Ubuntu Manpage: zypper - Command-line interface to ZYpp system management library (libzypp)

NAME

       zypper - Command-line interface to ZYpp system management library (libzypp)

SYNOPSIS

       zypper [--global-opts] command [--command-opts] [command-arguments]

       zypper subcommand [--command-opts] [command-arguments]

       zypper help command

DESCRIPTION

       zypper is a command-line interface to ZYpp system management library (libzypp). It can be
       used to install, update, remove software, manage repositories, perform various queries,
       and more.

CONCEPTS

Most of the following concepts are common for all applications based on the libzypp
package management library, but there are some zypper specifics.

System Packages
The set of installed packages on a system is sometimes denoted as repository @System or
System Packages. In contrast to available repositories providing packages which can be
installed, @System provides packages which can only be deleted. Installed packages which
are not also provided by at least one of the available repositories are often denoted as
being unwanted, orphaned or dropped.

Repositories
Libzypp works with repository metadata, this is information about packages and their
relations extracted from RPM packages and other data like patch information, pattern
definitions, etc. These data are stored together with the RPM files in folders called
repositories. Repositories can be placed on various media like an HTTP or FTP server, DVD,
or a folder on a local disc.

There is a special set of commands in zypper intended to manipulate repositories. Also
many commands and options take a repository as an argument. See section COMMANDS,
subsection Repository Management for more details.

GPG checks
Disabling GPG checks is not recommended. Signing data enables the recipient to verify that
no modifications occurred after the data were signed. Accepting data with no, wrong or
unknown signature can lead to a corrupted system and in extreme cases even to a system
compromise.

Zypp verifies the authenticity of repository metadata by checking their GPG signature. If
the repository metadata are signed with a trusted key and successfully verified, packages
from this repository are accepted for installation if they match the checksum provided in
the metadata. Using unsigned repositories needs to be confirmed.

If the repository metadata are not signed, the GPG signature of each downloaded rpm
package is checked before accepting it for installation. Packages from unsigned
repositories need a valid GPG signature. Using unsigned packages needs to be confirmed.

The above is the default behavior defined by settings in /etc/zypp/zypp.conf.

The addrepo and modifyrepo commands provide further options to tune the behavior per
repository. It is for example possible to relax the need to confirm installing unsigned
packages for a specific repository. But if you do so, you should be very certain that an
attacker can hardly modify the package data within the repository or on the way to your
machine. See section COMMANDS for details about the command options.

Resource Identifiers (URI)
To specify locations of repositories or other resources (RPM files, .repo files) you can
use any type of URI supported by libzypp. In addition Zypper accepts a special URI
identifying openSUSE Build Service (OBS) repositories in the addrepo command. These URIs
have the form of obs://’project'/[platform].

See section COMMANDS, subsection Repository Management for a complete list and examples of
supported URI formats.

Refresh
Refreshing a repository means downloading metadata of packages from the medium (if
needed), storing it in local cache (typically under /var/cache/zypp/raw/’alias' directory)
and preparsing the metadata into .solv files (building the solv cache), typically under
/var/cache/zypp/solv/’alias'.

The metadata get refreshed either automatically or on user request. An automatic refresh
takes place right before reading metadata from the database if the auto-refresh is enabled
for the repository and the metadata is reported to be out of date. If the auto-refresh is
disabled, the repository will only be refreshed on user request. You can request a refresh
by calling zypper refresh (see the documentation of the refresh command for details).

The repository metadata are checked for changes before actually doing the refresh. A
change is detected by downloading one or two metadata index files (small files) and
comparing the checksums of the cached ones and the remote ones. If the files differ, the
repository is out of date and will be refreshed.

To delay the up-to-date check (and thus the automatic refresh) for a certain number of
minutes, edit the value of the repo.refresh.delay attribute of ZYpp config file
(/etc/zypp/zypp.conf). This means, zypper will not even try to download and check the
index files, and you will be able to use zypper for operations like search or info without
internet access or root privileges.

Services
Services are one level above repositories and serve to manage repositories or to do some
special tasks. Libzypp currently supports Repository Index Service (RIS) and Plugin
Service.

Repository Index Service (RIS) is a special type of repository which contains a list of
other repositories. This list can be generated dynamically by the server according to some
URI parameters or user name, or can be static. Once such service is added to your system,
zypper takes care of adding, modifying, or removing these repositories on your system to
reflect the current list. See section Service Management and
https://en.opensuse.org/openSUSE:Standards_Repository_Index_Service for more details.

Package Types
Zypper works with several types of resource objects, called resolvables. A resolvable
might be a package, patch, pattern, product; basically any kind of object with
dependencies to other objects.

package
An ordinary RPM package.

patch
A released patch conflicts with the affected/vulnerable versions of a collection of
packages. As long as any of these affected/vulnerable versions are installed, the
conflict triggers and the patch is classified as needed, optional or as unwanted if
the patch is locked. + Selecting the patch, the conflict is resolved by updating all
installed and affected/vulnerable packages to a version providing the fix. When
updating the packages zypper always aims for the latest available version. Resolved
patches are classified as either applied or not needed, depending on whether they
refer to actually installed packages. + Depending on the kind of defect, patches are
classified by category and severity. Commonly used values for category are security,
recommended, optional, feature, document or yast. Commonly used values for severity
are critical, important, moderate, low or unspecified. + Note that the patch command
does not apply optional patches (category optional or feature) by default. If you
actually want to consider all optional patches as being needed, say patch
--with-optional. Specific patches can be applied using the install command (e.g.
zypper install patch:openSUSE-2014-7).

pattern
A group of packages required or recommended to install some functionality.

product
A group of packages which are necessary to install a product.

srcpackage
Source code package (.src.rpm). This type works in search and install commands.

application
Legacy: Since libzypp-17.7.0 this type is no longer available.

Throughout this manual we will often refer to resolvables simply as packages and to
resolvable types as package type or kind. These type names can be used as arguments of
--type option in several commands like install, info, or search. Commands should also
allow one to specify resolvables as KIND:’NAME' (e.g. patch:openSUSE-2014-7).

Package Dependencies
Software packages depend on each other in various ways. Packages usually require or
recommend other packages, but they can also conflict with other packages. Packages may
support specific hardware or language settings. Zypper uses a dependency solver to find
out which packages need to be installed to satisfy the user’s request. See
https://en.opensuse.org/Libzypp/Dependencies for more information.

Automatically installed packages
Packages added by the dependency solver in order to resolve a user’s request are
remembered as having been 'automatically installed'. They may later be removed, if no more
user installed packages depend on them (e.g. by zypper remove --clean-deps).

In the S+tatus+ column the search command distinguishes between user installed packages
(i+) and automatically installed packages (i).

Package File Conflicts
File conflicts happen when two packages attempt to install files with the same name but
different contents. This may happen if you are installing a newer version of a package
without erasing the older version, of if two unrelated packages each install a file with
the same name.

As checking for file conflicts requires access to the full filelist of each package being
installed, zypper will check for file conflict only if all packages are downloaded in
advance (see --download-in-advance).

As the reason for file conflicts usually is a poor package design or lack of coordination
between the people building the packages, they are not easy to resolve. By using the
--replacefiles option you can force zypper to replace the conflicting files. Nevertheless
this may damage the package whose file gets replaced.

COMMANDS

zypper provides a number of commands. Each command accepts the options listed in the
GLOBAL OPTIONS section. These options must be specified before the command name. In
addition, many commands have specific options, which are listed in this section. These
command-specific options must be specified after the name of the command and before any of
the command arguments.

Zypper also provides limited support for writing extensions/subcommands in any language.
See section SUBCOMMANDS for details.

General Commands
help [command]
Shows help texts. If invoked without any argument (just zypper or zypper help), zypper
displays global help text which lists all available global options and commands. + If
invoked with a command name argument, zypper displays help for the specified command,
if such command exists. Long as well as short variants of the command names can be
used. + For your convenience, zypper help can also be invoked in any of the following
ways:

;; $ *zypper -h*|*--help* ['command']
;; $ *zypper* ['command'] *-h*|*--help*

shell (sh)
Starts a shell for entering multiple commands in one session. Exit the shell using
exit, quit, or Ctrl-D. + The shell support is not complete so expect bugs there.
However, there’s no urgent need to use the shell since libzypp became so fast thanks
to the SAT solver and its tools (openSUSE 11.0), but still, you’re welcome to
experiment with it.

Package Management Commands
info (if) [options] name...
Displays detailed information about the specified packages. + For each specified
package, zypper finds the best available version in defined repositories and shows
information for this package.

-r, --repo alias|name|#|URI
Work only with the repository specified by the alias, name, number or URI. This
option can be used multiple times.

-t, --type type
Type of package (default: package). See section Package Types for list of
available package types.

--provides
Show symbols the package provides.

--requires
Show symbols the package requires.

--conflicts
Show symbols the package conflicts with.

--obsoletes
Show symbols the package obsoletes.

--recommends
Show symbols the package recommends.

--suggests
Show symbols the package suggests.

--supplements
Show symbols the package supplements.

Examples:

$ zypper info workrave
Show information about package workrave

$ zypper info -t patch libzypp
Show information about patch libzypp

$ zypper info -t pattern lamp_server
Show information about pattern lamp_server

install (in) [options] name|capability|rpm_file_uri...
Install or update packages.

