Provided by: crasm_1.8-2_amd64 
NAME
crasm - Cross assembler for 6800/6801/6803/6502/65C02/Z80
SYNOPSIS
crasm [-o codefile] [-slx] asmfile
Assemble the microprocessor program asmfile and produce output file codefile in Intel HEX or Motorola S
Code format. A program listing and a symbol table are also produced on the standard output. The current
version of crasm can assemble programs for the 6800, 6801, 6803, 6502, 65C02, and Z80 processors. The
full list is printed when you invoke crasm without arguments.
OPTIONS
-o codefile
Specify the name of the output file. No output file is produced without this option.
-s Disable warnings.
-l Disable program listing output.
-x Disable symbol table output.
SYNTAX
Each line of the assembly program should follow one of the following templates, where the brackets
delimit optional parts.
[;comment]
label = expression [;comment]
[label] mnemonic operand [;comment]
Comments are introduced by a semicolon (;) and extend to the end of the line. Labels are identifiers
containing up to 36 alphanumeric characters (including period and underscore). Labels cannot start with a
digit. The format of the mnemonics and operands field depends on the selected micro-processor. A few
mnemonics are valid for all processors and are used to give directives to the assembled. These are known
as "pseudo-mnemonics".
Labels
Labels are identifiers representing
— an absolute address,
— a relative address (position independent code),
— a register,
— a list of registers,
— a specific bit at a specific address,
— or a mnemonic.
Most labels are composed of at most 36 alphanumeric characters, periods (.) or underscores (_). Labels
cannot start with a digit. They are case insensitive.
Labels starting with a period (.) are local labels whose scope is either limited to the macro in which
they are defined, or to the code segment delimited by the pseudo-mnemonics CODE or DUMMY.
The predefined "star" label (*) represents the current program counter, that is to say, the address where
the next assembly code instruction will be encoded. Other predefined labels include all pseudo-
mnemonics, micro-processor specific mnemonics and register names.
Constants
The assembled recognizes numerical constants expressed in decimal, hexadecimal, octal, binary, or ascii.
┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│Type Format Examples │
├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│decimal dddd 1234, 675, 12, 1, but not 0.12. │
├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│hexadecimal $dddd $fd12, $2AC, $0. │
│ ddddH 03H, 2da7H, 0FC84H, but not FC84H. │
│ 0Xdddd 0x03, 0x2AC, 0Xfc84. │
├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│octal ddddQ 377Q, 012412Q. │
├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│binary %dddd %01110110, %1100. │
│ ddddB 01110110B, 1100B. │
│ 0Bdddd 0b1100 │
├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ascii 'cccc' 'a', 'AB', '"', '\n', '\''. │
│ "cccc" "\t", "\"", "a'b". │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Expressions
Like labels, expressions can represent an absolute address (abs), a relative address for position
independent code (rel), a register (reg), or a list of registers (reglist), or a reference to a specific
bit at a specific address (bspec).
The following operators are recognized on expressions.
┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│Syntax Result Description │
├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ abs{abs} bspec bit reference, e.g. pia{3} │
│ ADDR(abs) abs address from a bit reference │
│ BIT(abs) abs bit number from a bit reference │
├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ - abs abs two's complement │
│ ~ abs abs one's complement │
├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ abs << abs abs left shift │
│ abs >> abs abs right shift │
├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ abs | abs abs bitwise or │
│ abs & abs abs bitwise and │
│ abs ^ abs abs bitwise xor │
├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ abs * abs abs multiplication │
│ abs * abs abs division │
├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ abs + abs abs addition │
│ rel + abs rel addition │
│ abs - abs abs subtraction │
│ rel - abs rel subtraction │
│ rel - rel abs subtraction │
├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ reg - reg reglist register range │
│ reglist \ reg reglist register list │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
The table lists operators in order of decreasing precedence. Parenthesis can be used to avoid
ambiguities. A warning is generated when an entire expression is surrounded with parenthesis and can be
confused with a micro-processor addressing mode.
Examples:
(base+$12) >> 8 & 0xff00
'A'-80H
(base+0x12)
The last example causes a warning because the parenthesis were not necessary and might suggest a micro-
processor addressing mode.
