Provided by: unibetacode_1.2-2_amd64 
NAME
unibetacode - Format for polytonic Greek Beta Code files
SYNOPSIS
source_file.beta
DESCRIPTION
Unibetacode is an implementation of Beta Code, as adopted by the University of California,
Irvine Thesaurus Linguae Graecae (TLG) Program and the Tufts University Perseus Project,
among others. Beta Code provides a way of encoding polytonic Greek characters using plain
ASCII characters. The unibetacode package contains three utility programs: unibetaprep(1)
converts TLG-unique numeric codes to Unicode code points, beta2uni(1) converts a Beta Code
file to UTF-8 Unicode, and uni2beta(1) converts a UTF-8 Unicode file to Beta Code. These
programs can also process Coptic and some Hebrew, but historically the focus of Beta Code
documents has been classical Greek.
A Unicode code point is an assignment to a specific numeric value for glyphs and other
entities in Unicode fonts. Throughout this document, Unicode code points are given by
their Unicode numeric values in the form U+xxxx, where "xxxx" is a string of four
hexadecimal digits representing a glyph in the Unicode Basic Multilingual Plane. This is
how they are usually specified in The Unicode Standard and elsewhere.
Note: Thesaurus Linguae Graecae and TLG are registered trademarks of the University of
California.
GENERAL PUNCTUATION
PUNCTUATION COMMON TO ALL MODES
Regardless of the language mode (Greek, Latin, Coptic, or Hebrew), several punctuation
marks are retained as is between the input file and the output file. They are as follows:
. Full Stop (Period)
, Comma
? Question Mark (except in Greek mode, where it becomes a Combining Dot
Below)
! Exclamation Mark
; Semicolon / Greek Question Mark (see the Greek section below)
[ ] Square Brackets
QUOTATION MARK STYLES
The TLG Beta Code specification supports nine different styles of quotation mark. While
support of different styles is beneficial, this complicates round-trip conversion from
Beta Code to Unicode and back. This is further complicated by the same Unicode character
being used as an opening quotation mark in one style and as a closing quotation mark in
another style.
Double quotes in the unibetacode package just use ASCII quotation marks in a Beta Code
source file; the quotation style is determined by the language mode. This greatly
simplifies round-trip conversion between Beta Code and a Unicode UTF-8 document. Double
quotation marks must be balanced. The first quotation mark encountered will be
interpreted as a left quotation mark for the chosen style, the second will be interpreted
as a right quotation mark, and so on. Double quotation marks are converted as follows:
Greek, Coptic
The opening double quotation mark is rendered as U+00AB, LEFT-POINTING
DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK. The closing double quotation mark is
rendered as U+00BB, RIGHT-POINTING DOUBLE ANGLE QUOTATION MARK.
Hebrew The opening double quotation mark is rendered as U+201E, DOUBLE LOW-9
QUOTATION MARK. The closing double quotation mark is rendered as U+201D,
RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK.
Latin The opening double quotation mark is rendered as U+201C, LEFT DOUBLE
QUOTATION MARK. The closing double quotation mark is rendered as U+201D,
RIGHT DOUBLE QUOTATION MARK.
Single quotes are specified explicitly. For Latin and Hebrew, they are specified with a
Grave Accent (U+0060) for an opening single quote and an apostrophe (U+0027) for a closing
single quote. For Greek and Coptic, they are specified with a "<" for an opening single
quote and a ">" for a closing single quote. The use of "<" and ">" for Greek and Coptic
was a compromise so that an ASCII apostrophe in Greek mode would render as U+02BC,
MODIFIER LETTER APOSTROPHE. As with double quotation marks, the rendering of these
characters is dependent on the language mode. Single quotation marks are converted as
follows:
Greek, Coptic
The opening single quotation mark is rendered as U+2039, SINGLE LEFT-
POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK. The closing single quotation mark is
rendered as U+203A, SINGLE RIGHT-POINTING ANGLE QUOTATION MARK.
Hebrew The opening single quotation mark is rendered as U+201A, SINGLE LOW-9
QUOTATION MARK. The closing single quotation mark is rendered as U+2018,
LEFT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK.