The packages can be selected by their name or by a capability they provide.
+ A capability is formed by "NAME[.’ARCH'][ OP EDITION]", where ARCH is an
architecture code, OP is one of <, <=, =, >=, or > and EDITION is
"VERSION[-’RELEASE']". For example: zypper=0.8.8-2 + The NAME component of a
capability is not only a package name but any symbol provided by packages:
/bin/vi, libcurl.so.3, perl(Time::ParseDate). Just remember to quote to protect
the special characters from the shell, for example: zypper\>0.8.10 or
'zypper>0.8.10'. + If EDITION is not specified, the newest installable version
will be installed. This also means that if the package is already installed and
newer versions are available, it will get upgraded to the newest installable
version. + If ARCH is not specified, or the last dot of the capability name string
is not followed by known architecture, the solver will treat the whole string as a
capability name. If the ARCH is known, the solver will select a package matching
that architecture and complain if such package cannot be found.

Zypper is also able to install plain RPM files while trying to satisfy their
dependencies using packages from defined repositories. You can install a plain RPM
file by specifying its location in the install command arguments either as a local
path or an URI. E.g.:
+ $ zypper install ~/rpms/foo.rpm http://some.site/bar.rpm. + Zypper will report
packages that it cannot find. Further, in interactive mode, zypper proceeds with
installation of the rest of requested packages, and it will abort immediately in
non-interactive mode. In both cases zypper returns ZYPPER_EXIT_INF_CAP_NOT_FOUND
after finishing the operation. + Zypper will collect the files in a temporary
plaindir repository and mark the respective packages for installation. If
--download-only is used, the downloaded packages will be available in
/var/cache/zypper/RPMS until you actually install them or call zypper clean to
clear the package caches.

In the install command, you can also specify packages you wish to remove by prepending
their names by a - or ! character. For example:
+ $ zypper install \!Firefox + In contrast to zypper remove Firefox which removes
Firefox and its dependent packages, the install command will try to keep dependent
packages installed by looking for Firefox alternatives. + Note that if you choose
to use - with the first package you specify, you need to write -- before it to
prevent its interpretation as a command option: + $ zypper install
-- -boring-game great-game great-game-manual

-r, --repo alias|name|#|URI
Work only with the repository specified by the alias, name, number or URI. This
option can be used multiple times. + Using --repo is discouraged as it currently
hides unmentioned repositories from the resolver, leading to inexpertly decisions.
In the future --repo will become an alias for --from.

-t, --type type
Type of package to install (default: package). See section Package Types for list
of available package types. Use zypper se -t type [name] to look for available
items of this type and zypper info -t type name to display more detailed
information about the item. + If patch is specified, zypper will install and/or
remove packages to satisfy specified patch. This is a way to ensure that specific
bug fix is installed. Use zypper list-patches to look for applicable patches. + If
product or pattern are specified, zypper ensures that all required (and optionally
recommended) packages are installed.

-n, --name
Select packages by their name, don’t try to select by capabilities.

-f, --force
Install even if the item is already installed (reinstall), downgraded or changes
vendor or architecture.

--oldpackage
Allows one to replace a newer item with an older one. Handy if you are doing a
rollback. Unlike --force it will not enforce a reinstall, if the item is already
installed with the requested version.

--from alias|name|#|URI
Select packages from specified repository. If strings specified as arguments to
the install command match packages in repositories specified in this option, they
will be marked for installation. This option currently implies --name, but allows
using wildcards for specifying packages.

-C, --capability
Select packages by capabilities.

-l, --auto-agree-with-licenses
Automatically say yes to third party license confirmation prompt. By using this
option, you choose to agree with licenses of all third-party software this command
will install. This option is particularly useful for administrators installing the
same set of packages on multiple machines (by an automated process) and have the
licenses confirmed before.

--auto-agree-with-product-licenses
Automatically accept product licenses only. This is used by tools like
SUSEconnect, which ask for confirmation before the product gets registered. So
there’s no need to confirm the product license again at install time.

--replacefiles
Install the packages even if they replace files from other, already installed,
packages. Default is to treat file conflicts as an error. --download-as-needed
disables the file conflict check because access to all packages file lists is
needed in advance in order to perform the check.

-D, --dry-run
Test the installation, do not actually install any package. This option will add
the --test option to the rpm commands run by the install command.

--details
Show the detailed installation summary.

-y, --no-confirm
Don’t require user interaction. Alias for the --non-interactive global option.

--allow-unsigned-rpm
Silently install unsigned rpm packages given as commandline parameters.

Solver related options:

--debug-solver
Create solver test case for debugging. Use this option, if you think the
dependencies were not solved all right and attach the resulting
/var/log/zypper.solverTestCase directory to your bug report. To use this option,
simply add it to the problematic install or remove command.

--force-resolution
Force the solver to find a solution by allowing to remove packages with
unfulfilled requirements. This is the default when removing packages (zypper
remove). This option overrides --no-force-resolution in case both are specified on
the command line.

-R, --no-force-resolution
Do not force the solver to find a solution. Instead, report dependency problems
and prompt the user to resolve them manually. This is the default except when
removing packages (zypper remove).

--recommends
Install also recommended packages in addition to the required ones. The default
behavior is determined by [zypp.conf:solver.onlyRequires].

--no-recommends
Do not install recommended packages, but only required ones. The default behavior
is determined by [zypp.conf:solver.onlyRequires].

Download-and-install mode options:

-d, --download-only
Only download the packages for later installation.

--download-in-advance
First download all packages, then start installing.

--download-in-heaps
Download a minimal set of packages that can be installed without leaving the
system in broken state, and install them. Then download and install another heap
until all are installed. This helps to keep the system in consistent state without
the need to download all packages in advance, which combines the advantages of
--download-in-advance and --download-as-needed. This is the default mode. + NOTE:
While the resolver is not capable of building heaps, this behaves the same as
--download-in-advance.

--download-as-needed
Download one package, install it immediately, and continue with the rest until all
are installed.

--download mode
Use the specified download-and-install mode. Available modes are: only,
in-advance, in-heaps, as-needed. See corresponding --download-’mode' options for
their description.

Expert Options:
Don’t use them unless you know you need them.

--[no-]allow-downgrade
Whether to allow downgrading installed resolvables.

--[no-]allow-name-change
Whether to allow changing the names of installed resolvables. Setting this to no
will not replace packages which have been renamed.

--[no-]allow-arch-change
Whether to allow changing the architecture of installed resolvables.

--[no-]allow-vendor-change
Whether to allow changing the vendor of installed resolvables. Setting this to no
might be useful if you do not want packages from foreign repos being changed to
the distributions version (or vice versa).

Examples:

$ zypper install -t pattern lamp_server
Install lamp_server pattern.

$ zypper install --no-recommends gv
Install GhostScript viewer, but ignore recommended packages.

$ zypper install virtualbox-ose-2.0.6

$ zypper install virtualbox-ose=2.0.6

$ zypper install virtualbox-ose = 2.0.6
Install version 2.0.6 of virtualbox-ose package.

source-install (si) name...
Install specified source packages and their build dependencies. If the name of a
binary package is given, the corresponding source package is looked up and installed
instead. + This command will try to find the newest available versions of the source
packages and uses rpm -i to install them, optionally together with all the packages
that are required to build the source package. The default location where rpm installs
source packages to is /usr/src/packages/{SPECS,SOURCES}, but the values can be changed
in your local rpm configuration. In case of doubt try executing rpm --eval
"%{_specdir} and %{_sourcedir}". + Note that the source packages must be available in
repositories you are using. You can check whether a repository contains any source
packages using the following command:

;; $ '*zypper search -t srcpackage -r* alias'|'name'|'#'|'URI'

-d, --build-deps-only
Install only build dependencies of specified packages.

-D, --no-build-deps
Don’t install build dependencies.

-r, --repo alias|name|#|URI
Work only with the repository specified by the alias, name, number, or URI. This
option can be used multiple times.

--download-only
Only download the packages, do not install.

Examples:

$ zypper si -d dbus-1
Install build dependencies of dbus-1 source package.

verify (ve) [options]
Check whether dependencies of installed packages are satisfied. + In case that any
dependency problems are found, zypper suggests packages to install or remove to fix
them.

-D, --dry-run
Test the repair, do not actually do anything to the system.

--details
Show the detailed installation summary.

-r, --repo alias|name|#|URI
Work only with the repository specified by the alias, name, number, or URI. This
option can be used multiple times.

-y, --no-confirm
Don’t require user interaction. Alias for the --non-interactive global option.

Solver related options:

--recommends
Install also recommended packages in addition to the required ones. The default
behavior is determined by [zypp.conf:solver.onlyRequires].

--no-recommends
Do not install recommended packages, but only required ones. The default behavior
is determined by [zypp.conf:solver.onlyRequires].

Expert Options:
Don’t use them unless you know you need them.

--[no-]allow-downgrade
Whether to allow downgrading installed resolvables.

--[no-]allow-name-change
Whether to allow changing the names of installed resolvables. Setting this to no
will not replace packages which have been renamed.

--[no-]allow-arch-change
Whether to allow changing the architecture of installed resolvables.

This command also accepts the Download-and-install mode options described in the
install command.

install-new-recommends (inr) [options]
Install newly added packages recommended by already installed ones. This can typically
be used to install language packages recently added to repositories or drivers for
newly added hardware.

-r, --repo alias|name|#|URI
Work only with the repository specified by the alias, name, number, or URI. This
option can be used multiple times.

-D, --dry-run
Test the installation, do not actually install anything.

--details
Show the detailed installation summary.

Solver related options:

Expert Options:
Don’t use them unless you know you need them.

--[no-]allow-downgrade
Whether to allow downgrading installed resolvables.

