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NAME
userfaultfd - create a file descriptor for handling page faults in user space
SYNOPSIS
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <linux/userfaultfd.h>
int userfaultfd(int flags);
Note: There is no glibc wrapper for this system call; see NOTES.
DESCRIPTION
userfaultfd() creates a new userfaultfd object that can be used for delegation of page-fault handling to
a user-space application, and returns a file descriptor that refers to the new object. The new
userfaultfd object is configured using ioctl(2).
Once the userfaultfd object is configured, the application can use read(2) to receive userfaultfd
notifications. The reads from userfaultfd may be blocking or non-blocking, depending on the value of
flags used for the creation of the userfaultfd or subsequent calls to fcntl(2).
The following values may be bitwise ORed in flags to change the behavior of userfaultfd():
O_CLOEXEC
Enable the close-on-exec flag for the new userfaultfd file descriptor. See the description of the
O_CLOEXEC flag in open(2).
O_NONBLOCK
Enables non-blocking operation for the userfaultfd object. See the description of the O_NONBLOCK
flag in open(2).
When the last file descriptor referring to a userfaultfd object is closed, all memory ranges that were
registered with the object are unregistered and unread events are flushed.
Usage
The userfaultfd mechanism is designed to allow a thread in a multithreaded program to perform user-space
paging for the other threads in the process. When a page fault occurs for one of the regions registered
to the userfaultfd object, the faulting thread is put to sleep and an event is generated that can be read
via the userfaultfd file descriptor. The fault-handling thread reads events from this file descriptor
and services them using the operations described in ioctl_userfaultfd(2). When servicing the page fault
events, the fault-handling thread can trigger a wake-up for the sleeping thread.
It is possible for the faulting threads and the fault-handling threads to run in the context of different
processes. In this case, these threads may belong to different programs, and the program that executes
the faulting threads will not necessarily cooperate with the program that handles the page faults. In
such non-cooperative mode, the process that monitors userfaultfd and handles page faults needs to be
aware of the changes in the virtual memory layout of the faulting process to avoid memory corruption.
Starting from Linux 4.11, userfaultfd can also notify the fault-handling threads about changes in the
virtual memory layout of the faulting process. In addition, if the faulting process invokes fork(2), the
userfaultfd objects associated with the parent may be duplicated into the child process and the
userfaultfd monitor will be notified (via the UFFD_EVENT_FORK described below) about the file descriptor
associated with the userfault objects created for the child process, which allows the userfaultfd monitor
to perform user-space paging for the child process. Unlike page faults which have to be synchronous and
require an explicit or implicit wakeup, all other events are delivered asynchronously and the non-
cooperative process resumes execution as soon as the userfaultfd manager executes read(2). The
userfaultfd manager should carefully synchronize calls to UFFDIO_COPY with the processing of events.
The current asynchronous model of the event delivery is optimal for single threaded non-cooperative
userfaultfd manager implementations.
Userfaultfd operation
After the userfaultfd object is created with userfaultfd(), the application must enable it using the
UFFDIO_API ioctl(2) operation. This operation allows a handshake between the kernel and user space to
determine the API version and supported features. This operation must be performed before any of the
other ioctl(2) operations described below (or those operations fail with the EINVAL error).
After a successful UFFDIO_API operation, the application then registers memory address ranges using the
UFFDIO_REGISTER ioctl(2) operation. After successful completion of a UFFDIO_REGISTER operation, a page
fault occurring in the requested memory range, and satisfying the mode defined at the registration time,
will be forwarded by the kernel to the user-space application. The application can then use the
UFFDIO_COPY or UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE ioctl(2) operations to resolve the page fault.
Starting from Linux 4.14, if the application sets the UFFD_FEATURE_SIGBUS feature bit using the
UFFDIO_API ioctl(2), no page-fault notification will be forwarded to user space. Instead a SIGBUS signal
is delivered to the faulting process. With this feature, userfaultfd can be used for robustness purposes
to simply catch any access to areas within the registered address range that do not have pages allocated,
without having to listen to userfaultfd events. No userfaultfd monitor will be required for dealing with
such memory accesses. For example, this feature can be useful for applications that want to prevent the
kernel from automatically allocating pages and filling holes in sparse files when the hole is accessed
through a memory mapping.
The UFFD_FEATURE_SIGBUS feature is implicitly inherited through fork(2) if used in combination with
UFFD_FEATURE_FORK.
Details of the various ioctl(2) operations can be found in ioctl_userfaultfd(2).
