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NAME
find — find files
SYNOPSIS
find [−H|−L] path... [operand_expression...]
DESCRIPTION
The find utility shall recursively descend the directory hierarchy from each file specified by path,
evaluating a Boolean expression composed of the primaries described in the OPERANDS section for each file
encountered. Each path operand shall be evaluated unaltered as it was provided, including all trailing
<slash> characters; all pathnames for other files encountered in the hierarchy shall consist of the
concatenation of the current path operand, a <slash> if the current path operand did not end in one, and
the filename relative to the path operand. The relative portion shall contain no dot or dot-dot
components, no trailing <slash> characters, and only single <slash> characters between pathname
components.
The find utility shall be able to descend to arbitrary depths in a file hierarchy and shall not fail due
to path length limitations (unless a path operand specified by the application exceeds {PATH_MAX}
requirements).
The find utility shall detect infinite loops; that is, entering a previously visited directory that is an
ancestor of the last file encountered. When it detects an infinite loop, find shall write a diagnostic
message to standard error and shall either recover its position in the hierarchy or terminate.
If a file is removed from or added to the directory hierarchy being searched it is unspecified whether or
not find includes that file in its search.
OPTIONS
The find utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 12.2, Utility
Syntax Guidelines.
The following options shall be supported by the implementation:
−H Cause the file information and file type evaluated for each symbolic link encountered as a path
operand on the command line to be those of the file referenced by the link, and not the link
itself. If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and type shall be for the
link itself. File information and type for symbolic links encountered during the traversal of a
file hierarchy shall be that of the link itself.
−L Cause the file information and file type evaluated for each symbolic link encountered as a path
operand on the command line or encountered during the traversal of a file hierarchy to be those
of the file referenced by the link, and not the link itself. If the referenced file does not
exist, the file information and type shall be for the link itself.
Specifying more than one of the mutually-exclusive options −H and −L shall not be considered an error.
The last option specified shall determine the behavior of the utility. If neither the −H nor the −L
option is specified, then the file information and type for symbolic links encountered as a path operand
on the command line or encountered during the traversal of a file hierarchy shall be that of the link
itself.
OPERANDS
The following operands shall be supported:
The first operand and subsequent operands up to but not including the first operand that starts with a
'−', or is a '!' or a '(', shall be interpreted as path operands. If the first operand starts with a
'−', or is a '!' or a '(', the behavior is unspecified. Each path operand is a pathname of a starting
point in the file hierarchy.
The first operand that starts with a '−', or is a '!' or a '(', and all subsequent arguments shall be
interpreted as an expression made up of the following primaries and operators. In the descriptions,
wherever n is used as a primary argument, it shall be interpreted as a decimal integer optionally
preceded by a plus ('+') or minus-sign ('−') sign, as follows:
+n More than n.
n Exactly n.
−n Less than n.
The following primaries shall be supported:
−name pattern
The primary shall evaluate as true if the basename of the current pathname matches pattern
using the pattern matching notation described in Section 2.13, Pattern Matching Notation. The
additional rules in Section 2.13.3, Patterns Used for Filename Expansion do not apply as this
is a matching operation, not an expansion.
−path pattern
The primary shall evaluate as true if the current pathname matches pattern using the pattern
matching notation described in Section 2.13, Pattern Matching Notation. The additional rules
in Section 2.13.3, Patterns Used for Filename Expansion do not apply as this is a matching
operation, not an expansion.
−nouser The primary shall evaluate as true if the file belongs to a user ID for which the getpwuid()
function defined in the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2008 (or equivalent) returns NULL.
−nogroup The primary shall evaluate as true if the file belongs to a group ID for which the getgrgid()
function defined in the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2008 (or equivalent) returns NULL.
−xdev The primary shall always evaluate as true; it shall cause find not to continue descending past
directories that have a different device ID (st_dev, see the stat() function defined in the
System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2008). If any −xdev primary is specified, it shall apply to
the entire expression even if the −xdev primary would not normally be evaluated.
−prune The primary shall always evaluate as true; it shall cause find not to descend the current
pathname if it is a directory. If the −depth primary is specified, the −prune primary shall
have no effect.
