Provided by: cargo-1.77_1.77.2+dfsg1ubuntu1~bpo0-0ubuntu0.20.04_amd64 
NAME
cargo-tree — Display a tree visualization of a dependency graph
SYNOPSIS
cargo tree [options]
DESCRIPTION
This command will display a tree of dependencies to the terminal. An example of a simple
project that depends on the “rand” package:
myproject v0.1.0 (/myproject)
`-- rand v0.7.3
|-- getrandom v0.1.14
| |-- cfg-if v0.1.10
| `-- libc v0.2.68
|-- libc v0.2.68 (*)
|-- rand_chacha v0.2.2
| |-- ppv-lite86 v0.2.6
| `-- rand_core v0.5.1
| `-- getrandom v0.1.14 (*)
`-- rand_core v0.5.1 (*)
[build-dependencies]
`-- cc v1.0.50
Packages marked with (*) have been “de-duplicated”. The dependencies for the package have
already been shown elsewhere in the graph, and so are not repeated. Use the --no-dedupe
option to repeat the duplicates.
The -e flag can be used to select the dependency kinds to display. The “features” kind
changes the output to display the features enabled by each dependency. For example, cargo
tree -e features:
myproject v0.1.0 (/myproject)
`-- log feature "serde"
`-- log v0.4.8
|-- serde v1.0.106
`-- cfg-if feature "default"
`-- cfg-if v0.1.10
In this tree, myproject depends on log with the serde feature. log in turn depends on
cfg-if with “default” features. When using -e features it can be helpful to use -i flag to
show how the features flow into a package. See the examples below for more detail.
Feature Unification
This command shows a graph much closer to a feature-unified graph Cargo will build, rather
than what you list in Cargo.toml. For instance, if you specify the same dependency in both
[dependencies] and [dev-dependencies] but with different features on. This command may
merge all features and show a (*) on one of the dependency to indicate the duplicate.
As a result, for a mostly equivalent overview of what cargo build does, cargo tree -e
normal,build is pretty close; for a mostly equivalent overview of what cargo test does,
cargo tree is pretty close. However, it doesn’t guarantee the exact equivalence to what
Cargo is going to build, since a compilation is complex and depends on lots of different
factors.
To learn more about feature unification, check out this dedicated section
<https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/features.html#feature-unification>.
OPTIONS
Tree Options
-i spec, --invert spec
Show the reverse dependencies for the given package. This flag will invert the tree
and display the packages that depend on the given package.
Note that in a workspace, by default it will only display the package’s reverse
dependencies inside the tree of the workspace member in the current directory. The
--workspace flag can be used to extend it so that it will show the package’s reverse
dependencies across the entire workspace. The -p flag can be used to display the
package’s reverse dependencies only with the subtree of the package given to -p.
--prune spec
Prune the given package from the display of the dependency tree.
--depth depth
Maximum display depth of the dependency tree. A depth of 1 displays the direct
dependencies, for example.
--no-dedupe
Do not de-duplicate repeated dependencies. Usually, when a package has already
displayed its dependencies, further occurrences will not re-display its dependencies,
and will include a (*) to indicate it has already been shown. This flag will cause
those duplicates to be repeated.
-d, --duplicates
Show only dependencies which come in multiple versions (implies --invert). When used
with the -p flag, only shows duplicates within the subtree of the given package.
It can be beneficial for build times and executable sizes to avoid building that same
package multiple times. This flag can help identify the offending packages. You can
then investigate if the package that depends on the duplicate with the older version
can be updated to the newer version so that only one instance is built.
-e kinds, --edges kinds
The dependency kinds to display. Takes a comma separated list of values:
• all — Show all edge kinds.
• normal — Show normal dependencies.
• build — Show build dependencies.
• dev — Show development dependencies.
• features — Show features enabled by each dependency. If this is the only kind
given, then it will automatically include the other dependency kinds.
• no-normal — Do not include normal dependencies.
• no-build — Do not include build dependencies.
• no-dev — Do not include development dependencies.
• no-proc-macro — Do not include procedural macro dependencies.
The normal, build, dev, and all dependency kinds cannot be mixed with no-normal,
no-build, or no-dev dependency kinds.
The default is normal,build,dev.
--target triple
Filter dependencies matching the given target triple
<https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/appendix/glossary.html#target>. The default is the
host platform. Use the value all to include all targets.
Tree Formatting Options
--charset charset
Chooses the character set to use for the tree. Valid values are “utf8” or “ascii”.
Default is “utf8”.
-f format, --format format
Set the format string for each package. The default is “{p}”.
This is an arbitrary string which will be used to display each package. The following
strings will be replaced with the corresponding value:
• {p} — The package name.
• {l} — The package license.
• {r} — The package repository URL.
• {f} — Comma-separated list of package features that are enabled.
• {lib} — The name, as used in a use statement, of the package’s library.
--prefix prefix
Sets how each line is displayed. The prefix value can be one of:
• indent (default) — Shows each line indented as a tree.
• depth — Show as a list, with the numeric depth printed before each entry.
• none — Show as a flat list.
Package Selection
By default, when no package selection options are given, the packages selected depend on
the selected manifest file (based on the current working directory if --manifest-path is
not given). If the manifest is the root of a workspace then the workspaces default members
are selected, otherwise only the package defined by the manifest will be selected.
The default members of a workspace can be set explicitly with the
workspace.default-members key in the root manifest. If this is not set, a virtual
workspace will include all workspace members (equivalent to passing --workspace), and a
non-virtual workspace will include only the root crate itself.
-p spec…, --package spec…
Display only the specified packages. See cargo-pkgid(1) for the SPEC format. This flag
may be specified multiple times and supports common Unix glob patterns like *, ? and
[]. However, to avoid your shell accidentally expanding glob patterns before Cargo
handles them, you must use single quotes or double quotes around each pattern.
