described in "RRSIGs", some edges representing RRSIGs made by KSKs are removed from the graph
to reduce visual complexity. If this option is used, those edges are preserved.

-O Save the output to a file, whose name is derived from the format (i.e., provided to -T) and the
domain name.

If this option is used when the diagnostic queries of multiple domain names are being processed, a
file will be created for each domain name processed.

-o filename
Write the output to the specified file instead of to standard output, which is the default.

If this option is used when the diagnostic queries of multiple domain name are being processed, a
single file (the one specified) will be created, which will contain the collective output for all
domain names processed.

-T format
Use the specified output format for the graph, selected from among the following: "dot", "png",
"jpg", "svg", and "html". The default is "dot".

-h Display the usage and exit.

OUTPUT

The conventions used in the graphical format are described below.

Zones
Nodes in DNSViz are clustered by the zone to which the represented information belongs. Each zone is
labeled with the name of the zone origin and the time at which the zone was last analyzed.

Delegations
Thick lines between zones denote delegations of namespace from one zone to another, as indicated by the
presence of NS (name server) resource records (RRs) for the delegated namespace. The status of the
delegation is reflected in its color and style of the edge.

insecure
A black, solid line between zones indicates a standard, insecure delegation (i.e., sans DNSSEC).

lame If the designated name servers for a zone cannot not be properly resolved or if the servers do not
properly respond to queries, then the delegation is considered lame and is represented by a
dashed, yellow line.

incomplete
If the delegation is incomplete, as indicated by the presence of NS records in the zone itself but
not in its parent zone, then the delegation is represented by a dashed, yellow line.

secure If the delegation is secure by DNSSEC standards, then then the delegation is represented by a
solid, blue line.

bogus If the delegation is bogus by DNSSEC standards, then then the delegation is represented by a
dashed, red line.

RRsets
Resource record sets (RRsets) returned in the response (usually in the answer section) are represented as
rectangular nodes with rounded corners. Among the most common record types are SOA (start of authority),
A (IPv4 address), AAAA (IPv6 address), MX (mail exchange), and CNAME (canonical name).

RRsets that are specific to DNSSEC, such as the DNSKEY, DS, RRSIG, NSEC and NSEC3 RR types, are
represented as other node types, as specified elsewhere in this guide.

Aliases
Aliases resulting from CNAME RRs are represented by a black edge from one RRset (with the alias name) to
another (with the canonical name).

DNAME
A DNAME RR is used to alias an entire namespace into another. DNAME responses include synthesized CNAME
RRs for the aliasing directed by the DNAME RR.

DNAME records are shown in DNSViz with their respective CNAME records. The status of the CNAME synthesis
is reflected color of the edge.

valid A solid, blue line between DNAME node and CNAME node indicates that the DNAME expansion was valid.

invalid
A solid, red line between DNAME node and CNAME node indicates that the DNAME expansion was
invalid.

Negative Responses
If the response to a query is a name error (NXDOMAIN), this negative response is represented by a
rectangular node with diagonals drawn at each corner, and with a dashed border, lighter in color. A node
representing the SOA RR returned in the negative response (if any) is also included.

If the response to a query has a NOERROR status but contains no answer data (NO DATA) for the type, this
negative response is represented by a rectangular node with rounded corners, and with a dashed border,
lighter in color. A node representing the SOA RR returned in the negative response (if any) is also
included.

DNSKEY RRs
DNSKEY RRs include public key and meta information to enable resolvers to validate signatures made by the
corresponding private keys.

In DNSViz, each DNSKEY RR is represented as an elliptical node in the zone to which it belongs.

Each DNSKEY node is decorated based on the attributes of the corresponding DNSKEY RR.

SEP bit
A gray fill indicates that the Secure Entry Point (SEP) bit is set in the flags field of the
DNSKEY RR.

This bit is typically used to designate a DNSKEY for usage as a key signing key (KSK), a DNSKEY
that is used to sign the DNSKEY RRset of a zone, providing a secure entry point into a zone via DS
RRs or a trust anchor at the resolver.

revoke bit
A thick border indicates that the revoke bit is set in the flags field of the DNSKEY RR.

Resolvers which implement the trust anchor rollover procedures documented in RFC 5011 recognize
the revoke bit as a signal that the DNSKEY should no longer be used as a trust anchor by the
resolver. For a DNSKEY to be properly revoked, it must also be self-signing (i.e., used to sign
the DNSKEY RRset), which proves that the revocation was made by a party that has access to the
private key.

trust anchor
A double border indicates that the DNSKEY has been designated as a trust anchor.

A trust anchor must be self-signing (i.e., used to sign the DNSKEY RRset).

DS RRs
DS (delegation signer) RRs exist in the parent of a signed zone to establish a SEP into the zone. Each
DS RR specifies an algorithm and key tag corresponding to a DNSKEY RR in the signed zone and includes a
cryptographic hash of that DNSKEY RR.

