Provided by: bibclean_2.11.4.1-4build1_amd64 
NAME
bibclean - prettyprint and syntax check BibTeX and Scribe bibliography data base files
SYNOPSIS
bibclean [ -author ] [ -error-log filename ] [ -help ] [ -? ] [ -init-file filename ]
[ -long-field fieldname ] [ -max-width nnn ] [ -[no-]align-equals ] [ -[no-]check-values ]
[ -[no-]delete-empty-values ] [ -[no-]file-position ] [ -[no-]fix-font-changes ]
[ -[no-]fix-initials ] [ -[no-]fix-names ] [ -[no-]German-style ] [ -[no-]keep-linebreaks ]
[ -[no-]keep-parbreaks ] [ -[no-]keep-preamble-spaces ] [ -[no-]keep-spaces ]
[ -[no-]keep-string-spaces ] [ -[no-]parbreaks ] [ -[no-]prettyprint ] [ -[no-]print-patterns ]
[ -[no-]read-init-files ] [ -[no-]remove-OPT-prefixes ] [ -[no-]scribe ]
[ -[no-]trace-file-opening ] [ -[no-]warnings ] [ -version ]
( <infile | bibfile1 bibfile2 bibfile3 ... ) >outfile
All options can be abbreviated to a unique leading prefix.
An explicit file name of ``-'' represents standard input; it is assumed if no input files are specified.
DESCRIPTION
bibclean prettyprints input BibTeX files to stdout, and checks the brace balance and bibliography entry
syntax as well. It can be used to detect problems in BibTeX files that sometimes confuse even BibTeX
itself, and importantly, can be used to normalize the appearance of collections of BibTeX files.
Here is a summary of the formatting actions:
• BibTeX items are formatted into a consistent structure with one field = "value" pair per line, and the
initial @ and trailing right brace in column 1.
• Tabs are expanded into blank strings; their use is discouraged because they inhibit portability, and
can suffer corruption in electronic mail.
• Long string values are split at a blank and continued onto the next line with leading indentation.
• A single blank line separates adjacent bibliography entries.
• Text outside BibTeX entries is passed through verbatim.
• Outer parentheses around entries are converted to braces.
• Personal names in author and editor field values are normalized to the form ``P. D. Q. Bach'', from
``P.D.Q. Bach'' and ``Bach, P.D.Q.''.
• Hyphen sequences in page numbers are converted to en-dashes.
• Month values are converted to standard BibTeX string abbreviations.
• In titles, sequences of upper-case characters at brace level zero are braced to protect them from
being converted to lower-case letters by some bibliography styles.
• CODEN, ISBN (International Standard Book Number) and ISSN (International Standard Serial Number) entry
values are examined to verify the checksums of each listed number, and correct ISBN hyphenation is
automatically supplied.
The standardized format of the output of bibclean facilitates the later application of simple filters,
such as bibcheck(1), bibdup(1), bibextract(1), bibindex(1), bibjoin(1), biblabel(1), biblook(1),
biborder(1), bibsort(1), citefind(1), and citetags(1), to process the text, and also is the one expected
by the GNU Emacs BibTeX support functions.
OPTIONS
Command-line switches may be abbreviated to a unique leading prefix, and letter case is not significant.
All options are parsed before any input bibliography files are read, no matter what their order on the
command line. Options that correspond to a yes/no setting of a flag have a form with a prefix "no-" to
set the flag to no. For such options, the last setting determines the flag value used. This is
significant when options are also specified in initialization files (see the INITIALIZATION FILES manual
section).
The leading hyphen that distinguishes an option from a filename may be doubled, for compatibility with
GNU and POSIX conventions. Thus, -author and --author are equivalent.
To avoid confusion with options, if a filename begins with a hyphen, it must be disguised by a leading
absolute or relative directory path, e.g., /tmp/-foo.bib or ./-foo.bib.
-author Display an author credit on the standard error unit, stderr, and then exit with a success
return code. Sometimes an executable program is separated from its documentation and source
code; this option provides a way to recover from that.
-error-log filename
Redirect stderr to the indicated file, which will then contain all of the error and warning
messages. This option is provided for those systems that have difficulty redirecting stderr.
-help or -?
Display a help message on stderr, giving a usage description, similar to this section of the
manual pages, and then exit with a success return code.