--workspace
Display all members in the workspace.
--exclude SPEC…
Exclude the specified packages. Must be used in conjunction with the --workspace flag.
This flag may be specified multiple times and supports common Unix glob patterns like
*, ? and []. However, to avoid your shell accidentally expanding glob patterns before
Cargo handles them, you must use single quotes or double quotes around each pattern.
Manifest Options
--manifest-path path
Path to the Cargo.toml file. By default, Cargo searches for the Cargo.toml file in the
current directory or any parent directory.
--frozen, --locked
Either of these flags requires that the Cargo.lock file is up-to-date. If the lock
file is missing, or it needs to be updated, Cargo will exit with an error. The
--frozen flag also prevents Cargo from attempting to access the network to determine
if it is out-of-date.
These may be used in environments where you want to assert that the Cargo.lock file is
up-to-date (such as a CI build) or want to avoid network access.
--offline
Prevents Cargo from accessing the network for any reason. Without this flag, Cargo
will stop with an error if it needs to access the network and the network is not
available. With this flag, Cargo will attempt to proceed without the network if
possible.
Beware that this may result in different dependency resolution than online mode. Cargo
will restrict itself to crates that are downloaded locally, even if there might be a
newer version as indicated in the local copy of the index. See the cargo-fetch(1)
command to download dependencies before going offline.
May also be specified with the net.offline config value
<https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/config.html>.
Feature Selection
The feature flags allow you to control which features are enabled. When no feature options
are given, the default feature is activated for every selected package.
See the features documentation
<https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/features.html#command-line-feature-options> for
more details.
-F features, --features features
Space or comma separated list of features to activate. Features of workspace members
may be enabled with package-name/feature-name syntax. This flag may be specified
multiple times, which enables all specified features.
--all-features
Activate all available features of all selected packages.
--no-default-features
Do not activate the default feature of the selected packages.
Display Options
-v, --verbose
Use verbose output. May be specified twice for “very verbose” output which includes
extra output such as dependency warnings and build script output. May also be
specified with the term.verbose config value
<https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/config.html>.
-q, --quiet
Do not print cargo log messages. May also be specified with the term.quiet config
value <https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/config.html>.
--color when
Control when colored output is used. Valid values:
• auto (default): Automatically detect if color support is available on the terminal.
• always: Always display colors.
• never: Never display colors.
May also be specified with the term.color config value
<https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/config.html>.
Common Options
+toolchain
If Cargo has been installed with rustup, and the first argument to cargo begins with
+, it will be interpreted as a rustup toolchain name (such as +stable or +nightly).
See the rustup documentation <https://rust-lang.github.io/rustup/overrides.html> for
more information about how toolchain overrides work.
--config KEY=VALUE or PATH
Overrides a Cargo configuration value. The argument should be in TOML syntax of
KEY=VALUE, or provided as a path to an extra configuration file. This flag may be
specified multiple times. See the command-line overrides section
<https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/config.html#command-line-overrides> for
more information.
-C PATH
Changes the current working directory before executing any specified operations. This
affects things like where cargo looks by default for the project manifest
(Cargo.toml), as well as the directories searched for discovering .cargo/config.toml,
for example. This option must appear before the command name, for example cargo -C
path/to/my-project build.
This option is only available on the nightly channel
<https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/appendix-07-nightly-rust.html> and requires the -Z
unstable-options flag to enable (see #10098
<https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/issues/10098>).
-h, --help
Prints help information.
-Z flag
Unstable (nightly-only) flags to Cargo. Run cargo -Z help for details.
ENVIRONMENT
See the reference <https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/environment-variables.html>
for details on environment variables that Cargo reads.
EXIT STATUS
• 0: Cargo succeeded.
• 101: Cargo failed to complete.
EXAMPLES
1. Display the tree for the package in the current directory:
cargo tree
2. Display all the packages that depend on the syn package:
cargo tree -i syn
3. Show the features enabled on each package:
cargo tree --format "{p} {f}"
4. Show all packages that are built multiple times. This can happen if multiple
semver-incompatible versions appear in the tree (like 1.0.0 and 2.0.0).
cargo tree -d
5. Explain why features are enabled for the syn package:
cargo tree -e features -i syn
The -e features flag is used to show features. The -i flag is used to invert the graph
so that it displays the packages that depend on syn. An example of what this would
display:
syn v1.0.17
|-- syn feature "clone-impls"
| `-- syn feature "default"
| `-- rustversion v1.0.2
| `-- rustversion feature "default"
| `-- myproject v0.1.0 (/myproject)
| `-- myproject feature "default" (command-line)
|-- syn feature "default" (*)
|-- syn feature "derive"
| `-- syn feature "default" (*)
|-- syn feature "full"
| `-- rustversion v1.0.2 (*)
|-- syn feature "parsing"
| `-- syn feature "default" (*)
|-- syn feature "printing"
| `-- syn feature "default" (*)
|-- syn feature "proc-macro"
| `-- syn feature "default" (*)
`-- syn feature "quote"
|-- syn feature "printing" (*)
`-- syn feature "proc-macro" (*)
To read this graph, you can follow the chain for each feature from the root to see why
it is included. For example, the “full” feature is added by the rustversion crate
which is included from myproject (with the default features), and myproject is the
package selected on the command-line. All of the other syn features are added by the
“default” feature (“quote” is added by “printing” and “proc-macro”, both of which are
default features).
If you’re having difficulty cross-referencing the de-duplicated (*) entries, try with
the --no-dedupe flag to get the full output.
SEE ALSO
cargo(1), cargo-metadata(1)
CARGO-TREE(1)