Since Linux 4.11, events other than page-fault may enabled during UFFDIO_API operation.
Up to Linux 4.11, userfaultfd can be used only with anonymous private memory mappings. Since Linux 4.11,
userfaultfd can be also used with hugetlbfs and shared memory mappings.
Reading from the userfaultfd structure
Each read(2) from the userfaultfd file descriptor returns one or more uffd_msg structures, each of which
describes a page-fault event or an event required for the non-cooperative userfaultfd usage:
struct uffd_msg {
__u8 event; /* Type of event */
...
union {
struct {
__u64 flags; /* Flags describing fault */
__u64 address; /* Faulting address */
} pagefault;
struct { /* Since Linux 4.11 */
__u32 ufd; /* Userfault file descriptor
of the child process */
} fork;
struct { /* Since Linux 4.11 */
__u64 from; /* Old address of remapped area */
__u64 to; /* New address of remapped area */
__u64 len; /* Original mapping length */
} remap;
struct { /* Since Linux 4.11 */
__u64 start; /* Start address of removed area */
__u64 end; /* End address of removed area */
} remove;
...
} arg;
/* Padding fields omitted */
} __packed;
If multiple events are available and the supplied buffer is large enough, read(2) returns as many events
as will fit in the supplied buffer. If the buffer supplied to read(2) is smaller than the size of the
uffd_msg structure, the read(2) fails with the error EINVAL.
The fields set in the uffd_msg structure are as follows:
event The type of event. Depending of the event type, different fields of the arg union represent
details required for the event processing. The non-page-fault events are generated only when
appropriate feature is enabled during API handshake with UFFDIO_API ioctl(2).
The following values can appear in the event field:
UFFD_EVENT_PAGEFAULT (since Linux 4.3)
A page-fault event. The page-fault details are available in the pagefault field.
UFFD_EVENT_FORK (since Linux 4.11)
Generated when the faulting process invokes fork(2) (or clone(2) without the CLONE_VM
flag). The event details are available in the fork field.
UFFD_EVENT_REMAP (since Linux 4.11)
Generated when the faulting process invokes mremap(2). The event details are available in
the remap field.
UFFD_EVENT_REMOVE (since Linux 4.11)
Generated when the faulting process invokes madvise(2) with MADV_DONTNEED or MADV_REMOVE
advice. The event details are available in the remove field.
UFFD_EVENT_UNMAP (since Linux 4.11)
Generated when the faulting process unmaps a memory range, either explicitly using
munmap(2) or implicitly during mmap(2) or mremap(2). The event details are available in
the remove field.
pagefault.address
The address that triggered the page fault.
pagefault.flags
A bit mask of flags that describe the event. For UFFD_EVENT_PAGEFAULT, the following flag may
appear:
UFFD_PAGEFAULT_FLAG_WRITE
If the address is in a range that was registered with the UFFDIO_REGISTER_MODE_MISSING flag
(see ioctl_userfaultfd(2)) and this flag is set, this a write fault; otherwise it is a read
fault.
fork.ufd
The file descriptor associated with the userfault object created for the child created by fork(2).
remap.from
The original address of the memory range that was remapped using mremap(2).
remap.to
The new address of the memory range that was remapped using mremap(2).
remap.len
The original length of the memory range that was remapped using mremap(2).
remove.start
The start address of the memory range that was freed using madvise(2) or unmapped
remove.end
The end address of the memory range that was freed using madvise(2) or unmapped
A read(2) on a userfaultfd file descriptor can fail with the following errors:
EINVAL The userfaultfd object has not yet been enabled using the UFFDIO_API ioctl(2) operation
If the O_NONBLOCK flag is enabled in the associated open file description, the userfaultfd file
descriptor can be monitored with poll(2), select(2), and epoll(7). When events are available, the file
descriptor indicates as readable. If the O_NONBLOCK flag is not enabled, then poll(2) (always) indicates
the file as having a POLLERR condition, and select(2) indicates the file descriptor as both readable and
writable.
RETURN VALUE
On success, userfaultfd() returns a new file descriptor that refers to the userfaultfd object. On error,
-1 is returned, and errno is set appropriately.
ERRORS
EINVAL An unsupported value was specified in flags.
EMFILE The per-process limit on the number of open file descriptors has been reached
ENFILE The system-wide limit on the total number of open files has been reached.
ENOMEM Insufficient kernel memory was available.
EPERM (since Linux 5.2)
The caller is not privileged (does not have the CAP_SYS_PTRACE capability in the initial user
namespace), and /proc/sys/vm/unprivileged_userfaultfd has the value 0.