--[no-]allow-name-change
Whether to allow changing the names of installed resolvables. Setting this to no
will not replace packages which have been renamed.

--[no-]allow-arch-change
Whether to allow changing the architecture of installed resolvables.

This command also accepts the Download-and-install mode options described in the
install command.

remove (rm) [options] name...

remove (rm) [options] --capability capability...
Remove (uninstall) packages. + The remove command will uninstall the selected and
their dependent packages. It will not try to install alternatives in order to keep
dependent packages installed. If you want this, use zypper install !name. + The
packages can be selected by their name or by a capability they provide. For details on
package selection see the install command description.

-r, --repo alias|name|#|URI
Work only with the repository specified by the alias, name, number, or URI. This
option can be used multiple times.

-t, --type type
Type of package (default: package). See section Package Types for list of
available package types. + Since patches are not installed in sense of copying
files or recording a database entry, they cannot be uninstalled, even though
zypper shows them as installed. The installed status is determined solely based on
the installed status of its required dependencies. If these dependencies are
satisfied, the patch is rendered installed.

-n, --name
Select packages by their name (default).

-C, --capability
Select packages by capabilities.

-D, --dry-run
Test the removal of packages, do not actually remove anything. This option will
add the --test option to the rpm commands run by the remove command.

--details
Show the detailed installation summary.

-y, --no-confirm
Don’t require user interaction. Alias for the --non-interactive global option.

Solver related options:

-u, --clean-deps
Automatically remove dependencies which become unneeded after removal of requested
packages.

-U, --no-clean-deps
No automatic removal of unneeded dependencies.

Update Management Commands
list-updates (lu) [options]
List available updates. + This command will list only installable updates, i.e.
updates which have no dependency problems, or which do not change package vendor. This
list is what the update command will propose to install. To list all packages for
which newer version are available, use --all option.

-t, --type type
Type of package (default: package). See section Package Types for list of
available package types. + If patch is specified, zypper acts as if the
list-patches command was executed.

-r, --repo alias|name|#|URI
Work only with the repository specified by the alias, name, number, or URI. This
option can be used multiple times.

-a, --all
List all packages for which newer versions are available, regardless whether they
are installable or not.

--best-effort
See the update command for description.

update (up) [options] [packagename]...
Update installed packages with newer versions, where possible. + This command will not
update packages which would require change of package vendor unless the vendor is
specified in /etc/zypp/vendors.d, or which would require manual resolution of problems
with dependencies. Such non-installable updates will then be listed in separate
section of the summary as "The following package updates will NOT be installed:". + To
update individual packages, specify one or more package names. You can use the * and ?
wildcard characters in the package names to specify multiple packages matching the
pattern.

-t, --type type
Type of package (default: package). See section Package Types for list of
available package types. + If patch is specified, zypper acts as if the patches
command was executed.

-r, --repo alias|name|#|URI
Work only with the repository specified by the alias, name, number, or URI. This
option can be used multiple times.

--skip-interactive
This will skip interactive patches, that is, those that need reboot, contain a
message, or update a package whose license needs to be confirmed.

--with-interactive
Avoid skipping of interactive patches when in non-interactive mode.

--replacefiles
Install the packages even if they replace files from other, already installed,
packages. Default is to treat file conflicts as an error. --download-as-needed
disables the fileconflict check because access to all packages filelists is needed
in advance in order to perform the check.

-D, --dry-run
Test the update, do not actually install or update any package. This option will
add the --test option to the rpm commands run by the update command.

--details
Show the detailed installation summary.

--best-effort
Do a best effort approach to update. This method does not explicitly select
packages with best version and architecture, but instead requests installation of
a package with higher version than the installed one and leaves the rest on the
dependency solver. This method is always used for packages, and is optional for
products and patterns. It is not applicable to patches.

-y, --no-confirm
Don’t require user interaction. Alias for the --non-interactive global option.

Solver related options:

--recommends
Install also recommended packages in addition to the required ones. The default
behavior is determined by [zypp.conf:solver.onlyRequires].

--no-recommends
Do not install recommended packages, but only required ones. The default behavior
is determined by [zypp.conf:solver.onlyRequires].

Expert Options:
Don’t use them unless you know you need them.

--[no-]allow-downgrade
Whether to allow downgrading installed resolvables.

--[no-]allow-name-change
Whether to allow changing the names of installed resolvables. Setting this to no
will not replace packages which have been renamed.

--[no-]allow-arch-change
Whether to allow changing the architecture of installed resolvables.

This command also accepts the Download-and-install mode options described in the
install command description.

list-patches (lp) [options]
List all applicable patches. + This command is similar to zypper list-updates -t
patch. + Note that optional arguments of some of the following options must be
specified using = instead of a space.

-b, --bugzilla[='#[,...']]
List applicable patches for all Bugzilla issues, or issues whose number matches
the given string.

--cve[='#[,...']]
List applicable patches for all CVE issues, or issues whose number matches the
given string.

--date YYYY-MM-DD[,...]
List only patches issued up to, but not including, the specified date.

-g, --category category[,...]
List only patches with this category. See section Package Types for a list of
commonly used category values.

--severity severity[,...]
List only patches with this severity. See section Package Types for a list of
commonly used severity values.

--issues[=’string'[,...]]
Look for issues whose number, summary, or description matches the specified
string. Issues found by number are displayed separately from those found by
descriptions. In the latter case, use zypper patch-info patchname to get
information about issues the patch fixes.

-a, *--all
By default, only patches that are applicable on your system are listed. This
option causes all available released patches to be listed. This option can be
combined with all the rest of the list-updates command options.

--with[out]-optional
Whether applicable optional patches should be treated as needed or be excluded.
The default is to exclude optional patches.

-r, --repo alias|name|#|URI
Work only with the repository specified by the alias, name, number, or URI. This
option can be used multiple times.

patch-check (pchk)
Check for patches. Displays a count of applicable patches and how many of them have
the security category. + See also the EXIT CODES section for details on exit status of
0, 100, and 101 returned by this command.

--updatestack-only
Check only for patches which affect the package management itself.

--with[out]-optional
Whether applicable optional patches should be treated as needed or be excluded.
The default is to exclude optional patches.

-r, --repo alias|name|#|URI
Check for patches only in the repository specified by the alias, name, number, or
URI. This option can be used multiple times.

patch [options]
Install all available needed patches. + If there are patches that affect the package
management itself, those will be installed first and you will be asked to run the
patch command again. + This command is similar to zypper update -t patch.

--updatestack-only
Install only patches which affect the package management itself and exit.

--with-update
Additionally try to update all packages not covered by patches. This is basically
the same as running zypper update afterwards. + The option is ignored, if the
patch command must update the update stack first, thus it can not be combined with
the --updatestack-only option.

--with[out]-optional
Whether applicable optional patches should be treated as needed or be excluded.
The default is to exclude optional patches.

-b, --bugzilla #[,...]
Install patch fixing a Bugzilla issue specified by number. Use list-patches
--bugzilla command to get a list of applicable patches for specific issues.

--cve #[,...]
Install patch fixing a MITRE’s CVE issue specified by number. Use list-patches
--cve command to get a list of applicable patches for specific issues.

--date YYYY-MM-DD[,...]
Install only patches issued up to, but not including, the specified date.

-g, --category category[,...]
Install only patches with this category. Use list-patches --category command to
get a list of available patches with a specific category. See section Package
Types for a list of commonly used category values.

--severity severity[,...]
Install only patches with this severity. Use list-patches --severity command to
get a list of available patches with a specific severity. See section Package
Types for a list of commonly used severity values.

-r, --repo alias|name|#|URI
Work only with the repository specified by the alias, name, number, or URI. This
option can be used multiple times.

--skip-interactive
This will skip interactive patches, that is, those that need reboot, contain a
message, or update a package whose license needs to be confirmed.

--with-interactive
Avoid skipping of interactive patches when in non-interactive mode.

--replacefiles
Install the packages even if they replace files from other, already installed,
packages. Default is to treat file conflicts as an error. --download-as-needed
disables the fileconflict check because access to all packages filelists is needed
in advance in order to perform the check.

-D, --dry-run
Test the update, do not actually update.

--details
Show the detailed installation summary.

-y, --no-confirm
Don’t require user interaction. Alias for the --non-interactive global option.

Solver related options:

--recommends
Install also recommended packages in addition to the required ones. The default
behavior is determined by [zypp.conf:solver.onlyRequires].

--no-recommends
Do not install recommended packages, but only required ones. The default behavior
is determined by [zypp.conf:solver.onlyRequires].

Expert Options:
Don’t use them unless you know you need them.

--[no-]allow-downgrade
Whether to allow downgrading installed resolvables.

--[no-]allow-name-change
Whether to allow changing the names of installed resolvables. Setting this to no
will not replace packages which have been renamed.

--[no-]allow-arch-change
Whether to allow changing the architecture of installed resolvables.