All arithmetic expressions are evaluated on 32 bits. Arithmetic operations overflow silently. The
arithmetic values are then truncated to the size implied by the micro-processor mnemonic. This
truncation might cause a warning message.
Examples: all the following instructions
(6502) lda #$1234
(6800) ldaa $1234,x
(Z80) ld (ix+0C2H),b
cause a warning
>>> WARNING: Operand overflow
However expression
$1123454 * 1298992
overflows silently.
Pseudo-mnemonics
The following pseudo-mnemonics are always recognized.
CPU cpuname
Indicates the selected micro-processor type. This must appear before anu micro-processor specific
instruction. The possible values of cpuname are listed when you invoke crasm without arguments.
The current list includes 6800, 6801, 6803, 6502, 65C02, and Z80
OUTPUT binformat
Indicates the format of the output file. Argument binformat can take values SCODE for producing
an output file using Motorola's S code, or HEX for Intel's Hex format. The default depends on the
selected micro-processor.
CODE
Delimit the scope of local labels and introduce a program section.
DUMMY Delimit the scope of local labels and introduce a fake program section whose sole effect is to
define labels without generating code.
label EQU expression
label = expression
Define the value of label label. Labels defined using these directives can be redefined later in
the program.
[label] DB expression[,...,expression]
Insert the specified data bytes (8 bits).
[label] DW expression[,...,expression]
Insert the specified data words (16 bits). The byte ordering depends on the selected micro-
processor.
[label] DL expression[,...,expression]
Insert the specified data longs (32 bits). The byte ordering depends on the selected micro-
processor.
[label] DDB expression[,...,expression]
Insert the specified double bytes (16 bits). The byte ordering is the opposite of the usual byte
ordering for the selected micro-processor.
[label] ASC stringconstant
Insert the ascii representation of the string stringconstant . The string must be delimited by
double quotes. The C escape sequences \r, \n, \t, \0, \', \", and \\ are recognized.
[label] DS countexpr,[valexpr]
Insere countexpr bytes with value valexpr. The default value is zero.
[label] ALIGN EVEN
[label] ALIGN ODD
Insert a null byte in order to make the program counter even or odd.
IF condexpr
...
ELSE
...
ENDC
Conditional assembly: If expression condexpr is non zero, process the lines located between the IF
and the ELSE pseudo-mnemonics. Otherwise process the lines located between the ELSE and the ENDC
pseudo-mnemonics. Conditional assembly instructions can be nested. The ELSE part can be omitted.
label MACRO
...
ENDM
Define a new mnemonic label equivalent to all the instructions located between the MACRO and ENDM
pseudo-mnemonics. Invocations of the macro can specify a list of comma separated operands. The
character sequences \1, \2, ... \N in the macro definition are replaced by the supplied operands.
The character sequence \0 is replaced by the number of supplied operands.
EXITM
This pseudo mnemonic can be used inside a macro definition to exit the macro. This is useful in
conjunction with the conditional assembly pseudo-mnemonics.
INCLUDE filename
Force the assembler to process file named filename at the current point.
LIST ON
LIST OFF
Enable or disable the production of a listing (default is on.)
CLIST ON
CLIST OFF
Enable or disable the production of a listing for the non active branches of a conditional
assembly construct (default is on.)
ILIST ON
ILIST OFF
Enable or disable the production of a listing for included files (default is off.)
MLIST ON
MLIST OFF
Enable or disable the production of a listing for the macro expansions (default is off.)
NAM title
Provide name title for the header of the listing pages.
PAGE
Start a new listing page.
PAGE columns,rows
Specify the size of a listing page.
SKIP number
Skip number lines.
FAIL message
Generate an error message message.
EXAMPLE
Here is a small 6502 program:
cpu 6502
cout = $fded ; display a character
* = $300 ; assemble at $300
code
pstring ldy #0
.1 lda message,y
beq .2
jsr cout
iny
.2 bne .1
rts
message asc "This is the message "
code
CREDITS
Leon Bottou, September 1987.