−perm [−]mode
The mode argument is used to represent file mode bits. It shall be identical in format to the
symbolic_mode operand described in chmod, and shall be interpreted as follows. To start, a
template shall be assumed with all file mode bits cleared. An op symbol of '+' shall set the
appropriate mode bits in the template; '−' shall clear the appropriate bits; '=' shall set the
appropriate mode bits, without regard to the contents of the file mode creation mask of the
process. The op symbol of '−' cannot be the first character of mode; this avoids ambiguity with
the optional leading <hyphen>. Since the initial mode is all bits off, there are not any
symbolic modes that need to use '−' as the first character.
If the <hyphen> is omitted, the primary shall evaluate as true when the file permission bits
exactly match the value of the resulting template.
Otherwise, if mode is prefixed by a <hyphen>, the primary shall evaluate as true if at least
all the bits in the resulting template are set in the file permission bits.
−perm [−]onum
If the <hyphen> is omitted, the primary shall evaluate as true when the file mode bits exactly
match the value of the octal number onum (see the description of the octal mode in chmod).
Otherwise, if onum is prefixed by a <hyphen>, the primary shall evaluate as true if at least
all of the bits specified in onum are set. In both cases, the behavior is unspecified when onum
exceeds 07777.
−type c The primary shall evaluate as true if the type of the file is c, where c is 'b', 'c', 'd', 'l',
'p', 'f', or 's' for block special file, character special file, directory, symbolic link,
FIFO, regular file, or socket, respectively.
−links n The primary shall evaluate as true if the file has n links.
−user uname
The primary shall evaluate as true if the file belongs to the user uname. If uname is a
decimal integer and the getpwnam() (or equivalent) function does not return a valid user name,
uname shall be interpreted as a user ID.
−group gname
The primary shall evaluate as true if the file belongs to the group gname. If gname is a
decimal integer and the getgrnam() (or equivalent) function does not return a valid group name,
gname shall be interpreted as a group ID.
−size n[c]
The primary shall evaluate as true if the file size in bytes, divided by 512 and rounded up to
the next integer, is n. If n is followed by the character 'c', the size shall be in bytes.
−atime n The primary shall evaluate as true if the file access time subtracted from the initialization
time, divided by 86400 (with any remainder discarded), is n.
−ctime n The primary shall evaluate as true if the time of last change of file status information
subtracted from the initialization time, divided by 86400 (with any remainder discarded), is n.
−mtime n The primary shall evaluate as true if the file modification time subtracted from the
initialization time, divided by 86400 (with any remainder discarded), is n.
−exec utility_name [argument ...] ;
−exec utility_name [argument ...] {} +
The end of the primary expression shall be punctuated by a <semicolon> or by a <plus-sign>.
Only a <plus-sign> that immediately follows an argument containing only the two characters "{}"
shall punctuate the end of the primary expression. Other uses of the <plus-sign> shall not be
treated as special.
If the primary expression is punctuated by a <semicolon>, the utility utility_name shall be
invoked once for each pathname and the primary shall evaluate as true if the utility returns a
zero value as exit status. A utility_name or argument containing only the two characters "{}"
shall be replaced by the current pathname. If a utility_name or argument string contains the
two characters "{}", but not just the two characters "{}", it is implementation-defined whether
find replaces those two characters or uses the string without change.
If the primary expression is punctuated by a <plus-sign>, the primary shall always evaluate as
true, and the pathnames for which the primary is evaluated shall be aggregated into sets. The
utility utility_name shall be invoked once for each set of aggregated pathnames. Each
invocation shall begin after the last pathname in the set is aggregated, and shall be completed
before the find utility exits and before the first pathname in the next set (if any) is
aggregated for this primary, but it is otherwise unspecified whether the invocation occurs
before, during, or after the evaluations of other primaries. If any invocation returns a non-
zero value as exit status, the find utility shall return a non-zero exit status. An argument
containing only the two characters "{}" shall be replaced by the set of aggregated pathnames,
with each pathname passed as a separate argument to the invoked utility in the same order that
it was aggregated. The size of any set of two or more pathnames shall be limited such that
execution of the utility does not cause the system's {ARG_MAX} limit to be exceeded. If more
than one argument containing the two characters "{}" is present, the behavior is unspecified.