Latin The opening single quotation mark is rendered as U+2018, LEFT SINGLE
QUOTATION MARK. The closing single quotation mark is rendered as U+2019,
RIGHT SINGLE QUOTATION MARK.
EXTENSIONS FOR ASCII AND UNICODE
The unibetacode package includes two extensions to TLG Beta Code: one for efficiently
inserting an ASCII string into text when not in Latin mode, and the other for inserting a
Unicode code point in any language mode. These are described in the following two sub-
sections.
ASCII STRING INSERTION
An ASCII string can be enclosed in curly brackets when in a non-Latin language mode. The
string will be output verbatim. This can be useful if a Greek text uses ASCII symbols, in
order to produce a Greek document with an ASCII colon (':') rather than a Unicode "GREEK
ANO TELEIA" character, U+0387. The format is as follows:
{ASCII-string}
This is an extension to standard Beta Code; the TLG specification assigns a different use
to '{'. By itself, the use of '{' not followed by a decimal number is deprecated in the
TLG specification, so this should avoid some conflict. Curly brackets are not allowed in
the string.
SPECIAL UNICODE CHARACTER INSERTION
The original Beta Code specification lists many numeric codes for producing special
symbols that today have become part of The Unicode Standard. In the future, it will
likely be most beneficial if any specialized numeric codes for characters use Unicode code
points rather than the historical TLG Beta Code numeric assignments.
The unibetacode package allows any Unicode code point to be specified in hexadecimal
(which is how The Unicode Standard provides them) as a string inside an ASCII '{'...'}'
escape sequence. The Unicode hexadecimal code point of one to six digits is preceded by
"\u", taking the form "\ux...x". For example, strings such as
{\u3d8} or {\u3D8} or {\u03D8}
can be used to insert the Unicode character U+03D8, GREEK LETTER ARCHAIC KOPPA, which does
not have an associated Beta Code letter assignment. Such Unicode code point strings can
be mixed with other characters in the same string, as long as any character that follows
the Unicode code point is not a hexadecimal digit of '0'-'9', 'A'-'F', or 'a'-'f'.
NUMERIC DIGITS
The numeric digits '0' through '9' are simply entered as '0' through '9', respectively, in
any language mode. The language modes are Coptic, Greek, Hebrew, and Latin. They are
described in the following sections.
GREEK
LETTERS
Capital and small letters can take the same set of accent marks, but the order in which
these are specified differs between capital and small.
Small letters are given in Beta Code in this order: (1) letter, (2) breathing marks, (3)
accents, and (4) iota subscript. This follows the traditional typed appearance of small
polytonic Greek letters, where breathing marks and then accent marks appear on top of the
small letter, and iota subscripts appear below small long vowels.
Capital letters are given in Beta Code in this order: (1) asterisk (which denotes a
Capital letter), (2) breathing marks, (3) accents, (4) letter, and (5) iota subscript.
This follows the traditional typed appearance of capital polytonic Greek letters, where
breathing marks and then accent marks appear to the left of the capital letter, and iota
subscripts appear to the right of capital long vowels.
The letter mapping is as follows, in Greek alphabetical order. Letters can be capital or
small; generally speaking, small is easier to read, so it is the default output from
uni2beta(1):
*a or a Capital or Small Alpha, respectively
*b or b Capital or Small Beta, resp.
*g or g Capital or Small Gamma, resp.
*d or d Capital or Small Delta, resp.
*e or e Capital or Small Epsilon, resp.
*z or z Capital or Small Zeta, resp.
*h or h Capital or Small Eta, resp.
*q or q Capital or Small Theta, resp.
*i or i Capital or Small Iota, resp.
*k or k Capital or Small Kappa, resp.
*l or l Capital or Small Lambda, resp.
*m or m Capital or Small Mu, resp.
*n or n Capital or Small Nu, resp.
*c or c Capital or Small Xi, resp.
*o or o Capital or Small Omicron, resp.
*p or p Capital or Small Pi, resp.
*r or r Capital or Small Rho, resp.