VERSIONS
The userfaultfd() system call first appeared in Linux 4.3.
The support for hugetlbfs and shared memory areas and non-page-fault events was added in Linux 4.11
CONFORMING TO
userfaultfd() is Linux-specific and should not be used in programs intended to be portable.
NOTES
Glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call; call it using syscall(2).
The userfaultfd mechanism can be used as an alternative to traditional user-space paging techniques based
on the use of the SIGSEGV signal and mmap(2). It can also be used to implement lazy restore for
checkpoint/restore mechanisms, as well as post-copy migration to allow (nearly) uninterrupted execution
when transferring virtual machines and Linux containers from one host to another.
BUGS
If the UFFD_FEATURE_EVENT_FORK is enabled and a system call from the fork(2) family is interrupted by a
signal or failed, a stale userfaultfd descriptor might be created. In this case, a spurious
UFFD_EVENT_FORK will be delivered to the userfaultfd monitor.
EXAMPLE
The program below demonstrates the use of the userfaultfd mechanism. The program creates two threads,
one of which acts as the page-fault handler for the process, for the pages in a demand-page zero region
created using mmap(2).
The program takes one command-line argument, which is the number of pages that will be created in a
mapping whose page faults will be handled via userfaultfd. After creating a userfaultfd object, the
program then creates an anonymous private mapping of the specified size and registers the address range
of that mapping using the UFFDIO_REGISTER ioctl(2) operation. The program then creates a second thread
that will perform the task of handling page faults.
The main thread then walks through the pages of the mapping fetching bytes from successive pages.
Because the pages have not yet been accessed, the first access of a byte in each page will trigger a
page-fault event on the userfaultfd file descriptor.
Each of the page-fault events is handled by the second thread, which sits in a loop processing input from
the userfaultfd file descriptor. In each loop iteration, the second thread first calls poll(2) to check
the state of the file descriptor, and then reads an event from the file descriptor. All such events
should be UFFD_EVENT_PAGEFAULT events, which the thread handles by copying a page of data into the
faulting region using the UFFDIO_COPY ioctl(2) operation.
The following is an example of what we see when running the program:
$ ./userfaultfd_demo 3
Address returned by mmap() = 0x7fd30106c000
fault_handler_thread():
poll() returns: nready = 1; POLLIN = 1; POLLERR = 0
UFFD_EVENT_PAGEFAULT event: flags = 0; address = 7fd30106c00f
(uffdio_copy.copy returned 4096)
Read address 0x7fd30106c00f in main(): A
Read address 0x7fd30106c40f in main(): A
Read address 0x7fd30106c80f in main(): A
Read address 0x7fd30106cc0f in main(): A
fault_handler_thread():
poll() returns: nready = 1; POLLIN = 1; POLLERR = 0
UFFD_EVENT_PAGEFAULT event: flags = 0; address = 7fd30106d00f
(uffdio_copy.copy returned 4096)
Read address 0x7fd30106d00f in main(): B
Read address 0x7fd30106d40f in main(): B
Read address 0x7fd30106d80f in main(): B
Read address 0x7fd30106dc0f in main(): B
fault_handler_thread():
poll() returns: nready = 1; POLLIN = 1; POLLERR = 0
UFFD_EVENT_PAGEFAULT event: flags = 0; address = 7fd30106e00f
(uffdio_copy.copy returned 4096)
Read address 0x7fd30106e00f in main(): C
Read address 0x7fd30106e40f in main(): C
Read address 0x7fd30106e80f in main(): C
Read address 0x7fd30106ec0f in main(): C
Program source
/* userfaultfd_demo.c
Licensed under the GNU General Public License version 2 or later.