The current directory for the invocation of utility_name shall be the same as the current
directory when the find utility was started. If the utility_name names any of the special
built-in utilities (see Section 2.14, Special Built-In Utilities), the results are undefined.
−ok utility_name [argument ...] ;
The −ok primary shall be equivalent to −exec, except that the use of a <plus-sign> to punctuate
the end of the primary expression need not be supported, and find shall request affirmation of
the invocation of utility_name using the current file as an argument by writing to standard
error as described in the STDERR section. If the response on standard input is affirmative, the
utility shall be invoked. Otherwise, the command shall not be invoked and the value of the −ok
operand shall be false.
−print The primary shall always evaluate as true; it shall cause the current pathname to be written to
standard output.
−newer file
The primary shall evaluate as true if the modification time of the current file is more recent
than the modification time of the file named by the pathname file.
−depth The primary shall always evaluate as true; it shall cause descent of the directory hierarchy to
be done so that all entries in a directory are acted on before the directory itself. If a
−depth primary is not specified, all entries in a directory shall be acted on after the
directory itself. If any −depth primary is specified, it shall apply to the entire expression
even if the −depth primary would not normally be evaluated.
The primaries can be combined using the following operators (in order of decreasing precedence):
( expression )
True if expression is true.
! expression
Negation of a primary; the unary NOT operator.
expression [−a] expression
Conjunction of primaries; the AND operator is implied by the juxtaposition of two primaries or
made explicit by the optional −a operator. The second expression shall not be evaluated if the
first expression is false.
expression −o expression
Alternation of primaries; the OR operator. The second expression shall not be evaluated if the
first expression is true.
If no expression is present, −print shall be used as the expression. Otherwise, if the given expression
does not contain any of the primaries −exec, −ok, or −print, the given expression shall be effectively
replaced by:
( given_expression ) −print
The −user, −group, and −newer primaries each shall evaluate their respective arguments only once.
When the file type evaluated for the current file is a symbolic link, the results of evaluating the −perm
primary are implementation-defined.
STDIN
If the −ok primary is used, the response shall be read from the standard input. An entire line shall be
read as the response. Otherwise, the standard input shall not be used.
INPUT FILES
None.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The following environment variables shall affect the execution of find:
LANG Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or null. (See the
Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 8.2, Internationalization Variables for the
precedence of internationalization variables used to determine the values of locale
categories.)
LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalization
variables.
LC_COLLATE
Determine the locale for the behavior of ranges, equivalence classes, and multi-character
collating elements used in the pattern matching notation for the −n option and in the extended
regular expression defined for the yesexpr locale keyword in the LC_MESSAGES category.
LC_CTYPE This variable determines the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data
as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments), the
behavior of character classes within the pattern matching notation used for the −n option, and
the behavior of character classes within regular expressions used in the extended regular
expression defined for the yesexpr locale keyword in the LC_MESSAGES category.
LC_MESSAGES
Determine the locale used to process affirmative responses, and the locale used to affect the
format and contents of diagnostic messages and prompts written to standard error.
NLSPATH Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of LC_MESSAGES.
PATH Determine the location of the utility_name for the −exec and −ok primaries, as described in the
Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Chapter 8, Environment Variables.
ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
Default.
STDOUT
The −print primary shall cause the current pathnames to be written to standard output. The format shall
be:
"%s\n", <path>
STDERR
The −ok primary shall write a prompt to standard error containing at least the utility_name to be invoked
and the current pathname. In the POSIX locale, the last non-<blank> in the prompt shall be '?'. The
exact format used is unspecified.
Otherwise, the standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.
OUTPUT FILES
None.
EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
None.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values shall be returned:
0 All path operands were traversed successfully.
>0 An error occurred.
CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
Default.
The following sections are informative.