*s or s Capital or Small Sigma, resp. Note: a small "s" is interpreted as
middle (medial) sigma or final sigma depending upon the context. To
force one or the other, see the following two entries.
s1 Small Middle (Medial) Sigma
s2 or j Small Final Sigma
*s3 or s3 Capital or Small Lunate Sigma, resp.
*t or t Capital or Small Tau, resp.
*u or u Capital or Small Upsilon, resp.
*f or f Capital or Small Phi, resp.
*x or x Capital or Small Chi, resp.
*y or y Capital or Small Psi, resp.
*w or w Capital or Small Omega, resp.
*v or v Capital or Small Digamma, resp.
Example: "*to fws", "the light" (without accent marks). This could also be written as
"*TO FWS"; both capital and small letters give the same conversion into UTF-8.
BREATHING MARKS AND ACCENTS
These are the encodings of breathing marks and accents. In Beta Code (as in written
Greek), breathing marks appear before accents.
) Smooth Breathing
( Rough Breathing
\ Grave accent
/ Acute accent
= Circumflex
+ Diaresis
& Macron
´ Breve
? Combining Dot Below
Example: "*to\ fw=s", "the light", with a grave accent, or varia, over the omicron and a
circumflex accent, or perispomeni, over the omega. This could also be written as "*TO\
FW=S". N.B.: Note that the case of the Latin letter does not matter for accent placement;
it is only the case of the Greek letter that matters. Greek capital letters are encoded
with a preceding asterisk, so in this example, "O\" and "W=" will appear as small UTF-8.
IOTA SUBSCRIPT
The iota subscript is the last character written after a long vowel with which it appears,
whether the letter is capital or small. It is denoted by a vertical bar:
| Iota subscript
GREEK PUNCTUATION
These are the punctuation symbols that the unibetacode package supports:
. Period (Teleia)
, Comma
: Middle Dot (Ano Teleia)
; Question Mark (Epotematiko)
´ Apostrophe (Apostrophos)
- (hyphen) Hyphen (Pavla)
_ (underscore) Em Dash
# Greek Number Sign
UNICODE GREEK
The Greek Extended range of The Unicode Standard, U+1F00 - U+1FFF, contains 16 small and
capital vowels that have identical representation in the Greek and Coptic range, U+0370 -
U+03FF. These are vowels with an "oxia" (acute) accent in the Greek Extended range; they
have equivalent glyphs with a "tonos" (acute) accent in the Greek and Coptic range.
Because of this duplication, the use of these 16 Greek Extended glyphs is deprecated.
uni2beta(1) will convert those 16 characters to Beta Code, but beta2uni(1) will convert
the resulting Beta Code into characters in the Greek and Coptic range (U+0370 - U+03FF);
it will not convert them back into Greek Extended glyphs.
Also in the Greek Extended Unicode range, the TLG Project considers U+1FBF to be the
equivalent of a smooth breathing mark, and uni2beta(1) will convert it as such.
LATIN (ASCII)
To display ASCII characters, including the Latin letters 'A' through 'Z' and 'a' through
'z', begin with an ampersand ('&') character. Switch back to Greek mode with a dollar
sign ('$') character.
ASCII characters can also be surrounded with curly brackets; for example, "{Here is some
ASCII!}". This is non-standard though; the TLG specification uses '&' and '$' to enter
Latin and then switch back to Greek.
For efficiency, beta2uni(1) is conditioned to interpret sequences that look like accented
Greek as accnted Greek. Curly brackets can also be useful for overriding such
interpretations. For example, if a document contained the text
...(this is an example)
The "e)" could be interpreted as a small epsilon with a smooth breathing mark above it.
To break this behavior, type
...(this is an example{}) or ...(this is an example{)}
and the Unicode output from beta2uni(1) will appear as intended. This technique will
appear familiar to TeX users.
COPTIC
To display Coptic letters, begin with the character sequence "&100". Switch back to Greek
mode with a dollar sign ('$') character. As with Greek Beta Code, capital Coptic letters
in Beta Code begin with an asterisk ('*') and small Coptic letters do not.