-init-file filename
Provide an explicit value pattern initialization file. It will be processed after any system-
wide and job-wide initialization files, and may override them. It in turn may be overridden by
a subsequent file-specific initialization file. For further details, see the INITIALIZATION
FILES manual section.
-long-field fieldname
Suppress warnings that field named fieldname have lenghts exceeding the standard BibTeX limits.
NB! This is a Debian-specific extension!
-max-width nnn
bibclean normally limits output line widths to 72 characters, and in the interests of
consistency, that value should not be changed. Occasionally, special-purpose applications may
require different maximum line widths, so this option provides that capability. The number
following the option name can be specified in decimal, octal (starting with 0), or hexadecimal
(starting with 0x). A zero or negative value is interpreted to mean unlimited, so -max-width 0
can be used to ensure that each field/value pair appears on a single line.
When -no-prettyprint requests bibclean to act as a lexical analyzer, the default line width is
unlimited, unless overridden by this option.
When bibclean is prettyprinting, line wrapping will be done only at a space. Consequently, a
long non-blank character sequence may result in the output exceeding the requested line width.
When bibclean is lexing, line wrapping is done by inserting a backslash-newline pair when the
specified maximum is reached, so no line length will ever exceed the maximum.
-[no-]align-equals
With the positive form, align the equals sign in key/value assignments at the same column,
separated by a single space from the value string. Otherwise, the equals sign follows the key,
separated by a single space. Default: no.
-[no-]check-values
With the positive form, apply heuristic pattern matching to field values in order to detect
possible errors (e.g., ``year = "192"'' instead of ``year = "1992"''), and issue warnings when
unexpected patterns are found.
This checking is usually beneficial, but if it produces too many bogus warnings for a
particular bibliography file, you can disable it with the negative form of this option.
Default: yes.
-[no-]delete-empty-values
With the positive form, remove all field/value pairs for which the value is an empty string.
This is helpful in cleaning up bibliographies generated from text editor templates. Compare
this option with -[no-]remove-OPT-prefixes described below. Default: no.
-[no-]file-position
With the positive form, give detailed file position information in warning and error messages.
Default: no.
-[no-]fix-font-changes
With the positive form, supply an additional brace level around font changes in titles to
protect against downcasing by some BibTeX styles. Font changes that already have more than one
level of braces are not modified.
For example, if a title contains the Latin phrase {\em Dictyostelium Discoideum} or {\em
{D}ictyostelium {D}iscoideum}, then downcasing will incorrectly convert the phrase to lower-
case letters. Most BibTeX users are surprised that bracing the initial letters does not
prevent the downcase action. The correct coding is {{\em Dictyostelium Discoideum}}. However,
there are also legitimate cases where an extra level of bracing wrongly protects from
downcasing. Consequently, bibclean will normally not supply an extra level of braces, but if
you have a bibliography where the extra braces are routinely missing, you can use this option
to supply them.
If you think that you need this option, it is strongly recommended that you apply bibclean to
your bibliography file with and without -fix-font-changes, then compare the two output files to
ensure that extra braces are not being supplied in titles where they should not be present.
You will have to decide which of the two output files is the better choice, then repair the
incorrect title bracing by hand.
Since font changes in titles are uncommon, except for cases of the type which this option is
designed to correct, it should do more good than harm. Default: no.
-[no-]fix-initials
With the positive form, insert a space after a period following author initials. Default: yes.
-[no-]fix-names
With the positive form, reorder author and editor name lists to remove commas at brace level
zero, placing first names or initials before last names. Default: yes.
-[no-]German-style
With the positive form, interpret quote characters ["] inside braced value strings at brace
level 1 according to the conventions of the TeX style file german.sty, which overloads quote to
simplify input and representation of German umlaut accents, sharp-s (es-zet), ligature
separators, invisible hyphens, raised/lowered quotes, French guillemets, and discretionary
hyphens. Recognized character combinations will be braced to prevent BibTeX from interpreting
the quote as a string delimiter.
Quoted strings receive no special handling from this option, and since German nouns in titles
must anyway be protected from the downcasing operation of most BibTeX bibliography styles,
German value strings that use the overloaded quote character can always be entered in the form
"{...}", without the need to specify this option at all.
Default: no.
