NAME

     cstream — direct data streams, with bandwidth limiting, FIFO, audio, duplication and extended reporting
     support.

SYNOPSIS

     cstream [-b num] [-B num] [-i filename] [-I string] [-l] [-n num] [-o filename] [-O string] [-p filename]
             [-t num] [-T num] [-v num] [-V] [filename]

DESCRIPTION

     Cstream filters data streams, much like the UNIX tool dd(1).  It has a more traditional command line
     syntax, support for precise bandwidth limiting and reporting and support for FIFOs. Data limits and
     throughput rate calculation will work for files > 4 GB.

     Cstream reads from the standard input and writes to the standard output, if no filenames are given. It will
     also 'generate' or 'sink' data if desired.

     Options:

     -b num    Set the block size used for read/write to num.  The default is 8192 bytes.

     -B num    Buffer input up to num bytes before writing. The default is the blocksize. It is an error to set
               this to anything below the blocksize. Useful when writing tapes and similar that prefer few large
               writes of many small.

     -c num    Concurrent operation. Use a separate process for output. This is especially useful in combination
               with the -B option.
               0 = use one process only (default)
               1 = read process will buffer
               2 = write process will buffer
               3 = both processes will buffer.
                   In combination with a large buffer size this will often load your memory heavily, every time
                   the reader transfers the buffer it collected to the writer. If you use -c 3 and have a buffer
                   size of 128 Megabytes 256 MB of memory will be touched at once.

     -i num

     -o num    Set the file names to use for input or output, respectively. If the output file name is "-", data
               will just be discarded. If the input file name is "-", data will be generated 'out of the void'.
               If these options aren't given, stdin/stout will be used. If you need to give -o or -i options and
               want stdin/stdout, specify the empty string, like this:

               cstream -i''

               If TCP support has been compiled in (default), hostname:portnumber will try to connect to the
               specified host at the specified port and :portnumber will open a TCP socket on the local machine
               and wait for a connection to arrive. SECURITY NOTE: cstream includes no mechanism to restrict the
               hosts that may connect to this port. Unless your machine has other network filters, anyone will
               be able to connect.

     -I string

     -O string
               Specify the type of input and output file, respectively.
               If string
                   includes 'f', a fifo will be created.
               If string
                   includes 'a', the file will be assumed to be an opensound-compatible audio device and will be
                   switched to CD-like settings.
               If string
                   includes 't', a copy of the stream will be sent to file descriptor 3.
               If string
                   includes 'N', TCP will not be used for that file even if the name has a ":".

     -l        Include line count in statistics.

     -n num    Limit the total amount of data to num.  If there is more input available, it will be discarded,
               cstream will exit after the limit has been reached. If there is less input, the limit will not be
               reached and no error will be signaled.

               num may have a trailing 'k', 'm' or 'g' which means Kilobytes, Megabytes or Gigabytes (where Kilo
               = 1024). This applies to all numeric options.

     -p filename
               Write the process id of cstream to filename.  If cstream uses a separate writer process (option
               -c), this is the pid of the parent (reader) process.

     -t num    Limit the throughput of the data stream to num bytes/second. Limiting is done at the input side,
               you can rely on cstream not accepting more than this rate. If the number you give is positive,
               cstream accumulates errors and tries to keep the overall rate at the specified value, for the
               whole session. If you give a negative number, it is an upper limit for each read/write system
               call pair. In other words: the negative number will never exceed that limit, the positive number
               will exceed it to make good for previous underutilization.

     -T num    Report throughput every num seconds.

     -v num    Set verbose level to num.  By default, it is set to 0, which means no messages are displayed as
               long as no errors occur. A value of 1 means that total amount of data and throughput will be
               displayed at the end of program run. A value of 2 means the transfer rate since the end of the
               first read/write pair will also be reported (useful when there is an initial delay). A value of 3
               means there will also be separate measurements for read and write. This option is resource-
               consuming and currently isn't implemented. A value of 4 means that notices about each single
               read/write will be displayed. High values include all message types of lower values.

     -V        Print version number to stdout and exit with 0.

     filename  A single filename as the last argument without an option switch will be used as input file if -i
               has not been used.

     SIGUSR1

     SIGINFO   Sending SIGUSR1 (or SIGINFO, which is usually mapped to Control-T on you keyboard) to cstream
               causes it to display throughput rates to stderr. The stream will continue as if nothing happened.

     SIGUSR2   Exit and report throughput rates, if requested.

     SIGHUP    I found myself sending SIGHUP accidentally too often. But ignoring or misusing SIGHUP is not an
               option for me. Thus, when cstream received SIGHUP, it will wait 5 seconds for another SIGHUP, to
               give users a chance to correct a possible mistake. If no additional SIGHUP is received, cstream
               kills itself with SIGHUP.