Note that unlike in Greek mode, the Coptic Beta Code letters are case-sensitive. In
general, Coptic letters derived from Demotic use lowercase Beta Codes and map to the Greek
and Coptic Unicode script in the range U+03E2 - U+03EF; the rest of the Coptic letters use
uppercase Beta Codes and map to the separate Coptic Unicode script in the range U+2C80 -
U+2C8D.
The encoding is as follows:
*A or A Capital or Small Alfa, respectively
*B or B Capital or Small Vida, resp.
*G or G Capital or Small Gamma, resp.
*D or D Capital or Small Dalda, resp.
*E or E Capital or Small Eie, resp.
*V or V Capital or Small Sou, resp.
*Z or Z Capital or Small Zata, resp.
*H or H Capital or Small Hate, resp.
*Q or Q Capital or Small Tethe, resp.
*I or I Capital or Small Iauda, resp.
*K or K Capital or Small Kapa, resp.
*L or L Capital or Small Laula, resp.
*M or M Capital or Small Mi, resp.
*N or N Capital or Small Ni, resp.
*C or C Capital or Small Ksi, resp.
*O or O Capital or Small O, resp.
*P or P Capital or Small Pi, resp.
*R or R Capital or Small Ro, resp.
*S or S Capital or Small Sima, resp.
*T or T Capital or Small Tau, resp.
*U or U Capital or Small Ua, resp.
*F or F Capital or Small Fi, resp.
*X or X Capital or Small Khi, resp.
*Y or Y Capital or Small Psi, resp.
*W or W Capital or Small Oou, resp.
*s or s Capital or Small Shei, resp.
*f or f Capital or Small Fei, resp.
*k or k Capital or Small Khei, resp.
*h or h Capital or Small Hori, resp.
*j or j Capital or Small Gangia, resp.
*g or g Capital or Small Shima, resp.
*t or t Capital or Small Dei, resp.
\ Jinma (Grave) Accent
Switch back to Greek mode by ending with a dollar sign ('$') character.
HEBREW
The TLG specification only covers the basic Hebrew letters aleph through tav. These
letters map to the Hebrew Unicode script in the range U+05D0 - U+05EA. Beta Codes are not
defined in the specification for cantillation marks, Yiddish digraphs, etc.
To display Hebrew letters, begin with the character sequence "&300".
Note that unlike in Greek mode, the Hebrew Beta Codes are case-sensitive and they never
begin with an asterisk ('*').
The encoding is as follows:
A Alef
b Bet
g Gimel
d Dalet
h He
v Vav
z Zayin
H Het
Q Tet
y Yod
k1 Middle Kaf
k2 Final Kaf
l Lamed
m1 Middle Mem
m2 Final Mem
n1 Middle Nun
n2 Final Nun
S Samekh
a Ayin
p1 Middle Pe
p2 Final Pe
T1 Middle Tsadi
T2 Final Tsadi
q Qof
r Resh
s Shin
t Tav
Switch back to Greek mode with a dollar sign ('$') character.
SAMPLES
The directory test/reference contains samples with mappings from Beta Code to UTF-8 and
vice versa. The "genesis-1-1.beta" and "genesis-1-1.utf8" files show the verse Genesis
1:1 in Koine Greek (from the Septuagint), Hebrew, and Bohairic Coptic in Beta Code and
UTF-8, respectively.
SEE ALSO
unibetaprep(1), beta2uni(1), uni2beta(1)
AUTHOR
The unibetacode package was created by Paul Hardy.
LICENSE
unibetacode is Copyright © 2018, 2019 Paul Hardy.
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of
the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
BUGS
The format is very straightforward and no known bugs exist. However, Beta Code has been
evolving for almost 50 years, especially since the advent of Unicode. As a result, many
Beta Code-encoded documents exist in versions of the standard much older than the current
version. This version also does not implement many numbered codes that are contained in
the TLG Beta Code specification. There are no plans to support the TLG Beta Code
formatting codes, as that is beyond the scope of Unicode.
2019 Jan 26 UNIBETACODE(5)