-[no-]keep-linebreaks
Normally, line breaks inside value strings are collapsed into a single space, so that long
value strings can later be broken to provide lines of reasonable length.
With the positive form, linebreaks are preserved in value strings. If -max-width is set to
zero, this preserves the original line breaks. Spacing outside value strings remains under
bibclean's control, and is not affected by this option.
Default: no.
-[no-]keep-parbreaks
With the positive form, preserve paragraph breaks (either formfeeds, or lines containing only
spaces) in value strings. Normally, paragraph breaks are collapsed into a single space.
Spacing outside value strings remains under bibclean's control, and is not affected by this
option. Default: no.
-[no-]keep-preamble-spaces
With the positive form, preserve all whitespace in @Preamble{...} entries. Default: no.
-[no-]keep-spaces
With the positive form, preserve all spaces in value strings. Normally, multiple spaces are
collapsed into a single space. This option can be used together with -keep-linebreaks, -keep-
parbreaks, and -max-width 0 to preserve the form of value strings while still providing syntax
and value checking. Spacing outside value strings remains under bibclean's control, and is not
affected by this option. Default: no.
-[no-]keep-string-spaces
With the positive form, preserve all whitespace in @String{...} entries. Default: no.
-[no-]parbreaks
With the negative form, a paragraph break (either a formfeed, or a line containing only spaces)
is not permitted in value strings, or between field/value pairs. This may be useful to quickly
trap runaway strings arising from mismatched delimiters. Default: yes.
-[no-]prettyprint
Normally, bibclean functions as a prettyprinter. However, with the negative form of this
option, it acts as a lexical analyzer instead, producing a stream of lexical tokens. See the
LEXICAL ANALYSIS manual section for further details. Default: yes.
-[no-]print-patterns
With the positive form, print the value patterns read from initialization files as they are
added to internal tables. Use this option to check newly-added patterns, or to see what
patterns are being used.
These patterns are the ones that will be used in checking value strings for valid syntax, and
all of them are specified in initialization files, rather than hard-coded into the program.
For further details, see the INITIALIZATION FILES manual section. Default: no.
-[no-]read-init-files
With the negative form, suppress loading of system-, user-, and file-specific initialization
files. Initializations will come only from those files explicitly given by -init-file filename
options. Default: yes.
-[no-]remove-OPT-prefixes
With the positive form, remove the ``OPT'' prefix from each field name where the corresponding
value is not an empty string. The prefix ``OPT'' must be entirely in upper-case to be
recognized.
This option is for bibliographies generated with the help of the GNU Emacs BibTeX editing
support, which generates templates with optional fields identified by the ``OPT'' prefix.
Although the function M-x bibtex-remove-OPT normally bound to the keystrokes C-c C-o does the
job, users often forget, with the result that BibTeX does not recognize the field name, and
ignores the value string. Compare this option with -[no-]delete-empty-values described above.
Default: no.
-[no-]scribe
With the positive form, accept input syntax conforming to the Scribe document system. The
output will be converted to conform to BibTeX syntax. See the SCRIBE BIBLIOGRAPHY FORMAT
manual section for further details. Default: no.
-[no-]trace-file-opening
With the positive form, record in the error log file the names of all files which bibclean
attempts to open. Use this option to identify where initialization files are located.
Default: no.
-[no-]warnings
With the positive form, allow all warning messages. The negative form is not recommended since
it may mask problems that should be repaired. Default: yes.
-version Display the program version number on stderr, and then exit with a success return code. This
will also include an indication of who compiled the program, the host name on which it was
compiled, the time of compilation, and the type of string-value matching code selected, when
that information is available to the compiler.
ERROR RECOVERY AND WARNINGS
When bibclean detects an error, it issues an error message to both stderr and stdout. That way, the user
is clearly notified, and the output bibliography also contains the message at the point of error.
Error messages begin with a distinctive pair of queries, ??, beginning in column 1, followed by the input
file name and line number. If the -file-position option was specified, they also contain the input and
output positions of the current file, entry, and value. Each position includes the file byte number, the
line number, and the column number. In the event of a runaway string argument, the entry and value
positions should precisely pinpoint the erroneous bibliography entry, and the file positions will
indicate where it was detected, which may be rather later in the files.