This command also accepts the Download-and-install mode options described in the
install command description.

dist-upgrade (dup) [options]
Perform a distribution upgrade. This command applies the state of (specified)
repositories onto the system; upgrades (or even downgrades) installed packages to
versions found in repositories, removes packages that are no longer in the
repositories and pose a dependency problem for the upgrade, handles package splits and
renames, etc. + If no repositories are specified via the --from option, zypper will do
a global upgrade with all defined repositories. This global form of dup will also
consider unchanged installed packages and re-evaluate their dependencies. This can be
a problem if the system contains conflicting repositories, like repositories for two
different distribution releases. This often happens if one forgets to remove an older
release repository after adding a new one, say openSUSE 13.1 and openSUSE 13.2. + For
all repositories which have the distribution version within their URL (like
https://download.opensuse.org/distribution/13.1/repo/oss) using the $releasever
variable instead may be helpful (
https://download.opensuse.org/distribution/$releasever/repo/oss). The variable is per
default substituted by the current distributions version (13.1) This value can be
overwritten using the --releasever global option. Calling zypper --releasever
13.2'...' will cause these repos to use the new location (
https://download.opensuse.org/distribution/13.2/repo/oss) without need to add/remove
anything. Once the dup is performed, $releasever will default to the new distribution
version. See section Repository Management for more info about variable substitution.
+ Note: distribution upgrades in openSUSE are currently only supported between
consecutive releases. To upgrade multiple releases, upgrade each consecutive release
one at a time. For more details see http://en.opensuse.org/SDB:System_upgrade and the
openSUSE release notes at http://doc.opensuse.org/release-notes/.

--from alias|name|#|URI
The option can be used multiple times and restricts the upgrade to the specified
repositories only. Nevertheless all enabled repositories are visible to the
resolver and will be considered to satisfy dependency problems.

-r, --repo alias|name|#|URI
Work only with the repository specified by the alias, name, number, or URI. +
Using --repo is discouraged as it currently hides unmentioned repositories from
the resolver, leading to inexpertly decisions. This is because packages originally
installed from the hidden repos will now be treated as orphaned or dropped. They
can be silently removed if involved in a dependency conflict. In the future --repo
will become an alias for --from.

--replacefiles
Install the packages even if they replace files from other, already installed,
packages. Default is to treat file conflicts as an error. --download-as-needed
disables the fileconflict check because access to all packages filelists is needed
in advance in order to perform the check.

-D, --dry-run
Test the upgrade, do not actually install or update any package. This option will
add the --test option to the rpm commands run by the dist-upgrade command.

-y, --no-confirm
Don’t require user interaction. Alias for the --non-interactive global option.

--details
Show the detailed installation summary.

Solver related options:

--recommends
Install also recommended packages in addition to the required ones. The default
behavior is determined by [zypp.conf:solver.onlyRequires].

--no-recommends
Do not install recommended packages, but only required ones. The default behavior
is determined by [zypp.conf:solver.onlyRequires].

Expert Options:
Don’t use them unless you know you need them.

--[no-]allow-downgrade
Whether to allow downgrading installed resolvables
[zypp.conf:solver.dupAllowDowngrade].

--[no-]allow-name-change
Whether to allow changing the names of installed resolvables
[zypp.conf:solver.dupAllowNameChange]. Setting this to no will not replace
packages which have been renamed.

--[no-]allow-arch-change
Whether to allow changing the architecture of installed resolvables
[zypp.conf:solver.dupAllowArchChange].

--[no-]allow-vendor-change
Whether to allow changing the vendor of installed resolvables
[zypp.conf:solver.dupAllowVendorChange]. Setting this to no might be useful if you
do not want packages from foreign repos being dup’ed to the distributions version
(or vice versa).

This command also accepts the Download-and-install mode options described in the
install command description.

Examples:

$ zypper dup --from factory --from packman
Upgrade the system to the latest versions provided by the factory and packman
repositories.

Query Commands
search (se) [options] [querystring|capability]...
Search for packages matching any of the given search strings. * and ? wildcard
characters can be used within search strings. If the search string is enclosed in /
(e.g. /^k.*e$/) it’s interpreted as a regular expression. See the install command for
details about how to specify a capability. + Results of the search are printed in a
table with columns S+tatus+, Name, Summary and Type of package. + In the detailed view
(se -s) all available instances of matching packages are shown; each version in each
repository on a separate line, with columns S+tatus+, Name, Type, Version,
Arch+itecture+ and Repository. For installed packages Repository shows either a
repository that provides exactly the installed version of the package, or, if the
exact version is not provided by any known repo, (System Packages) (or @System). Those
installed packages not provided by any repo are often denoted as being unwanted,
orphaned or dropped. + The S+tatus+ column can contain the following values:

i+
installed by user request

i
installed automatically (by the resolver, see section Automatically installed
packages)

v
a different version is installed

empty
neither of the above cases

.l
is shown in the 2nd column if the item is locked (see section Package Locks
Management)

The v status is only shown if the version or the repository matters (see --details or
--repo), and the installed instance differs from the one listed in version or
repository. + This command accepts the following options:

--match-substrings
Matches for search strings may be partial words (default).

--match-words
Matches for search strings may only be whole words.

-x, --match-exact
Searches for an exact name of the package.

--provides
Search for packages which provide the search strings.

--requires
Search for packages which require the search strings.

--recommends
Search for packages which recommend the search strings.

--suggests
Search for packages which suggest the search strings.

--conflicts
Search for packages conflicting with the search strings.

--obsoletes
Search for packages which obsolete the search strings.

--supplements
Search for packages which supplement the search strings.

-n, --name
Useful together with dependency options, otherwise searching in package name is
default.

-f, --file-list
Search in the file list of packages. Note that the full file list is available for
installed packages only. For remote packages only an abstract of their file list
is available within the metadata (files containing /etc/, /bin/, or /sbin/).

-d, --search-descriptions
Search also in summaries and descriptions.

-C, --case-sensitive
Perform case-sensitive search.

-i, --installed-only
Show only installed packages.

-u, --not-installed-only
Show only packages which are not installed. + The old option name
--uninstalled-only is still acceptable, but should be considered deprecated.

-t, --type type
Search only for packages of specified type. See section Package Types for a list
of available package types. Multiple --type options are allowed. + See also the
type-specific query commands like packages, patterns, etc.

-r, --repo alias|name|#|URI
Work only with the repository specified by the alias, name, number, or URI. This
option can be used multiple times.

--sort-by-name
Sort packages by name (default).

--sort-by-repo
Sort packages by repository, not by name.

-s, --details
Show all available versions of matching packages, each version in each repository
on a separate line.

-v, --verbose
Like --details with additional information where the search has matched (useful
when searching for dependencies, e.g. --provides).

Examples:

$ zypper se 'yast*'
Search for YaST packages (quote the string to prevent the shell from expanding
the wildcard).

$ zypper se -s --match-exact kernel-default
Show all available versions of package kernel-default

$ zypper se -dC --match-words RSI
Look for RSI acronym (case-sensitively), also in summaries and descriptions.

packages (pa) [options] [repository]...
List all available packages or all packages from specified repositories. Similar to
zypper search -s -t package.

-r, --repo alias|name|#|URI
Just another means to specify repositories.

-i, --installed-only
Show only installed packages.

-u, --not-installed-only
Show only packages which are not installed. + The old option name
--uninstalled-only is still acceptable, but should be considered deprecated.

--orphaned
Show packages which are orphaned (without repository).

--suggested
Show packages which are suggested.

--recommended
Show packages which are recommended.

--unneeded
Show packages which are unneeded.

patches (pch) [options] [repository]...
List all available patches from specified repositories, including those not needed.
Short for zypper lp -a.

-r, --repo alias|name'|#|URI
Just another means to specify repositories.

patterns (pt) [options] [repository]...
List all available patterns or all patterns from specified repositories. Similar to
zypper search -s -t pattern.

-r, --repo alias|name|#|URI
Just another means to specify repositories.

-i, --installed-only
Show only installed patterns.

-u, --not-installed-only
Show only patterns which are not installed. + The old option name
--uninstalled-only is still acceptable, but should be considered deprecated.

products (pd) [options] [repository]...
List all available products or all products from specified repositories. Similar to
zypper search -s -t product, but shows also the type of the product (base, add-on).

-r, --repo 'alias|name|#|URI
Just another means to specify repositories.

-i, --installed-only
Show only installed products.

-u, --not-installed-only
Show only products which are not installed. + The old option name
--uninstalled-only is still acceptable, but should be considered deprecated.

--xmlfwd tag
XML output only: Literally forward the XML tag, if it is found in an installed
products .prod-file (in /etc/products.d). + Using this option, for each installed
product an <xmlfwd> node will be created inside the <product> output node of the
product. + Tag defines the name (or /-separated path) of a xml-tag inside an
installed products .prod-file. If the tag is present inside the products
.prod-file, the tag and it’s content is literally forwarded into the products
<xmlfwd> output node. + The option may be specified multiple times.

Examples:

$ zypper -x pd --xmlfwd name --xmlfwd register/target

what-provides (wp) capability
List all packages providing the specified capability. See also the install command for
info about specifying capabilities.

The command line is automatically transformed into the appropriate search command,
e.g.:

$ zypper what-provides 'zypper>1.6'

$ zypper se --provides --match-exact 'zypper>1.6'

Repository Management
Zypper is able to work with YaST, RPM-MD (yum) software repositories, and plain
directories containing .rpm files.

Repositories are primarily identified using their URI or alias. Alias serves as a
shorthand for the long URI or name of the repository. The name of the repository should
briefly describe the repository and is shown to the user in tables and messages. The name
is not required, and if not known, the alias is shown instead. The alias is required and
uniquely identifies the repository on the system.

The alias, name, URI, or the number from zypper repos list can be used to specify a
repository as an argument of various zypper commands and options like refresh, --repo, or
--from.

Apart from the above, repositories have several other properties which can be set using
the commands described in this section below, or by manually editing the repository
definition files (.repo files, see section FILES).

Variable substitution:
You can use the following variables within a .repo or .service files name and URI values:

$arch
Use this variable to refer to the system’s CPU architecture.

$basearch
Use this variable to refer to the base architecture of the system. For example, iX86
machines have a base architecture of i386, while AMD64 and Intel64 have x86_64.