EXAMPLES

     cstream -o tmpfile -v 1 -n 384m -i -
             Writes 384 Megabytes of unspecified data to file tmpfile and display verbose throughput rate. Makes
             a good benchmark, the speed of /dev/null varies too much from system to system.

     cstream -i tmpfile -v 1 -n 384m -o -
             Read the same file back in and discard data.

     cstream -b 2000  -t 10000 /var/log/messages
             Will display the file in a more or less watchable speed.

     dump 0sf 400000 - / | cstream -v 1 -b 32768 -o /dev/rst0 -p pidfile

     kill -USR1 `cat pidfile`
             Write the output from dump(1) to tape. Each time the signal is sent, the throughput and data rate
             so far will be displayed.

     cstream -t 176400 -i /dev/dsp0 -I f -o -
             Makes kind of a soundcard emulator which may be used to test audio applications that need something
             to write to that limits the data rate as a real soundcard does. This obviously doesn't work when
             the application tries to write data using mmap(2) and the application has to ignore errors when it
             tries to set soundcard parameters using ioctl(2).

     cstream -t 176400 -i /dev/dsp0 -I f -o /dev/dsp1 -O f
             Similar soundcard emulator, except that it allows you to grab the data your applications sends to
             it from the other fifo, while still having precise timing.

     cstream -Oa -o /dev/dsp0 myhost.mydomain.com:17324
             Connects port 3333 on host myhost.mydomain.com and whatever data it finds there will be sent to the
             soundcard, with appropriate settings for CD quality stero play.

     cstream -i myaudiofile.raw -o :17324
             This will open a TCP server on port 17324 and waits until someone connects (for example, the
             command line from the previous example). Then it will send the contents of myaudiofile.raw down the
             TCP stream (for the previous audio example, typically a CD audiotrack like you get from the tosha
             or cdparanoia utilities).

     cstream -OD -o myfile
             Write to file myfile with O_DIRECT.  That usually means that the filesystem buffer cache will not
             try to cache this file.  You can use that to prevent copying operations from eating up physical
             memory.  Note that when cstream encounters a write error it will switch the output file from
             O_DIRECT to a normal file and write all further blocks without O_DIRECT if writes without O_DIRECT
             succeed.  In practice that usually means that your last block, if not a multiple of the filesystem
             block size, will still be written into the file (the maximum amount of data written without
             O_DIRECT is your blocksize minus one).  That way cstream ensures that the output file has the
             length of the input, however odd the length was and no matter what restrictions your OS places on
             O_DIRECT output.  Again, cstream will *not* pad the output to the block size, you get the same file
             and file size as if not using O_DIRECT, at the cost of switching to non-O_DIRECT whenever a block
             is not the right size.

     cstream -i :3333 | dd obs=8192 | ./cstream -omyfile -v7 -OD
             This is what you need to do to buffer TCP input, so that the last cstream will not switch away from
             O_DIRECT prematurely because of short reads.  If your input can do short reads (e.g. from TCP), and
             you want to ensure that O_DIRECT stays in effect, you need a buffer between the TCP stream and the
             O_DIRECT stream.  Since cstream does not yet support different input and output block sizes, dd is
             suitable here.  Note that this is only necessary if the OS requires multiples of the filesystem
             block size for O_DIRECT.  At the time of this writing this construct is needed on Linux for using
             TCP streams with O_DIRECT, but it is not needed on FreeBSD.

     cstream -OS -o myfile
             Writes to file myfile with O_SYNC.  This means by the time the system call returns the data is
             known to be on disk.  This is not the same thing as O_DIRECT.  O_DIRECT can do its own buffering,
             with O_SYNC there is no buffering at all.  At the time of this writing, O_SYNC on both Linux and
             FreeBSD is very slow (1/5th to 1/10th of normal write) and O_DIRECT is reasonably fast (1/4th to
             1/2 of normal write).  You can combined O_SYNC and O_DIRECT.

ERRORS

     Exit code 0 means success.

     Exit code 1 means a command line syntax usage error.

     Exit code 2 means other errors, especially system errors.

Bugs

     There should be an option to begin writing directly after the first read ended and then fill the buffer
     with reads in the background.  Right now writing will not begin before the reader has filled the buffer
     completely for the first time.

     Not a bug: the code to do O_DIRECT is reasonably sophisticated.  It will fall back to normal I/O on errors.
     But before doing that it knows about both filesystem blocksize requirements (will default I/O blocksize to
     whatever the filesystem of the output file is in) and page alignment requirements (I/O will happen from a
     page-aligned buffer).  However, the combination of concurrent read/writes (-c options) and O_DIRECT has not
     been tested beyond basic verification that it gets some tests right.

SEE ALSO

     dd(1), mkfifo(2)

HISTORY

     cstream was initially written by Martin Cracauer in 1998.  For updates and more information see
     http://www.cons.org/cracauer/cstream.html