Warning messages identify possible problems, and are therefore sent only to stderr, and not to stdout, so
they never appear in the output file. They are identified by a distinctive pair of percents, %%,
beginning in column 1, and as with error messages, may be followed by file position messages if the
-file-position option was specified.
For convenience, the first line of each error and warning message sent to stderr is formatted according
to the expectations of the GNU Emacs next-error command. You can invoke bibclean with the Emacs M-x
compile<RET>bibclean filename.bib >filename.new command, then use the next-error command, normally bound
to C-x ` (that's a grave, or back, accent), to move to the location of the error in the input file.
If error messages are ignored, and left in the output bibliography file, they will precipitate an error
when the bibliography is next processed with BibTeX.
After issuing an error message, bibclean then resynchronizes its input by copying it verbatim to stdout
until a new bibliography entry is recognized on a line in which the first non-blank character is an at-
sign (@). This ensures that nothing is lost from the input file(s), allowing corrections to be made in
either the input or the output files. However, if bibclean detects an internal error in its data
structures, it will terminate abruptly without further input or output processing; this kind of error
should never happen, and if it does, it should be reported immediately to the author of the program.
Errors in initialization files, and running out of dynamic memory, will also immediately terminate
bibclean.
INITIALIZATION FILES
bibclean can be compiled with one of three different types of pattern matching; the choice is made by the
installer at compile time:
• The original version uses explicit hand-coded tests of value-string syntax.
• The second version uses regular-expression pattern-matching host library routines together with
regular-expression patterns that come entirely from initialization files.
• The third version uses special patterns that come entirely from initialization files.
This Debianized version of bibclean uses the third version. However, command-line options can also be
specified in initialization files, no matter which pattern matching choice was selected.
When bibclean starts, it searches for initialization files, using the first one of $(HOME)/.bibcleanrc,
/usr/share/bibcleanrc, and /etc/bibcleanrc that exists. Afterwards, it reads the first .bibcleanrc found
in the BIBINPUTS search path. The name .bibcleanrc can be changed at run time through a setting of the
environment variable BIBCLEANINI. If the name starts with a dot, it will be stripped when looking in
/usr/share and /etc.
Then, when command-line arguments are processed, any additional files specified by -init-filefilename
options are also processed. Finally, immediately before each named bibliography file is processed, an
attempt is made to process an initialization file with the same name, but with the extension changed to
.ini. The default extension can be changed by a setting of the environment variable BIBCLEANEXT. This
scheme permits system-wide, user-wide, session-wide, and file-specific initialization files to be
supported.
When input is taken from stdin, there is no file-specific initialization.
For precise control, the -no-read-init-files option suppresses all initialization files except those
explicitly named by -init-filefilename options, either on the command line, or in requested
initialization files.
Recursive execution of initialization files with nested -init-file options is permitted; if the recursion
is circular, bibclean will finally get a non-fatal initialization file open failure after opening too
many files. This terminates further initialization file processing. As the recursion unwinds, the files
are all closed, then execution proceeds normally.
An initialization file may contain empty lines, comments from percent to end of line (just like TeX),
option switches, and field/pattern or field/pattern/message assignments. Leading and trailing spaces are
ignored. This is best illustrated by a short example:
% This is a small bibclean initialization file
-init-file /u/math/bib/.bibcleanrc %% departmental patterns
chapter = "\"D\"" %% 23
pages = "\"D--D\"" %% 23--27
volume = "\"D \\an\\d D\"" %% 11 and 12
year = \
"\"dddd, dddd, dddd\"" \
"Multiple years specified." %% 1989, 1990, 1991
-no-fix-names %% do not modify author/editor lists
Long logical lines can be split into multiple physical lines by breaking at a backslash-newline pair; the
backslash-newline pair is discarded. This processing happens while characters are being read, before any
further interpretation of the input stream.
Each logical line must contain a complete option (and its value, if any), or a complete field/pattern
pair, or a field/pattern/message triple.
Comments are stripped during the parsing of the field, pattern, and message values. The comment start
symbol is not recognized inside quoted strings, so it can be freely used in such strings.
Comments on logical lines that were input as multiple physical lines via the backslash-newline convention
must appear on the last physical line; otherwise, the remaining physical lines will become part of the
comment.