$releasever, $releasever_major, $releasever_minor
Use this variable to refer to the version of your openSUSE or SUSE Linux. The value is
obtained from the /product/version XML-node in /etc/products.d/baseproduct. + This is
useful for related repositories like packman
(http://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/linux/packman/suse/$releasever), which shall always fit the
installed distribution, even after a distribution upgrade. To help performing a
distribution upgrade, the value of $releasever can be overwritten using the
--releasever global option. This way you can easily switch all repositories using
$releasever to the new version (provided the server layouts did not change and new
repos are already available). + In addition $releasever_major will be set to the
leading portion up to (but not including) the 1st dot; $releasever_minor to the
trailing portion after the 1st dot. If there’s no dot in $releasever,
$releasever_major is the same as $releasever and $releasever_minor is empty.

Custom Variables
A custom repository variable is defined by creating a file in /etc/zypp/vars.d. The
variable name equals the file name. The files first line (up to but not including the
newline character) defines the variables value. Valid variable(file) names consist of
alphanumeric chars and underscore only.

Remember to protect the $ when using these variables on a shell command line:
zypper ar -f http://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/linux/packman/suse/\$releasever packman

If a variable is followed by an alphanumeric character or underscore it needs to be
enclosed in {}:
zypper ar -f http://ftp.gwdg.de/pub/linux/packman/suse/\${’releasever'}_packman

Bash style definition of default ${’variable':-’word'} and alternate ${’variable':+’word'}
values:
SLE-${’releasever_major'}${’releasever_minor':+-SP-$releasever_minor}

To check where you already use $releasever call:
zypper --releasever @--HERE--@ lr -u

NOTE:
Variable substitution within an URIs authority is limited to host and port. Bash style
definition of default and alternate values is not supported. No variables can be used
in an URIs scheme, user and password.

Supported URI formats:
scheme: @]host[:’port']] /’path' [?’query'] [#’fragment']
Special characters occurring in URI components (like a @ in a password) must be
%-encoded (%40).

CD or DVD drive
Optionally with devices list for probing.

;; *cd:///*
;; *dvd:/subdir*'?devices=/dev/sr0,/dev/sr1'

FTP/HTTP/HTTPS directory tree
The ftp URL scheme supports absolute and relative paths to the default ftp server
directory (RFC1738, Section 3.2.2). To use an absolute path, you have to prepend the
path with an additional slash, what results in a /%2f combination (second / encoded to
%2f) at the begin of the URL path. This is important, especially in user authenticated
ftp, where the users home is usually the default directory of the server (except when
the server chroots into the users home directory). + Explicit proxy settings may be
passed via optional parameters proxy, proxyport, proxyuser and proxypass. + HTTP
authentication methods to use can be defined as comma separated list via optional
parameter auth. Valid methods are e.g. basic, digest, ntlm, negotiate. Note, that this
list depends on the list of methods supported by the curl library. + SSL verification
behavior can be changed using the ssl_verify option (this should be used with care).
Valid values are yes (the secure default), host, peer or no. Host just checks that the
"Common Name" field or a "Subject Alternate Name" field in the servers certificate
matches the host name in the URL. Peer just verifies whether the certificate provided
by the server is authentic against the chain of digital signatures found in
ssl_capath. No performs no checks at all. Yes is the secure default, performing host
and peer check. + For SSL client certificate authentication use the options
ssl_clientcert to define the path to the ssl client certificate and ssl_clientkey to
define the path to the SSL client key. Use ssl_capath to change the directory holding
the CA certificates (default is /etc/ssl/certs).

;; *ftp://user:pass@server/path/to/media/dir*
;; *ftp://user:pass@server/%2fhome/user/path/to/media/dir*
;; *http://user:pass@server/path*
;; *https://user:pass@server/path*'?proxy=foo&proxyuser=me&proxypass=pw'
;; *https://server/path*'?ssl_clientcert=/entitlement/1234.pem&ssl_clientkey=/entitlement/1234-key.pem'

Disk volume (partition)
Mandatory device parameter specifying the name of the block device to mount. The name
of the optional filesystem defaults to "auto".

;; *hd:/subdir?device=/dev/sda1*'&filesystem=reiserfs'

Local directory tree
;; dir:/directory/name

Media in an ISO image (loopback mounted)
+ Mandatory iso parameter specifying the name of the iso file. Optional url parameter
specifying the URL to the directory containing the iso file. Optional mnt parameter
specifying the preferred attach point for the source media url. Optional filesystem
name of the filesystem used in the iso file. Defaults to "auto".

;; *iso:/?iso=CD1.iso*'&url=nfs://server/path/to/media'
;; *iso:/?iso=CD1.iso*'&url=hd:/?device=/dev/hda'
;; *iso:/subdir?iso=DVD1.iso*'&url=nfs://nfs-server/directory&mnt=/nfs/attach/point&filesystem=udf'

NFS exported directory tree
To use NFSv4 either use schema tnfsv4:// or pass an optional parameter type=nfs4.
Additional mountoptions can be passed as comma separated list. Defaults to "ro".

;; *nfs://nfs-server/exported/path*
;; *nfs://nfs-server/exported/path*'?mountoptions=ro&type=nfs4'
;; *nfs4://nfs-server/exported/path*'?mountoptions=ro'

CIFS/SMB directory tree
There is no difference between cifs and smb scheme (any more). In both cases the cifs
filesystem is used. Additional mountoptions can be passed as comma separated list.
Defaults to "ro,guest". Specify "noguest" to turn off "guest". This is necessary if
Samba is configured to reject guest connections. + Optional workgroup or domain
parameter set the name of the workgroup. As alternative to passing username:password
in the URI authority the parameters user and pass can be used.

;; *smb://servername/share/path/on/the/share*
;; *cifs://usern:passw@servername/share/path/on/the/share*'?mountoptions=ro,noguest'
;; *cifs://usern:passw@servername/share/path/on/the/share*'?workgroup=mygroup'
;; *cifs://servername/share/path/on/the/share*'?user=usern&pass=passw'

OpenSUSE Build Build Service (OBS) repositories
Zypper also accepts special URIs identifying openSUSE Build Service (OBS) repositories
in the addrepo command. These URIs have the form of obs://’project'/[platform], where
project is the name of the OBS project and platform is the target platform (OS) for
which the repository is intended. + If platform is omitted, openSUSE_$releasever is
used unless a value for obs.platform is defined in zypper.conf. If you are following
openSUSE_Factory or openSUSE_Tumbleweed you may need to set these as your default
platform. But we can only guess, how the directory containing the repository that fits
your distribution is named on the server. In case of doubt you need to look up the
right URL in a browser.

;; *obs://zypp:Head/*
;; *obs://zypp:Head/openSUSE_Factory*
;; *obs://zypp:Head/openSUSE_Factory_Staging_Gcc49_standard*

addrepo (ar) [options] URI alias

addrepo (ar) [options] FILE.repo
Add a new repository specified by URI and assign specified alias to it or specify URI
to a .repo file. + Newly added repositories have auto-refresh disabled by default
(except for repositories imported from a .repo, having the auto-refresh enabled). To
enable auto-refresh use addrepo -f, or the --refresh option of the modifyrepo command.
+ Also, this command does not automatically refresh the newly added repositories. The
repositories will get refreshed when used for the first time, or you can use the
refresh command after finishing your modifications with *repo commands.

-r, --repo file.repo
Read URI and alias from specified .repo file

-c, --check
Probe given URI.

-C, --no-check
Don’t probe URI, probe later during refresh.

-n, --name name
Specify descriptive name for the repository.

-e, --enable
Enable the repository (the default).

-d, --disable
Add the repository as disabled. Repositories are added as enabled by default.

-f, --refresh
Enable autorefresh of the repository. The autorefresh is disabled by default when
adding new repositories.

-F, --no-refresh
Disable auto-refresh for the repository.

-p, --priority positive-integer
Set the priority of the repository. Priority of 1 is the highest, the higher the
number the lower the priority. -p 0 will set the priority back to the default
(99). Packages from repositories with higher priority will be preferred even in
case there is a higher installable version available in the repository with a
lower priority.

-k, --keep-packages
Enable RPM files caching for the repository.

-K, --no-keep-packages
Disable RPM files caching.

-g, --gpgcheck
Enable GPG check for this repository. The behavior as described in section GPG
checks.

--gpgcheck-strict
Enable strict GPG check for this repository. Even packages from signed
repositories need a valid GPG signature and using unsigned packages must be
confirmed.

--gpgcheck-allow-unsigned
Short hand for --gpgcheck-allow-unsigned-repo --gpgcheck-allow-unsigned-package

--gpgcheck-allow-unsigned-repo
Enable GPG check but allow the repository metadata to be unsigned.

--gpgcheck-allow-unsigned-package
Enable GPG check but allow installing unsigned packages from this repository.

-G, --no-gpgcheck
Disable GPG check for this repository. + Disabling GPG checks is not recommended.
Signing data enables the recipient to verify that no modifications occurred after
the data were signed. Accepting data with no, wrong or unknown signature can lead
to a corrupted system and in extreme cases even to a system compromise.

--default-gpgcheck
Use the global GPG check settings defined in /etc/zypp/zypp.conf. This is the
default. + Unless you have modified your zypp.conf settings, this is the same as
--gpgcheck, the behavior as described in section GPG checks.

Examples:

$ zypper ar -c -n 'Packman 11.1 repo' http://packman.iu-bremen.de/suse/11.1
packman
Add a HTTP repository, probe it, name it Packman 11.1 repo, and use packman as
alias.