*/
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <linux/userfaultfd.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <poll.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <sys/syscall.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <poll.h>
#define errExit(msg) do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
} while (0)
static int page_size;
static void *
fault_handler_thread(void *arg)
{
static struct uffd_msg msg; /* Data read from userfaultfd */
static int fault_cnt = 0; /* Number of faults so far handled */
long uffd; /* userfaultfd file descriptor */
static char *page = NULL;
struct uffdio_copy uffdio_copy;
ssize_t nread;
uffd = (long) arg;
/* Create a page that will be copied into the faulting region */
if (page == NULL) {
page = mmap(NULL, page_size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
if (page == MAP_FAILED)
errExit("mmap");
}
/* Loop, handling incoming events on the userfaultfd
file descriptor */
for (;;) {
/* See what poll() tells us about the userfaultfd */
struct pollfd pollfd;
int nready;
pollfd.fd = uffd;
pollfd.events = POLLIN;
nready = poll(&pollfd, 1, -1);
if (nready == -1)
errExit("poll");
printf("\nfault_handler_thread():\n");
printf(" poll() returns: nready = %d; "
"POLLIN = %d; POLLERR = %d\n", nready,
(pollfd.revents & POLLIN) != 0,
(pollfd.revents & POLLERR) != 0);
/* Read an event from the userfaultfd */
nread = read(uffd, &msg, sizeof(msg));
if (nread == 0) {
printf("EOF on userfaultfd!\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (nread == -1)
errExit("read");
/* We expect only one kind of event; verify that assumption */
if (msg.event != UFFD_EVENT_PAGEFAULT) {
fprintf(stderr, "Unexpected event on userfaultfd\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
/* Display info about the page-fault event */
printf(" UFFD_EVENT_PAGEFAULT event: ");
printf("flags = %llx; ", msg.arg.pagefault.flags);
printf("address = %llx\n", msg.arg.pagefault.address);
/* Copy the page pointed to by 'page' into the faulting
region. Vary the contents that are copied in, so that it
is more obvious that each fault is handled separately. */
memset(page, 'A' + fault_cnt % 20, page_size);
fault_cnt++;
uffdio_copy.src = (unsigned long) page;
/* We need to handle page faults in units of pages(!).
So, round faulting address down to page boundary */
uffdio_copy.dst = (unsigned long) msg.arg.pagefault.address &
~(page_size - 1);
uffdio_copy.len = page_size;
uffdio_copy.mode = 0;
uffdio_copy.copy = 0;
if (ioctl(uffd, UFFDIO_COPY, &uffdio_copy) == -1)
errExit("ioctl-UFFDIO_COPY");
printf(" (uffdio_copy.copy returned %lld)\n",
uffdio_copy.copy);
}
}
int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
long uffd; /* userfaultfd file descriptor */
char *addr; /* Start of region handled by userfaultfd */
unsigned long len; /* Length of region handled by userfaultfd */
pthread_t thr; /* ID of thread that handles page faults */
struct uffdio_api uffdio_api;
struct uffdio_register uffdio_register;
int s;
if (argc != 2) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s num-pages\n", argv[0]);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE);
len = strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 0) * page_size;
/* Create and enable userfaultfd object */
uffd = syscall(__NR_userfaultfd, O_CLOEXEC | O_NONBLOCK);
if (uffd == -1)
errExit("userfaultfd");
uffdio_api.api = UFFD_API;
uffdio_api.features = 0;
if (ioctl(uffd, UFFDIO_API, &uffdio_api) == -1)
errExit("ioctl-UFFDIO_API");
/* Create a private anonymous mapping. The memory will be
demand-zero paged--that is, not yet allocated. When we
actually touch the memory, it will be allocated via
the userfaultfd. */
addr = mmap(NULL, len, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
if (addr == MAP_FAILED)
errExit("mmap");
printf("Address returned by mmap() = %p\n", addr);
/* Register the memory range of the mapping we just created for
handling by the userfaultfd object. In mode, we request to track
missing pages (i.e., pages that have not yet been faulted in). */
uffdio_register.range.start = (unsigned long) addr;
uffdio_register.range.len = len;
uffdio_register.mode = UFFDIO_REGISTER_MODE_MISSING;
if (ioctl(uffd, UFFDIO_REGISTER, &uffdio_register) == -1)
errExit("ioctl-UFFDIO_REGISTER");
/* Create a thread that will process the userfaultfd events */
s = pthread_create(&thr, NULL, fault_handler_thread, (void *) uffd);
if (s != 0) {
errno = s;
errExit("pthread_create");
}
/* Main thread now touches memory in the mapping, touching
locations 1024 bytes apart. This will trigger userfaultfd
events for all pages in the region. */
int l;
l = 0xf; /* Ensure that faulting address is not on a page
boundary, in order to test that we correctly
handle that case in fault_handling_thread() */
while (l < len) {
char c = addr[l];
printf("Read address %p in main(): ", addr + l);
printf("%c\n", c);
l += 1024;
usleep(100000); /* Slow things down a little */
}
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
SEE ALSO
fcntl(2), ioctl(2), ioctl_userfaultfd(2), madvise(2), mmap(2)
Documentation/admin-guide/mm/userfaultfd.rst in the Linux kernel source tree
COLOPHON
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