Provided by: indent_2.2.12-1ubuntu0.20.04.1_amd64 
NAME
indent - changes the appearance of a C program by inserting or deleting whitespace.
SYNOPSIS
indent [options] [input-files]
indent [options] [single-input-file] [-o output-file]
indent --version
DESCRIPTION
This man page is generated from the file indent.texinfo. This is Edition of "The indent Manual", for
Indent Version , last updated .
The indent program can be used to make code easier to read. It can also convert from one style of
writing C to another.
indent understands a substantial amount about the syntax of C, but it also attempts to cope with
incomplete and misformed syntax.
In version 1.2 and more recent versions, the GNU style of indenting is the default.
OPTIONS
-as, --align-with-spaces
If using tabs for indentation, use spaces for alignment.
See INDENTATION.
-bad, --blank-lines-after-declarations
Force blank lines after the declarations.
See BLANK LINES.
-bap, --blank-lines-after-procedures
Force blank lines after procedure bodies.
See BLANK LINES.
-bbb, --blank-lines-before-block-comments
Force blank lines before block comments.
See BLANK LINES.
-bbo, --break-before-boolean-operator
Prefer to break long lines before boolean operators.
See BREAKING LONG LINES.
-bc, --blank-lines-after-commas
Force newline after comma in declaration.
See DECLARATIONS.
-bl, --braces-after-if-line
Put braces on line after if, etc.
See STATEMENTS.
-blf, --braces-after-func-def-line
Put braces on line following function definition line.
See DECLARATIONS.
-blin, --brace-indentn
Indent braces n spaces.
See STATEMENTS.
-bls, --braces-after-struct-decl-line
Put braces on the line after struct declaration lines.
See DECLARATIONS.
-br, --braces-on-if-line
Put braces on line with if, etc.
See STATEMENTS.
-brf, --braces-on-func-def-line
Put braces on function definition line.
See DECLARATIONS.
-brs, --braces-on-struct-decl-line
Put braces on struct declaration line.
See DECLARATIONS.
-bs, --Bill-Shannon, --blank-before-sizeof
Put a space between sizeof and its argument.
See STATEMENTS.
-cn, --comment-indentationn
Put comments to the right of code in column n.
See COMMENTS.
-cbin, --case-brace-indentationn
Indent braces after a case label N spaces.
See STATEMENTS.
-cdn, --declaration-comment-columnn
Put comments to the right of the declarations in column n.
See COMMENTS.
-cdb, --comment-delimiters-on-blank-lines
Put comment delimiters on blank lines.
See COMMENTS.
-cdw, --cuddle-do-while
Cuddle while of do {} while; and preceding ‘}’.
See COMMENTS.
-ce, --cuddle-else
Cuddle else and preceding ‘}’.
See COMMENTS.
-cin, --continuation-indentationn
Continuation indent of n spaces.
See STATEMENTS.
-clin, --case-indentationn
Case label indent of n spaces.
See STATEMENTS.
-cpn, --else-endif-columnn
Put comments to the right of #else and #endif statements in column n.
See COMMENTS.
-cs, --space-after-cast
Put a space after a cast operator.
See STATEMENTS.
-dn, --line-comments-indentationn
Set indentation of comments not to the right of code to n spaces.
See COMMENTS.
-bfda, --break-function-decl-args
Break the line before all arguments in a declaration.
See DECLARATIONS.
-bfde, --break-function-decl-args-end
Break the line after the last argument in a declaration.
See DECLARATIONS.
-dj, --left-justify-declarations
If -cd 0 is used then comments after declarations are left justified behind the declaration.
See DECLARATIONS.
-din, --declaration-indentationn
Put variables in column n.
See DECLARATIONS.
-fc1, --format-first-column-comments
Format comments in the first column.
See COMMENTS.
-fca, --format-all-comments
Do not disable all formatting of comments.
See COMMENTS.
-fnc, --fix-nested-comments
Fix nested comments.
See COMMENTS.
-gnu, --gnu-style
Use GNU coding style. This is the default.
See COMMON STYLES.
-gts, --gettext-strings
Treat gettext _("...") and N_("...") as strings rather than as functions.
See BREAKING LONG LINES.
-hnl, --honour-newlines
Prefer to break long lines at the position of newlines in the input.
See BREAKING LONG LINES.
-in, --indent-leveln
Set indentation level to n spaces.
See INDENTATION.
-iln, --indent-labeln
Set offset for labels to column n.
See INDENTATION.
-ipn, --parameter-indentationn
Indent parameter types in old-style function definitions by n spaces.
See INDENTATION.
-kr, --k-and-r-style
Use Kernighan & Ritchie coding style.
See COMMON STYLES.
-ln, --line-lengthn
Set maximum line length for non-comment lines to n.
See BREAKING LONG LINES.
-lcn, --comment-line-lengthn
Set maximum line length for comment formatting to n.
See COMMENTS.
-linux, --linux-style
Use Linux coding style.
See COMMON STYLES.
-lp, --continue-at-parentheses
Line up continued lines at parentheses.
See INDENTATION.
-lps, --leave-preprocessor-space
Leave space between ‘#’ and preprocessor directive.
See INDENTATION.