$ zypper ar
https://download.opensuse.org/repositories/zypp:/svn/openSUSE_Factory/zypp:svn.repo

$ zypper ar myreposbackup.repo
Add repositories from a .repo file.

removerepo (rr) [options] alias|name|#|URI...
Delete repositories specified by aliases, names, numbers, URIs or one of the aggregate
options.

--loose-auth
Ignore user authentication data in the URI

--loose-query
Ignore query string in the URI

-a, --all
Apply changes to all repositories.

-l, --local
Apply changes to all local repositories.

-t, --remote
Apply changes to all remote repositories (http/https/ftp).

-m, --medium-type type
Apply changes to repositories of specified type. The type corresponds to the
repository URI scheme identifier like http, dvd, etc. You can find complete list
of valid types at http://en.opensuse.org/openSUSE:Libzypp_URIs.

repos (lr) [options] [repo]...
List all defined repositories or show detailed information about those specified as
arguments + The following data can be printed for each repository found on the system:
# (repository number), Alias (unique identifier), Name, Enabled (whether the
repository is enabled), GPG Check (whether GPG check for repository metadata (r)
and/or downloaded rpm packages (p) is enabled), Refresh (whether auto-refresh is
enabled for the repository), Priority, Type (repository meta-data type: rpm-md, yast2,
plaindir). Which of the data is shown is determined by command line options listed
below and the main.repoListColumns setting from zypper.conf. By default, #, Alias,
Name, Enabled, GPG Check and Refresh is shown. + Repository number is a unique
identifier of the repository in current set of repositories. If you add, remove or
change a repository, the numbers may change. Keep that in mind when using the numbers
with the repository handling commands. On the other hand, using the alias instead of
the number is always safe. + To show detailed information about specific repositories,
specify them as arguments, either by alias, name, number from simple zypper lr, or by
URI; e.g. fB zypper lr factory, or zypper lr 2.

-e, --export FILE.repo|-
This option causes zypper to write repository definition of all defined
repositories into a single file in repo file format. If - is specified instead of
a file name, the repositories will be written to the standard output.

-a, --alias
Add alias column to the output.

-n, --name
Add name column to the output.

-u, --uri
Add base URI column to the output.

-p, --priority
Add repository priority column to the output.

-r, --refresh
Add the autorefresh column to the output.

-d, --details
Show more information like URI, priority, type, etc.

-E, --show-enabled-only
Show enabled repositories only.

-U, --sort-by-uri
Add base URI column and sort the list it.

-P, --sort-by-priority
Add repository priority column and sort the list by it.

-A, --sort-by-alias
Sort the list by alias.

-N, --sort-by-name
Sort the list by name.

Examples:

$ zypper repos -e myreposbackup.repo
Backup your repository setup:

$ zypper lr -pu
List repositories with their URIs and priorities:

renamerepo (nr) alias|name|#|URI new-alias
Assign new alias to the repository specified by alias, name, number, or URI.

Examples:

$ zypper nr 8 myrepo
Rename repository number 8 to myrepo (useful if the repo has some dreadful
alias which is not usable on the command line).

modifyrepo (mr) options alias|name|#|URI...

modifyrepo (mr) options --all|--remote|--local|--medium-type
Modify properties of repositories specified by alias, name, number, or URI or one of
the aggregate options.

-n, --name name
Set a descriptive name for the repository.

-e, --enable
Enable the repository.

-d, --disable
Disable the repository.

-f, --refresh (legacy: -r)
Enable auto-refresh for the repository.

-F, --no-refresh (legacy: -R)
Disable auto-refresh for the repository.

-k, --keep-packages
Enable RPM files caching.

-K, --no-keep-packages
Disable RPM files caching.

-g, --gpgcheck
Enable GPG check for this repository. The behavior as described in section GPG
checks.

--gpgcheck-strict
Enable strict GPG check for this repository. Even packages from signed
repositories need a valid GPG signature and using unsigned packages must be
confirmed.

--gpgcheck-allow-unsigned
Short hand for --gpgcheck-allow-unsigned-repo --gpgcheck-allow-unsigned-package

--gpgcheck-allow-unsigned-repo
Enable GPG check but allow the repository metadata to be unsigned.

--gpgcheck-allow-unsigned-package
Enable GPG check but allow installing unsigned packages from this repository.

-a, --all
Apply changes to all repositories.

-l, --local
Apply changes to all local repositories.

-t, --remote
Apply changes to all remote repositories (http/https/ftp).

Examples:

$ zypper mr -kt
Enable keeping of packages for all remote repositories.

$ zypper mr -er updates
Enable repository updates and switch on autorefresh for the repo.

$ zypper mr -da
Disable all repositories.

refresh (ref) [alias|name|#|URI]...
Refresh repositories specified by their alias, name, number, or URI. If no
repositories are specified, all enabled repositories will be refreshed.

-f, --force
Force a complete refresh of specified repositories. This option will cause both
the download of raw metadata and parsing of the metadata to be forced even if
everything indicates a refresh is not needed.

-b, --force-build
Force only reparsing of cached metadata and rebuilding of the database. Raw
metadata download will not be forced.

-d, --force-download
Force only download of current copy of repository metadata. Parsing and rebuild of
the database will not be forced.

-B, --build-only
Only parse the metadata and build the database, don’t download raw metadata into
the cache. This will enable you to repair damaged database from cached data
without accessing network at all.

-D, --download-only
Only download the raw metadata, don’t parse it or build the database.

-s, --services
Refresh also services before refreshing repositories.

clean (cc) [options] [alias|name|#|URI]...
Clean the local caches for all known or specified repositories. By default, only
caches of downloaded packages are cleaned.

-m, --metadata
Clean repository metadata cache instead of package cache.

-M, --raw-metadata
Clean repository raw metadata cache instead of package cache.

-a, --all
Clean both repository metadata and package caches.

Service Management
The services, addservice, removeservice, modifyservice, and refresh-services commands
serve for manipulating services. A service is specified by its URI and needs to have a
unique alias defined (among both services and repositories).

Standalone repositories (not belonging to any service) are treated like services, too. The
ls command will list them, ms command will modify them, etc. Repository specific options,
like --keep-packages are not available here, though. You can use repository handling
commands to manipulate them.

addservice (as) [options] URI alias
Adds a service specified by URI to the system. The alias must be unique and serves to
identify the service. + Newly added services are not refreshed automatically. Use the
refresh-services command to refresh them. Zypper does not access the service URI when
adding the service, so the type of the services is unknown until it is refreshed. +

-n, --name name
Specify descriptive name for the service.

-e, --enable
Enable the service (this is the default).

-d, --disable
Add the service as disabled.

-f, --refresh
Enable auto-refresh of the service.

-F, --no-refresh
Disable auto-refresh of the service.

removeservice (rs) [options] alias|name|#|URI...
Remove specified service from the system. Removing a service will also remove of all
of its repositories.

--loose-auth
Ignore user authentication data in the URI.

--loose-query
Ignore query string in the URI.

modifyservice (ms) options alias|name|#|URI

modifyservice (ms) options --all|--remote|--local|--medium-type
Modify properties of specified services.

Common Options
These options are common to all types of services and repositories.

-n, --name name
Set a descriptive name for the service.

-e, --enable
Enable a disabled service.

-d, --disable
Disable the service (but don’t remove it).

-f, --refresh (legacy: -r)
Enable auto-refresh of the service.

-F, --no-refresh (legacy: -R)
Disable auto-refresh of the service.

-a, --all
Apply changes to all services.

-l, --local
Apply changes to all local services.

-t, --remote
Apply changes to all remote services.

-m, --medium-type type
Apply changes to services of specified type.

RIS Service Specific Options
These options are ignored by services other than Repository Index Services.

-i, --ar-to-enable alias
Schedule an RIS service repository to be enabled at next service refresh.

-I, --ar-to-disable alias
Schedule an RIS service repository to be disabled at next service refresh.

-j, --rr-to-enable alias
Remove a RIS service repository to enable.

-J, --rr-to-disable "alias'
Remove a RIS service repository to disable.

-k, --cl-to-enable
Clear the list of RIS repositories to enable.

-K, --cl-to-disable
Clear the list of RIS repositories to disable.

services (ls) [options]
List services defined on the system.

-u, --uri
Show also base URI of repositories.

-p, --priority
Show also repository priority.

-d, --details
Show more information like URI, priority, type.

-r, --with-repos
Show also repositories belonging to the services.

-P, --sort-by-priority
Sort the list by repository priority.

-E, --show-enabled-only
Show enabled services only. If used together with --with-repos a disabled services
owning (manually) enabled repositories are shown as well.

-U, --sort-by-uri
Sort the list by URI.

-N, --sort-by-name
Sort the list by name.

refresh-services (refs) [options] alias|name|#|URI...
Refreshing a service means executing the service’s special task. + RIS services add,
remove, or modify repositories on your system based on current content of the
repository index. A differing enabled/disabled state caused by manually calling
modify-repo on a service repository however will not be reverted unless the
--restore-status option is used, or the repository index explicitly requests the
change. + Services only manage defined repositories, they do not refresh them. To
refresh also repositories, use --with-repos option or the refresh command.

-f, --force
Force a complete refresh of specified services. This option will cause both the
download of raw metadata and parsing of the metadata to be forced even if
everything indicates a refresh is not needed.

-r, --with-repos
Refresh also the service repositories.

-R, --restore-status
Also restore service repositories enabled/disabled state to the repository index
default. Useful after you manually changed some service repositories enabled
state.