In DNSViz DS RRs with the same DNSKEY algorithm and key tag are typically displayed as a single node
since they usually correspond to the same DNSKEY RR with different digest algorithms. The status of the
DS RRs is reflected in the color and style of the edge.

valid A blue-colored arrow pointing from DS to DNSKEY indicates that the digest contained in each of the
DS RRs is valid, and corresponds to an existing DNSKEY.

invalid digest
A solid red line from DS to DNSKEY indicates that a DNSKEY exists matching the algorithm and key
tag of the DS RR, but the digest of the DNSKEY in the DS RR does not match.

indeterminate - no DNSKEY
A dashed gray line from DS to a DNSKEY with a dashed gray border indicates that no DNSKEY matching
the algorithm and key tag of the DS RR exists in the child zone.

Extraneous DS RRs in a parent zone do not, in and of themselves, constitute an error. For example,
sometimes they are deliberately pre-published before their corresponding DNSKEYs, as part of a key
rollover. However, for every DNSSEC algorithm in the DS RRset for the child zone, a matching
DNSKEY must be used to sign the DNSKEY RRset in the child zone, as per RFC 4035.

indeterminate - match pre-revoke
A special case of a DS with no matching DNSKEY is when the DS matched a DNSKEY prior to its
revocation, but the ramifications are the same as if it didn't match any DNSKEY. The line is
simply drawn to help identify the cause of the otherwise non-existent DNSKEY.

indeterminate - unknown algorithm
When the algorithm and key tag of a DS RR match those of a DNSKEY RR, but the digest algorithm is
unknown or unsupported, then the line between DS and DNSKEY is yellow.

invalid
When the use of a DS corresponding to a DNSKEY is invalid, independent of the correctness of its
digest, the line between DS and DNSKEY is red and dashed. An example scenario is when the DNSKEY
has the revoke bit set, which is disallowed by RFC 5011.

NSEC/NSEC3 RRs
NSEC and NSEC3 RRs are used within DNSSEC to prove the legitimacy of a negative response (i.e., NXDOMAIN
or NO DATA) using authenticated denial of existence or hashed authenticated denial of existence,
respectively.

In DNSViz the NSEC or NSEC3 RR(s) returned by a server to authenticate a negative response are
represented by a rectangular node with several compartments. The bottom compartment is labeled with
either NSEC or NSEC3, depending on the type of record. Each compartment on the top row represents an NSEC
or NSEC3 record in the set--there will be between one and three.

An edge extends from the NSEC or NSEC3 node to the corresponding negative response. Its status is
reflected in the color and style of the edge.

valid If the edge is solid blue, then the NSEC or NSEC3 RRs returned prove the validity of the negative
response.

invalid
A solid red edge from the NSEC or NSEC3 node to the negative response indicates that the NSEC or
NSEC3 RRs included in in the response do not prove the validity of the negative response.

A special case of NSEC/NSEC3 RRs is that in which they serve to prove the non-existence of Delegation
Signer (DS) records. The proof of absence of DS records constitutes an insecure delegation, in which any
trust at the parent zone does not propagate to the child zone.

The NSEC/NSEC3 proof involving DS records is graphically represented with an edge from the NSEC/NSEC3
node to the box representing the child zone.

The opt-out flag is set in NSEC3 RRs to indicate that their presence is only sufficient to prove insecure
delegations (i.e., lack of DS records) and nothing more. Thus, a name error (NXDOMAIN) response, for
example, cannot be securely proven when the NSEC3 uses opt-out.

NSEC3 records with the opt-out flag set are colored with a gray background.

RRSIGs
Each RRSIG RR contains the cryptographic signature made by a DNSKEY over an RRset. Using the DNSKEY with
the same algorithm and key tag as the RRSIG, the RRset which was signed, and the RRSIG itself, a resolver
may determine the correctness of the signature and authenticate the RRset.

In DNSViz RRSIGs are represented as directed edges from the DNSKEY that made the signature to the RRset
that was signed. The status of the edge is reflected in its color and style.

valid A solid blue edge indicates that an RRSIG is valid.

invalid signature
A solid red edge indicates an RRSIG in which the cryptographic signature is invalid.

expired or premature
A solid purple edge indicates that an RRSIG is invalid because it is outside its validity period,
as defined by the inception and expiration date fields in the RRSIG RR.

indeterminate - no DNSKEY
A dashed gray line stemming from a DNSKEY with a dashed gray border indicates that no DNSKEY
matching the algorithm and key tag of the RRSIG RR could be found in the DNSKEY RRset (or the
DNSKEY RRset could not be retrieved).