APPLICATION USAGE
When used in operands, pattern matching notation, <semicolon>, <left-parenthesis>, and <right-
parenthesis> characters are special to the shell and must be quoted (see Section 2.2, Quoting).
The bit that is traditionally used for sticky (historically 01000) is specified in the −perm primary
using the octal number argument form. Since this bit is not defined by this volume of POSIX.1‐2008,
applications must not assume that it actually refers to the traditional sticky bit.
EXAMPLES
1. The following commands are equivalent:
find .
find . −print
They both write out the entire directory hierarchy from the current directory.
2. The following command:
find / \( −name tmp −o −name '*.xx' \) −atime +7 −exec rm {} \;
removes all files named tmp or ending in .xx that have not been accessed for seven or more 24-hour
periods.
3. The following command:
find . −perm −o+w,+s
prints (−print is assumed) the names of all files in or below the current directory, with all of the
file permission bits S_ISUID, S_ISGID, and S_IWOTH set.
4. The following command:
find . −name SCCS −prune −o −print
recursively prints pathnames of all files in the current directory and below, but skips directories
named SCCS and files in them.
5. The following command:
find . −print −name SCCS −prune
behaves as in the previous example, but prints the names of the SCCS directories.
6. The following command is roughly equivalent to the −nt extension to test:
if [ −n "$(find file1 −prune −newer file2)" ]; then
printf %s\\n "file1 is newer than file2"
fi
7. The descriptions of −atime, −ctime, and −mtime use the terminology n ``86400 second periods (days)''.
For example, a file accessed at 23:59 is selected by:
find . −atime −1 −print
at 00:01 the next day (less than 24 hours later, not more than one day ago); the midnight boundary
between days has no effect on the 24-hour calculation.
8. The following command:
find . ! −name . −prune −name '*.old' −exec \
sh −c 'mv "$@" ../old/' sh {} +
performs the same task as:
mv ./*.old ./.old ./.*.old ../old/
while avoiding an ``Argument list too long'' error if there are a large number of files ending with
.old and without running mv if there are no such files (and avoiding ``No such file or directory''
errors if ./.old does not exist or no files match ./*.old or ./.*.old).
The alternative:
find . ! −name . −prune −name '*.old' −exec mv {} ../old/ \;
is less efficient if there are many files to move because it executes one mv command per file.
9. On systems configured to mount removable media on directories under /media, the following command
searches the file hierarchy for files larger than 100000 KB without searching any mounted removable
media:
find / −path /media −prune −o −size +200000 −print
10. Except for the root directory, and "//" on implementations where "//" does not refer to the root
directory, no pattern given to −name will match a <slash>, because trailing <slash> characters are
ignored when computing the basename of the file under evaluation. Given two empty directories named
foo and bar, the following command:
find foo/// bar/// −name foo −o −name 'bar?*'
prints only the line "foo///".
RATIONALE
The −a operator was retained as an optional operator for compatibility with historical shell scripts,
even though it is redundant with expression concatenation.
The descriptions of the '−' modifier on the mode and onum arguments to the −perm primary agree with
historical practice on BSD and System V implementations. System V and BSD documentation both describe it
in terms of checking additional bits; in fact, it uses the same bits, but checks for having at least all
of the matching bits set instead of having exactly the matching bits set.
The exact format of the interactive prompts is unspecified. Only the general nature of the contents of
prompts are specified because:
* Implementations may desire more descriptive prompts than those used on historical implementations.
* Since the historical prompt strings do not terminate with <newline> characters, there is no portable
way for another program to interact with the prompts of this utility via pipes.
Therefore, an application using this prompting option relies on the system to provide the most suitable
dialog directly with the user, based on the general guidelines specified.
The −name file operand was changed to use the shell pattern matching notation so that find is consistent
with other utilities using pattern matching.
The −size operand refers to the size of a file, rather than the number of blocks it may occupy in the
file system. The intent is that the st_size field defined in the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2008
should be used, not the st_blocks found in historical implementations. There are at least two reasons for
this:
1. In both System V and BSD, find only uses st_size in size calculations for the operands specified by
this volume of POSIX.1‐2008. (BSD uses st_blocks only when processing the −ls primary.)