Package Locks Management
Package locks serve the purpose of preventing changes to the set of installed packages on
the system. The locks are stored in form of a query in /etc/zypp/locks file (see also
locks(5)). Packages matching this query are then forbidden to change their installed
status; an installed package can’t be removed, not installed package can’t be installed.
When requesting to install or remove such locked package, you will get a dependency
problem dialog.

locks (ll)
List currently active package locks.

-m, --matches
Show the number of resolvables matched by each lock. This option requires loading
the repositories.

-s, --solvables
List the resolvables matched by each lock. This option requires loading the
repositories.

addlock (al) [options] package-name...
Add a package lock. Specify packages to lock by exact name or by a glob pattern using
* and ? wildcard characters.

-r, --repo alias|name|#|URI
Restrict the lock to the specified repository.

-t, --type type
Lock only packages of specified type (default: package). See section Package Types
for list of available package types.

removelock (rl) [options] lock-number|package-name...
Remove specified package lock. Specify the lock to remove by its number obtained with
zypper locks or by the package name.

-r, --repo alias|name|#|URI
Restrict the lock to the specified repository.

-t, --type type
Restrict the lock to packages of specified type (default: package). See section
Package Types for list of available package types.

cleanlocks (cl)
Remove unused locks. + This command looks for locks that do not currently (with regard
to repositories used) lock any package and for each such lock it asks user whether to
remove it.

Other Commands
versioncmp (vcmp) version1 version2
Compare the versions supplied as arguments and tell whether version1 is older or newer
than version2 or the two version strings match. + The default output is in
human-friendly form. If --terse global option is used, the result is an integer
number, negative/positive if version1 is older/newer than version2, zero if they
match.

-m, --match
Takes missing release number as any release.

For example:

$ zypper vcmp -m 0.15.3 0.15.3-2
0.15.3 matches 0.15.3-2

$ zypper vcmp 0.15.3 0.15.3-2
0.15.3 is older than 0.15.3-2

targetos (tos)
Shows the ID string of the target operating system. The string has a form of
distroname-architecture. The string is determined by libzypp, the distroname is read
from (current-rootdir)/etc/products.d/baseproduct and the architecture is determined
from uname and CPU flags.

licenses
Prints a report about licenses and 'EULA’s of installed packages to standard output. +
First, a list of all packages and their licenses and/or EULAs is shown. This is
followed by a summary, including the total number of installed packages, the number of
installed packages with EULAs that required a confirmation from the user. Since the
EULAs are not stored on the system and can only be read from repository metadata, the
summary includes also the number of installed packages that have their counterpart in
repositories. The report ends with a list of all licenses uses by the installed
packages. + This command can be useful for companies redistributing a custom
distribution (like appliances) to figure out what licenses they are bound by.

download
Download rpms specified on the commandline to a local directory. + Per default
packages are downloaded to the libzypp package cache (/var/cache/zypp/packages; for
non-root users $XDG_CACHE_HOME/zypp/packages), but this can be changed by using the
global --pkg-cache-dir option. + Parsable XML-output produced by zypper --xmlout will
include a <download-result> node for each package zypper tried to download. Upon
success the location of the downloaded package is found in the path attribute of the
<localfile> subnode (xpath: download-result/localpath@path): +

<download-result>
<solvable>
<kind>package</kind>
<name>zypper</name>
<edition epoch="0" version="1.9.17" release="26.1"/>
<arch>x86_64</arch>
<repository name="repo-oss-update (13.1)" alias="openSUSE:repo-oss-update"/>
</solvable>
<localfile path="/var/cache/zypp/pac.../zypper-1.9.17-26.1.x86_64.rpm"/>
</download-result>

--all-matches
Download all versions matching the commandline arguments. Otherwise only the best
version of each matching package is downloaded.

--dry-run
Don’t download any package, just report what would be done.

source-download
Download source rpms for all installed packages to a local directory.

-d, --directory dir
Download all source rpms to this directory. Default is
/var/cache/zypper/source-download.

--delete
Delete extraneous source rpms in the local directory. This is the default.

--no-delete
Do not delete extraneous source rpms.

--status
Don’t download any source rpms, but show which source rpms are missing or
extraneous.

ps
After each upgrade or removal of packages, there may be running processes on the
system which continue to use meanwhile deleted files. zypper ps lists all processes
using deleted files, together with the corresponding files, and a service name hint,
in case it’s a known service. This gives a hint which services may need to be
restarted after an update. Usually programs which continue to use deleted shared
libraries. The list contains the following information:

PID
ID of the process

PPID
ID of the parent process

UID
ID of the user running the process

Command
Command used to execute the process

Service
Service name, if command is associated with a system service

Files
The list of the deleted files

-s, --short
Create a short table not showing the deleted files. Given twice, show only
processes which are associated with a system service. Given three times, list
the associated system service names only.

--print format
For each associated system service print format on the standard output,
followed by a newline. Any %s directive in format is replaced by the system
service name.

-d, --debugFile filename
Output a file with all proc entries that make it into the final set of used
open files. This can be submitted as additional information in a bug report.

Examples:

$ zypper ps -ss
Show only processes associated with a system service.

$ zypper ps -sss
Short for zypper ps --print "%s"; list services which might need a restart.

$ zypper ps --print "systemctl status %s"
Let zypper print the commands to retrieve status information for services which
might need a restart.

Subommands
subcommand
Lists available subcommands in /usr/lib/zypper/commands and from elsewhere on your
$PATH. See section SUBCOMMANDS for details.

GLOBAL OPTIONS

-h, --help
Help. If a command is specified together with --help option, command specific help is
displayed.

-V, --version
Print zypper version number and exit.

-c, --config file
Use the specified zypper config file instead of the default zypper.conf. Other command
line options specified together with --config and having their counterpart in the
zypper config file are still preferred. + The order of preference with --config is as
follows:

1. Command line options

2. --config file

3. [/etc/zypp/zypp.conf] (system-wide defaults for all libzypp based applications)

NOTE: Use and location of the system-wide /etc/zypp/zypp.conf can not be changed
this way. It’s mentioned here just because some zypper command line options allow one
to overwrite system-wide defaults defined in zypp.conf.

+ See also FILES section for more information.

-v, --verbose
Increase verbosity. For debugging output specify this option twice.

-q, --quiet
Suppress normal output. Brief (esp. result notification) messages and error messages
will still be printed, though. If used together with conflicting --verbose option, the
--verbose option takes preference.

--[no-]color
Whether to use colors in output if tty supports it. For details see the [color]
section in zypper.conf.

-A, --no-abbrev
Do not abbreviate text in tables. By default zypper will try to abbreviate texts in
some columns so that the table fits the width of the screen. If you need to see the
whole text, use this option.

-t, --terse
Terse output for machine consumption. Implies --no-abbrev and --no-color.

-s, --table-style
Specifies table style to use. Table style is identified by an integer number.

-n, --non-interactive
Switches to non-interactive mode. In this mode zypper doesn’t ask user to type answers
to various prompts, but uses default answers automatically. Those default answers also
depend on other options like --no-gpg-checks or --ignore-unknown.

--non-interactive-include-reboot-patches
In non-interactive mode do not skip patches which have the rebootSuggested-flag set.
Otherwise these patches are considered to be interactive, like patches including a
licenses or some message to confirm. NOTE: This option does not turn on
non-interactive mode.

-x, --xmlout
Switches to XML output. This option is useful for scripts or graphical frontends using
zypper.

-i, --ignore-unknown
Ignore unknown packages. This option is useful for scripts, because when installing in
--non-interactive mode zypper expects each command line argument to match at least one
known package. Unknown names or globbing expressions with no match are treated as an
error unless this option is used.

-D, --reposd-dir dir
Use the specified directory to look for the repository definition (.repo) files. The
default value is /etc/zypp/repos.d.

-C, --cache-dir dir
Use an alternative root directory for all caches. The default value is
/var/cache/zypp.

--raw-cache-dir dir
Use the specified directory for storing raw copies of repository metadata files. The
default value is /var/cache/zypp/raw.

--solv-cache-dir dir
Use the specified directory to store the repository metadata cache database files
(solv files). The default value is /var/cache/zypp/solv.

--pkg-cache-dir dir
Use the specified directory for storing downloaded rpm packages. (see addrepo
--keep-packages) The default value is /var/cache/zypp/packages.

--userdata string
User data is expected to be a simple string without special chars or embedded newlines
and may serve as transaction id. It will be written to all install history log entries
created throughout this specific zypper call. It will also be passed on to zypp
plugins executed during commit. This will enable e.g. a btrfs plugin to tag created
snapshots with this string. For zypper itself this string has no special meaning.

Repository Options:

--no-gpg-checks
Ignore GPG check failures and continue. If a GPG issue occurs when using this option
zypper prints and logs a warning and automatically continues without interrupting the
operation. Use this option with caution, as you can easily overlook security problems
by using it. (see section GPG checks) +

--gpg-auto-import-keys
If new repository signing key is found, do not ask what to do; trust and import it
automatically. This option causes that the new key is imported also in non-interactive
mode, where it would otherwise got rejected.

-p, --plus-repo URI
Use an additional repository for this operation. The repository aliased tmp# and named
by the specified URI will be added for this operation and removed at the end. You can
specify this option multiple times.