Pattern strings must be enclosed in quotation marks; within such strings, a backslash starts an escape
mechanism that is commonly used in UNIX software. The recognized escape sequences are:
\a alarm bell (octal 007)
\b backspace (octal 010)
\f formfeed (octal 014)
\n newline (octal 012)
\r carriage return (octal 015)
\t horizontal tab (octal 011)
\v vertical tab (octal 013)
\ooo character number octal ooo (e.g \012 is linefeed). Up to 3 octal digits may be used.
\0xhh character number hexadecimal hh (e.g., \0x0a is linefeed). xhh may be in either letter
case. Any number of hexadecimal digits may be used.
Backslash followed by any other character produces just that character. Thus, \% gets a literal percent
into a string (preventing its interpretation as a comment), \" produces a quotation mark, and \\ produces
a single backslash.
An ASCII NUL (\0) in a string will terminate it; this is a feature of the C programming language in which
bibclean is implemented.
Field/pattern pairs can be separated by arbitrary space, and optionally, either an equals sign or colon
functioning as an assignment operator. Thus, the following are equivalent:
pages="\"D--D\""
pages:"\"D--D\""
pages "\"D--D\""
pages = "\"D--D\""
pages : "\"D--D\""
pages "\"D--D\""
Each field name can have an arbitrary number of patterns associated with it; however, they must be
specified in separate field/pattern assignments.
An empty pattern string causes previously-loaded patterns for that field name to be forgotten. This
feature permits an initialization file to completely discard patterns from earlier initialization files.
Patterns for value strings are represented in a tiny special-purpose language that is both convenient and
suitable for bibliography value-string syntax checking. While not as powerful as the language of
regular-expression patterns, its parsing can be portably implemented in less than 3% of the code in a
widely-used regular-expression parser (the GNU regexp package).
The patterns are represented by the following special characters:
<space> one or more spaces
a exactly one letter
A one or more letters
d exactly one digit
D one or more digits
r exactly one Roman numeral
R one or more Roman numerals (i.e. a Roman number)
w exactly one word (one or more letters and digits)
W one or more space-separated words, beginning and ending with a word
. one `special' character, one of the characters <space>!#()*+,-./:;?[]~, a subset of
punctuation characters that are typically used in string values
: one or more `special' characters
X one or more `special'-separated words, beginning and ending with a word
\x exactly one x (x is any character), possibly with an escape sequence interpretation given
earlier
x exactly the character x (x is anything but one of these pattern characters:
aAdDrRwW.:<space>\)
The X pattern character is very powerful, but generally inadvisable, since it will match almost anything
likely to be found in a BibTeX value string. The reason for providing pattern matching on the value
strings is to uncover possible errors, not mask them.
There is no provision for specifying ranges or repetitions of characters, but this can usually be done
with separate patterns. It is a good idea to accompany the pattern with a comment showing the kind of
thing it is expected to match. Here is a portion of an initialization file giving a few of the patterns
used to match number value strings:
number = "\"D\"" %% 23
number = "\"A AD\"" %% PN LPS5001
number = "\"A D(D)\"" %% RJ 34(49)
number = "\"A D\"" %% XNSS 288811
number = "\"A D\\.D\"" %% Version 3.20
number = "\"A-A-D-D\"" %% UMIAC-TR-89-11
number = "\"A-A-D\"" %% CS-TR-2189
number = "\"A-A-D\\.D\"" %% CS-TR-21.7
For a bibliography that contains only article entries, this list should probably be reduced to just the
first pattern, so that anything other than a digit string fails the pattern-match test. This is easily
done by keeping bibliography-specific patterns in a corresponding file with extension .ini, since that
file is read automatically.
You should be sure to use empty pattern strings in this pattern file to discard patterns from earlier
initialization files.
The value strings passed to the pattern matcher contain surrounding quotes, so the patterns should also.
However, you could use a pattern specification like "\"D" to match an initial digit string followed by
anything else; the omission of the final quotation mark \" in the pattern allows the match to succeed
without checking that the next character in the value string is a quotation mark.