2. Users usually think of file size in terms of bytes, which is also the unit used by the ls utility for
the output from the −l option. (In both System V and BSD, ls uses st_size for the −l option size
field and uses st_blocks for the ls −s calculations. This volume of POSIX.1‐2008 does not specify ls
−s.)
The descriptions of −atime, −ctime, and −mtime were changed from the SVID description of n ``days'' to n
being the result of the integer division of the time difference in seconds by 86400. The description is
also different in terms of the exact timeframe for the n case (versus the +n or −n), but it matches all
known historical implementations. It refers to one 86400 second period in the past, not any time from the
beginning of that period to the current time. For example, −atime 2 is true if the file was accessed any
time in the period from 72 hours to 48 hours ago.
Historical implementations do not modify "{}" when it appears as a substring of an −exec or −ok
utility_name or argument string. There have been numerous user requests for this extension, so this
volume of POSIX.1‐2008 allows the desired behavior. At least one recent implementation does support this
feature, but encountered several problems in managing memory allocation and dealing with multiple
occurrences of "{}" in a string while it was being developed, so it is not yet required behavior.
Assuming the presence of −print was added to correct a historical pitfall that plagues novice users, it
is entirely upwards-compatible from the historical System V find utility. In its simplest form (find
directory), it could be confused with the historical BSD fast find. The BSD developers agreed that
adding −print as a default expression was the correct decision and have added the fast find functionality
within a new utility called locate.
Historically, the −L option was implemented using the primary −follow. The −H and −L options were added
for two reasons. First, they offer a finer granularity of control and consistency with other programs
that walk file hierarchies. Second, the −follow primary always evaluated to true. As they were
historically really global variables that took effect before the traversal began, some valid expressions
had unexpected results. An example is the expression −print −o −follow. Because −print always evaluates
to true, the standard order of evaluation implies that −follow would never be evaluated. This was never
the case. Historical practice for the −follow primary, however, is not consistent. Some implementations
always follow symbolic links on the command line whether −follow is specified or not. Others follow
symbolic links on the command line only if −follow is specified. Both behaviors are provided by the −H
and −L options, but scripts using the current −follow primary would be broken if the −follow option is
specified to work either way.
Since the −L option resolves all symbolic links and the −type l primary is true for symbolic links that
still exist after symbolic links have been resolved, the command:
find −L . −type l
prints a list of symbolic links reachable from the current directory that do not resolve to accessible
files.
A feature of SVR4's find utility was the −exec primary's + terminator. This allowed filenames containing
special characters (especially <newline> characters) to be grouped together without the problems that
occur if such filenames are piped to xargs. Other implementations have added other ways to get around
this problem, notably a −print0 primary that wrote filenames with a null byte terminator. This was
considered here, but not adopted. Using a null terminator meant that any utility that was going to
process find's −print0 output had to add a new option to parse the null terminators it would now be
reading.
The "−exec...{}+" syntax adopted was a result of IEEE PASC Interpretation 1003.2 #210. It should be noted
that this is an incompatible change to IEEE Std 1003.2‐1992. For example, the following command printed
all files with a '−' after their name if they are regular files, and a '+' otherwise:
find / −type f −exec echo {} − ';' −o −exec echo {} + ';'
The change invalidates usage like this. Even though the previous standard stated that this usage would
work, in practice many did not support it and the standard developers felt it better to now state that
this was not allowable.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
Section 2.2, Quoting, Section 2.13, Pattern Matching Notation, Section 2.14, Special Built-In Utilities,
chmod, mv, pax, sh, test
The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Chapter 8, Environment Variables, Section 12.2, Utility
Syntax Guidelines
The System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1‐2008, fstatat(), getgrgid(), getpwuid()
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition,
Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 7, Copyright (C) 2013 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc
and The Open Group. (This is POSIX.1-2008 with the 2013 Technical Corrigendum 1 applied.) In the event
of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original
IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.unix.org/online.html .
Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page are most likely to have been introduced
during the conversion of the source files to man page format. To report such errors, see
https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .
IEEE/The Open Group 2013 FIND(1POSIX)