Extraneous RRSIG RRs do not, in and of themselves, constitute an error. For example, sometimes
they are deliberately pre-published before their corresponding DNSKEYs, as part of an algorithm
rollover. However, every RRset must be covered by RRSIGs for every algorithm in the DNSKEY RRset,
as per RFC 4035.

indeterminate - match pre-revoke
A special case of an RRSIG with no matching DNSKEY is when the RRSIG matched a DNSKEY prior to its
revocation, but the ramifications are the same as if it didn't match any DNSKEY. The line is
simply drawn to help identify the cause of the otherwise non-existent DNSKEY.

indeterminate - unknown algorithm
When the algorithm and key tag of an RRSIG RR match those of a DNSKEY RR, but the cryptographic
algorithm associated with the RRSIG is unknown or unsupported, then the line stemming from the
DNSKEY is yellow.

invalid
When an RRSIG is invalid, independent of the correctness of its temporal validity period and its
cryptographic signature, the line stemming from the DNSKEY is red and dashed. Example scenarios
might be when the DNSKEY has the revoke bit set or when the signer field in the RRSIG RR does not
match the name of the zone apex. Such scenarios are disallowed by RFCs 5011 and 4035,
respectively.

Just like other RRsets, a DNSKEY RRset is signed as an RRset, which comprises all the collective DNSKEY
RRs at the zone apex. Because each DNSKEY RR is represented as a node in DNSViz, a single RRSIG covering
the DNSKEY RRset is represented by edges drawn from the node representing the signing DNSKEY to the nodes
representing every DNSKEY RR in the set.

In some DNSSEC implementations, multiple DNSKEYs sign the DNSKEY RRset, even though only a subset are
designated to provide secure entry into the zone (e.g., via matching DS records in the parent zone).
While there is nothing inherently wrong with this configuration, graphically representing such scenarios
can be visually complex because of the cycles and redundancy created in the graph.

In order to represent trust propagation in a simplified fashion, eliminating graphic redundancies, DNSViz
exhibits the following behavior. For every DNSKEY signing the DNSKEY RRset, a self-directed edge is
added to the node, indicating that the DNSKEY is self-signing. Additionally, if the DNSKEY is designated
as a (SEP) into the zone, then edges are drawn from its node to nodes representing all other DNSKEY RRs
in the DNSKEY RRset.

If there is no true SEP, (e.g., no DS RRs in the parent zone), then SEP(s) are inferred based on their
signing role (e.g., siging DNSKEY RRset or other RRsets) and properties (e.g., SEP bit).

Like the DNSKEY RRset, a single DS RRset might be represented as several different nodes. As such a
single RRSIG covering the DS RRset is represented by edges drawn from the node representing the signing
DNSKEY to the nodes representing every DS RR in the set.

Because an NSEC or NSEC3 node represents one or more RRsets and at least one RRSIG per RRset is
anticipated, multiple RRSIG edges will be drawn from DNSKEY to NSEC or NSEC3 nodes, each pointing to the
respective compartment corresponding to the NSEC or NSEC3 record.

Wildcards
When the RRSIG covering an RRset has a labels field with value greater than the number of labels in the
name, it is indicative that the resulting RRset was formed by a wildcard expansion. The server must
additionally include an NSEC or NSEC3 proof that the name to which the wildcard is expanded does not
exist.

DNSViz represents wildcards by displaying both the wildcard RRset and the NSEC or NSEC3 proof.

Node Status
Beginning at the DNSKEYs designated as trust anchors, DNSViz traverses the nodes and edges in the graph
to classify each node as having one of three DNSSEC statuses, depending on the status of the RRset which
it represents: secure, bogus, or insecure. In DNSViz, node status is indicated by the color of the nodes
(Note that there isn't always a one-to-one mapping between node and RRset, but the node status will be
consistent among all nodes comprising an RRset. An example is the DNSKEY nodes for a zone, which all
have the same status even though the DNSKEY RRset is split among different nodes).

The status of a node is reflected in the color of its outline.

secure Nodes with blue outline indicate that they are secure, that there is an unbroken chain of trust
from anchor to RRset.

bogus Nodes with red outline indicate that they are bogus, that the chain of trust from an anchor has
been broken.

Because the NSEC and NSEC3 nodes often represent multiple NSEC or NSEC3 RRs, it is possible that a
proper subset of the RRs are secure, while others in the set are not (e.g., missing or expired
RRSIG). In this case, the outline of the compartments representing secure NSEC or NSEC3 RRs will
be colored blue, while the others will be red. Because the status of the collective set of NSEC
and NSEC3 RRs is dependent on the status of all the individual NSEC and NSEC3 RRs, the greater
node is only colored blue if all the compartments are colored blue.

insecure
Nodes with black outline indicate that they are insecure, that no chain of trust exists; if any
anchors exist then an insecure delegation is demonstrated to prove that no chain should exist from
the anchors. This is equivalent to DNS without DNSSEC.

Warnings and Errors
If one or more warnings are detected with the data represented by a node in the graph, then a warning
icon is displayed in the node.

Similarly, the warning icon is displayed alongside edges whose represented data has warnings.

If one or more errors (more severe than warnings) are detected with the data represented by a node in the
graph, then an error icon is displayed in the node.

Similarly, the error icon is displayed alongside edges whose represented data has errors.

A warning icon with an italicized label denotes a warning for a response that isn't represented elsewhere
in the graph, such as a referral with the authoritative answer flag set.

An error icon with an italicized label denotes a response error, e.g., due to timeout, malformed
response, or invalid RCODE.

EXIT CODES