Because the value strings are intended to be processed by TeX, the pattern matching ignores braces, and
TeX control sequences, together with any space following those control sequences. Spaces around braces
are preserved. This convention allows the pattern fragment A-AD-D to match the value string TN-
K\slash 27-70, because the value is implicitly collapsed to TN-K27-70 during the matching operation.
bibclean's normal action when a string value fails to match any of the corresponding patterns is to issue
a warning message something like this: "Unexpected value in ``year = "192"''. In most cases, that is
sufficient to alert the user to a problem. In some cases, however, it may be desirable to associate a
different message with a particular pattern. This can be done by supplying a message string following
the pattern string. Format items %% (single percent), %e (entry name), %f (field name), %k (citation
key), and %v (string value) are available to get current values expanded in the messages. Here is an
example:
chapter = "\"D:D\"" "Colon found in ``%f = %v''" %% 23:2
To be consistent with other messages output by bibclean, the message string should not end with
punctuation.
If you wish to make the message an error, rather than just a warning, begin it with a query (?), like
this:
chapter = "\"D:D\"" "?Colon found in ``%f = %v''" %% 23:2
The query will not be included in the output message.
Escape sequences are supported in message strings, just as they are in pattern strings. You can use this
to advantage for fancy things, such as terminal display mode control. If you rewrite the previous
example as
chapter = "\"D:D\"" \
"?\033[7mColon found in ``%f = %v''\033[0m" %% 23:2
the error message will appear in inverse video on display screens that support ANSI terminal control
sequences. Such practice is not normally recommended, since it may have undesirable effects on some
output devices. Nevertheless, you may find it useful for restricted applications.
For some types of bibliography fields, bibclean contains special-purpose code to supplement or replace
the pattern matching:
• CODEN, ISBN and ISSN field values are handled this way because their validation requires
evaluation of checksums that cannot be expressed by simple patterns; no patterns are even used
in these three cases.
• chapter, number, pages, and volume values are checked only by pattern matching.
• month values are first checked against the standard BibTeX month abbreviations, and only if no
match is found are patterns then used.
• year values are first checked against patterns, then if no match is found, the year numbers are
found and converted to integer values for testing against reasonable bounds.
Values for other fields are checked only against patterns. You can provide patterns for any field you
like, even ones bibclean does not already know about. New ones are simply added to an internal table
that is searched for each string to be validated.
The special field, key, represents the bibliographic citation key. It can be given patterns, like any
other field. Here is an initialization file pattern assignment that will match an author name, a colon,
an alphabetic string, and a two-digit year:
key = "A:Add" %% Knuth:TB86
Notice that no quotation marks are included in the pattern, because the citation keys are not quoted.
You can use such patterns to help enforce uniform naming conventions for citation keys, which is
increasingly important as your bibliography data base grows.
LEXICAL ANALYSIS
When -no-prettyprint is specified, bibclean acts as a lexical analyzer instead of a prettyprinter,
producing output in lines of the form
<token-number><tab><token-name><tab>"<token-value>"
Each output line contains a single complete token, identified by a small integer number for use by a
computer program, a token type name for human readers, and a string value in quotes.
Special characters in the token value string are represented with ANSI/ISO Standard C escape sequences,
so all characters other than NUL are representable, and multi-line values can be represented in a single
line.
Here are the token numbers and token type names that can appear in the output when -prettyprint is
specified:
0 UNKNOWN
1 ABBREV
2 AT
3 COMMA
4 COMMENT
5 ENTRY
6 EQUALS
7 FIELD
8 INCLUDE
9 INLINE
10 KEY
11 LBRACE
12 LITERAL
13 NEWLINE
14 PREAMBLE
15 RBRACE
16 SHARP
17 SPACE
18 STRING
19 VALUE
Programs that parse such output should also be prepared for lines beginning with the warning prefix, %%,
or the error prefix, ??, and for ANSI/ISO Standard C line number directives of the form
# line 273 "texbook1.bib"
which record the line number and file name of the current input file.
If a -max-width nnn command-line option was specified, long output lines will be wrapped at a backslash-
newline pair, and consequently, software that processes the lexical token stream should be prepared to
collapse such wrapped lines back into single lines.
As an example of the use of -no-prettyprint, the UNIX command pipeline
bibclean -no-prettyprint mylib.bib | \
awk '$2 == "KEY" {print $3}' | \
sed -e 's/"//g' | \
sort
will extract a sorted list of all citation keys in the file mylib.bib.
A certain amount of processing will have been done on the tokens. In particular, delimiters equivalent
to braces will have been replaced by braces, and braced strings will have become quoted strings.