--plus-content tag
Additionally use disabled repositories denoted by tag for this operation. If tag
matches a repositories alias, name or URL, or is a keyword defined in the repositories
metadata, the repository will be temporarily enabled for this operation. The
repository will then be refreshed and used according to the commands rules. You can
specify this option multiple times. + If a disabled repositories metadata are not
available in the local cache, they will be downloaded to scan for matching keywords.
Otherwise the keyword scan will use the metadata available in the local cache. Only if
used together with the refresh command, a keyword scan will refresh all disabled
repositories. +

To refresh all disabled repositories metadata:
zypper --plus-content '' ref

To include a disabled repository repo-debug in a search:
zypper --plus-content repo-debug search ...

To search only in a disabled repository repo-debug:
zypper --plus-content repo-debug search -r repo-debug ...

To enable all repos providing the debug keyword:
zypper in --plus-content debug some -debuginfo or -debugsource package

--disable-repositories
Do not read metadata from repositories. This option will prevent loading of packages
from repositories, thus making zypper work only with the installed packages (if
--disable-system-resolvables was not specified).

--no-refresh
Do not auto-refresh repositories (ignore the auto-refresh setting). Useful to save
time when doing operations like search, if there is not a need to have a completely up
to date metadata.

--no-cd
Ignore CD/DVD repositories. When this option is specified, zypper acts as if the
CD/DVD repositories were not defined at all.

--no-remote
Ignore remote repositories like http, ftp, smb and similar. This makes using zypper
easier when being offline. When this option is specified, zypper acts as if the remote
repositories were not defined at all.

--releasever version
Set the value of the $releasever variable in all .repo files (default: current
distribution version). This can be used to switch to new distribution repositories
when performing a distribution upgrade. See section Repository Management and the
dist-upgrade (dup) command for details. +

To check where you already use $releasever call:
zypper --releasever @--HERE--@ lr -u

Target Options:

-R, --root dir
Operates on a different root directory. This option influences the location of the
repos.d directory and the metadata cache directory and also causes rpm to be run with
the --root option to do the actual installation or removal of packages. See also the
FILES section.

--installroot dir
Behaves like --root but shares the repositories with the host system.

--disable-system-resolvables
This option serves mainly for testing purposes. It will cause zypper to act as if
there were no packages installed in the system. Use with caution as you can damage
your system using this option.

SUBCOMMANDS

       Zypper subcommands are inspired by git(1). Subcommands are standalone executables that
       live in the zypper_execdir (/usr/lib/zypper/commands). For subcommands zypper provides a
       wrapper that knows where the subcommands live, and runs them by passing command options
       and arguments to them. If a subcommand is not found in the zypper_execdir, the wrapper
       will look in the rest of your $PATH for it. Thus, it’s possible to write local zypper
       extensions that don’t live in system space.

       This is how to add your own subcommand zypper mytask:

       •   The executable must be named zypper-’mytask'.

       •   The executable must be located your $PATH.

       •   A manpage for zypper-’mytask' should be provided and explaining the commands options
           and return values. It will be shown when calling zypper help mytask.

       •   Zypper built-in commands take precedence over subcommands with the same name.

       •   It’s fine to call zypper or use libzypp from within your subcommand.

       You can use the built-in zypper subcommand command to get a list of all subcommands in
       zypper_execdir and from elsewhere on your $PATH.

       Using zypper global-options together with subcommands, as well as executing subcommands in
       zypper shell is currently not supported.

FILES

/etc/zypp/zypper.conf, $HOME/.zypper.conf
Global (system-wide) and user’s configuration file for zypper. These files are read
when zypper starts up and --config option is not used. + User’s settings are preferred
over global settings. Similarly, command line options override the settings in either
of these files. To sum it up, the order of preference is as follows (from highest to
lowest):

1. Command line options

2. $HOME/.zypper.conf

3. /etc/zypp/zypper.conf

4. [/etc/zypp/zypp.conf] (system-wide defaults for all libzypp based applications)

See the comments in /etc/zypp/zypper.conf for a list and description of available
options.

NOTE: The system-wide /etc/zypp/zypp.conf is mentioned here just because some
zypper command line options allow one to overwrite system-wide defaults defined there.
zypp.conf and zypper.conf have different content and serve different purpose.

/etc/zypp/zypp.conf
ZYpp configuration file affecting all libzypp based applications. See the comments in
the file for description of configurable properties. Many locations of files and
directories listed in this section are configurable via zypp.conf. The location for
this file itself can be redefined only by setting $ZYPP_CONF in the environment.

/etc/zypp/locks
File with package lock definitions, see locks(5) manual page for details. The package
lock commands (addlock, removelock, etc.) can be used to manipulate this file. + This
file is used by all ZYpp-based applications.

/etc/zypp/repos.d
Directory containing repository definition (*.repo) files. You can use the Repository
Management commands to manipulate these files, or you can edit them yourself. In
either case, after doing the modifications, executing *zypper refresh* is strongly
recommended. + You can use the --reposd-dir global option to use an alternative
directory for this purpose or the --root option to make this directory relative to the
specified root directory. + This directory is used by all ZYpp-based applications.

/etc/zypp/services.d
Directory containing service definition (*.service) files. You can use the Service
Management Commands to manipulate these files, or you can edit them yourself. Running
*zypper refs* is recommended after modifications have been done. + This directory is
used by all ZYpp-based applications.

/usr/lib/zypper/commands
System directory containing zypper extensions (see section SUBCOMMANDS)

/var/cache/zypp/raw
Directory for storing raw metadata contained in repositories. Use the --raw-cache-dir
global option to use an alternative directory for this purpose or the --root option to
make this directory relative to the specified root directory. + This directory is used
by all ZYpp-based applications.

/var/cache/zypp/solv
Directory containing preparsed metadata in form of solv files. + This directory is
used by all ZYpp-based applications.

/var/cache/zypp/packages
If keeppackages property is set for a repository (see the modifyrepo command), all the
RPM file downloaded during installation will be kept here. See also the clean command
for cleaning these cache directories. + This directory is used by all ZYpp-based
applications.

/var/log/zypp/history
Installation history log.

~/.zypper_history
Command history for the zypper shell (see the shell command).

EXIT CODES

       There are several exit codes defined for zypper built-in commands for use e.g. within
       scripts. These codes are defined in header file src/zypper-main.h found in zypper source
       package. Codes below 100 denote an error, codes above 100 provide a specific information,
       0 represents a normal successful run. Following is a list of these codes with
       descriptions:

       0 - ZYPPER_EXIT_OK
           Successful run of zypper with no special info.

       1 - ZYPPER_EXIT_ERR_BUG
           Unexpected situation occurred, probably caused by a bug.

       2 - ZYPPER_EXIT_ERR_SYNTAX
           zypper was invoked with an invalid command or option, or a bad syntax.

       3 - ZYPPER_EXIT_ERR_INVALID_ARGS
           Some of provided arguments were invalid. E.g. an invalid URI was provided to the
           addrepo command.

       4 - ZYPPER_EXIT_ERR_ZYPP
           A problem is reported by ZYPP library.

       5 - ZYPPER_EXIT_ERR_PRIVILEGES
           User invoking zypper has insufficient privileges for specified operation.

       6 - ZYPPER_EXIT_NO_REPOS
           No repositories are defined.

       7 - ZYPPER_EXIT_ZYPP_LOCKED
           The ZYPP library is locked, e.g. packagekit is running.

       8 - ZYPPER_EXIT_ERR_COMMIT
           An error occurred during installation or removal of packages. You may run zypper
           verify to repair any dependency problems.

       100 - ZYPPER_EXIT_INF_UPDATE_NEEDED
           Returned by the patch-check command if there are patches available for installation.

       101 - ZYPPER_EXIT_INF_SEC_UPDATE_NEEDED
           Returned by the patch-check command if there are security patches available for
           installation.

       102 - ZYPPER_EXIT_INF_REBOOT_NEEDED
           Returned after a successful installation of a patch which requires reboot of computer.

       103 - ZYPPER_EXIT_INF_RESTART_NEEDED
           Returned after a successful installation of a patch which requires restart of the
           package manager itself. This means that one of patches to be installed affects the
           package manager itself and the command used (e.g. zypper update) needs to be executed
           once again to install any remaining patches.

       104 - ZYPPER_EXIT_INF_CAP_NOT_FOUND
           Returned by the install and the remove command in case any of the arguments does not
           match any of the available (or installed) package names or other capabilities.

       105 - ZYPPER_EXIT_ON_SIGNAL
           Returned upon exiting after receiving a SIGINT or SIGTERM.

       106 - ZYPPER_EXIT_INF_REPOS_SKIPPED
           Some repository had to be disabled temporarily because it failed to refresh. You
           should check your repository configuration (e.g. zypper ref -f).

       107 - ZYPPER_EXIT_INF_RPM_SCRIPT_FAILED
           Installation basically succeeded, but some of the packages %post install scripts
           returned an error. These packages were successfully unpacked to disk and are
           registered in the rpm database, but due to the failed install script they may not work
           as expected. The failed scripts output might reveal what actually went wrong. Any
           scripts output is also logged to /var/log/zypp/history.

       Zypper subcommands (see section SUBCOMMANDS) may return different codes which should be
       described in the commands man page. Call zypper help subcommand to see the subcommands man
       page if one is provided.

HOMEPAGE

       https://github.com/openSUSE/zypper

AUTHORS

       The zypper project was started by Martin Vidner, Jan Kupec, Michael Andres, Duncan
       Mac-Vicar Prett, Josef Reidinger and Stanislav Visnovsky. Many people have later
       contributed to it.

NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

CONCEPTS

COMMANDS

GLOBAL OPTIONS

SUBCOMMANDS

FILES

EXIT CODES

HOMEPAGE

AUTHORS

SEE ALSO