The LITERAL token type is used for arbitrary text that bibclean does not examine further, such as the
contents of a @Preamble{...} or a @Comment{...}.
The UNKNOWN token type should never appear in the output stream. It is used internally to initialize
token type variables.
SCRIBE BIBLIOGRAPHY FORMAT
bibclean's support for the Scribe bibliography format is based on the syntax description in the Scribe
Introductory User's Manual, 3rd Edition, May 1980. Scribe was originally developed by Brian Reid at
Carnegie-Mellon University, and is now marketed by Unilogic, Ltd.
The BibTeX bibliography format was strongly influenced by Scribe, and indeed, with care, it is possible
to share bibliography files between the two systems. Nevertheless, there are some differences, so here
is a summary of features of the Scribe bibliography file format:
(1) Letter case is not significant in field names and entry names, but case is preserved in value
strings.
(2) In field/value pairs, the field and value may be separated by one of three characters: =, /, or
space. Space may optionally surround these separators.
(3) Value delimiters are any of these seven pairs: { } [ ] ( ) < > ' ' " " ` `
(4) Value delimiters may not be nested, even though with the first four delimiter pairs, nested
balanced delimiters would be unambiguous.
(5) Delimiters can be omitted around values that contain only letters, digits, sharp (#), ampersand
(&), period (.), and percent (%).
(6) Outside of delimited values, a literal at-sign (@) is represented by doubled at-signs (@@).
(7) Bibliography entries begin with @name, as for BibTeX, but any of the seven Scribe value delimiter
pairs may be used to surround the values in field/value pairs. As in (4), nested delimiters are
forbidden.
(8) Arbitrary space may separate entry names from the following delimiters.
(9) @Comment is a special command whose delimited value is discarded. As in (4), nested delimiters are
forbidden.
(10) The special form
@Begin{comment}
...
@End{comment}
permits encapsulating arbitrary text containing any characters or delimiters, other than
``@End{comment}''. Any of the seven delimiter pairs may be used around the word ``comment''
following the ``@Begin'' or ``@End''; the delimiters in the two cases need not be the same, and
consequently, ``@Begin{comment}''/``@End{comment}'' pairs may not be nested.
(11) The key field is required in each bibliography entry.
(12) A backslashed quote in a string will be assumed to be a TeX accent, and braced appropriately.
While such accents do not conform to Scribe syntax, Scribe-format bibliographies have been found
that appear to be intended for TeX processing.
Because of this loose syntax, bibclean's normal error detection heuristics are less effective, and
consequently, Scribe mode input is not the default; it must be explicitly requested.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
BIBCLEANEXT File extension of bibliography-specific initialization files. Default: .ini.
BIBCLEANINI Name of bibclean initialization files. Default: .bibcleanrc.
BIBINPUTS Search path for bibclean and BibTeX input files. This is a colon-separated list of
directories that are searched in order from first to last. It is not an error for a
specified directory to not exist.
FILES
*.bib BibTeX and Scribe bibliography data base files.
*.ini File-specific initialization files.
/usr/share/bibcleanrc, /etc/bibcleanrc
System-wide initialization files.
.bibcleanrc User-specific initialization files.
SEE ALSO
bibcheck(1), bibdup(1), bibextract(1), bibindex(1), bibjoin(1), biblabel(1), biblex(1), biblook(1),
biborder(1), bibparse(1), bibsort(1), bibtex(1), bibunlex(1), citefind(1), citesub(1), citetags(1),
latex(1), scribe(1), tex(1).
AUTHOR
Nelson H. F. Beebe
Center for Scientific Computing
University of Utah
Department of Mathematics, 322 INSCC
155 S 1400 E RM 233
Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0090
USA
Tel: +1 801 581 5254
FAX: +1 801 585 1640, +1 801 581 4148
Email: beebe@math.utah.edu, beebe@acm.org, beebe@ieee.org (Internet)
URL: http://www.math.utah.edu/~beebe
This Debianization of bibclean was done by Henning Makholm <henning@makholm.net>, and differs from the
upstream source in where it looks for the system-wide initialization file (vanilla bibclean expects to
find it in $PATH), and has also been patched to ignore the built-in BibTeX field-length limit for
abstract fields.