-nbad, --no-blank-lines-after-declarations
Do not force blank lines after declarations.
See BLANK LINES.
-nbap, --no-blank-lines-after-procedures
Do not force blank lines after procedure bodies.
See BLANK LINES.
-nbbo, --break-after-boolean-operator
Do not prefer to break long lines before boolean operators.
See BREAKING LONG LINES.
-nbc, --no-blank-lines-after-commas
Do not force newlines after commas in declarations.
See DECLARATIONS.
-nbfda, --dont-break-function-decl-args
Don’t put each argument in a function declaration on a separate line.
See DECLARATIONS.
-ncdb, --no-comment-delimiters-on-blank-lines
Do not put comment delimiters on blank lines.
See COMMENTS.
-ncdw, --dont-cuddle-do-while
Do not cuddle } and the while of a do {} while;.
See STATEMENTS.
-nce, --dont-cuddle-else
Do not cuddle } and else.
See STATEMENTS.
-ncs, --no-space-after-casts
Do not put a space after cast operators.
See STATEMENTS.
-ndjn, --dont-left-justify-declarations
Comments after declarations are treated the same as comments after other statements.
See DECLARATIONS.
-nfc1, --dont-format-first-column-comments
Do not format comments in the first column as normal.
See COMMENTS.
-nfca, --dont-format-comments
Do not format any comments.
See COMMENTS.
-ngts, --no-gettext-strings
Treat gettext _("...") and N_("...") as normal functions. This is the default.
See BREAKING LONG LINES.
-nhnl, --ignore-newlines
Do not prefer to break long lines at the position of newlines in the input.
See BREAKING LONG LINES.
-nip, --no-parameter-indentation
Zero width indentation for parameters.
See INDENTATION.
-nlp, --dont-line-up-parentheses
Do not line up parentheses.
See STATEMENTS.
-npcs, --no-space-after-function-call-names
Do not put space after the function in function calls.
See STATEMENTS.
-nprs, --no-space-after-parentheses
Do not put a space after every ’(’ and before every ’)’.
See STATEMENTS.
-npsl, --dont-break-procedure-type
Put the type of a procedure on the same line as its name.
See DECLARATIONS.
-nsaf, --no-space-after-for
Do not put a space after every for.
See STATEMENTS.
-nsai, --no-space-after-if
Do not put a space after every if.
See STATEMENTS.
-nsaw, --no-space-after-while
Do not put a space after every while.
See STATEMENTS.
-nsc, --dont-star-comments
Do not put the ‘*’ character at the left of comments.
See COMMENTS.
-nsob, --leave-optional-blank-lines
Do not swallow optional blank lines.
See BLANK LINES.
-nss, --dont-space-special-semicolon
Do not force a space before the semicolon after certain statements. Disables ‘-ss’.
See STATEMENTS.
-ntac, --dont-tab-align-comments
Do not pad comments out to the nearest tabstop.
See COMMENTS.
-nut, --no-tabs
Use spaces instead of tabs.
See INDENTATION.
-nv, --no-verbosity
Disable verbose mode.
See MISCELLANEOUS OPTIONS.
-orig, --original
Use the original Berkeley coding style.
See COMMON STYLES.
-npro, --ignore-profile
Do not read ‘.indent.pro’ files.
See INVOKING INDENT.
-pal, --pointer-align-left
Put asterisks in pointer declarations on the left of spaces, next to types: ‘‘char* p’’.
-par, --pointer-align-right
Put asterisks in pointer declarations on the right of spaces, next to variable names: ‘‘char *p’’.
This is the default behavior.
-pcs, --space-after-procedure-calls
Insert a space between the name of the procedure being called and the ‘(’.
See STATEMENTS.
-pin, --paren-indentationn
Specify the extra indentation per open parentheses ’(’ when a statement is broken.See STATEMENTS.
-pmt, --preserve-mtime
Preserve access and modification times on output files.See MISCELLANEOUS OPTIONS.
-ppin, --preprocessor-indentationn
Specify the indentation for preprocessor conditional statements.See INDENTATION.
-prs, --space-after-parentheses
Put a space after every ’(’ and before every ’)’.
See STATEMENTS.
-psl, --procnames-start-lines
Put the type of a procedure on the line before its name.
See DECLARATIONS.
-saf, --space-after-for
Put a space after each for.
See STATEMENTS.
-sai, --space-after-if
Put a space after each if.
See STATEMENTS.
-sar, --spaces-around-initializers
Put a space after the ‘{’ and before the ‘}’ in initializers.
See DECLARATIONS.
-saw, --space-after-while
Put a space after each while.
See STATEMENTS.
-sbin, --struct-brace-indentationn
Indent braces of a struct, union or enum N spaces.
See STATEMENTS.
-sc, --start-left-side-of-comments
Put the ‘*’ character at the left of comments.
See COMMENTS.
-slc, --single-line-conditionals
Allow for unbraced conditionals (if, else, etc.) to have their inner statement on the same line.
See STATEMENTS.
-sob, --swallow-optional-blank-lines
Swallow optional blank lines.
See BLANK LINES.
-ss, --space-special-semicolon
On one-line for and while statements, force a blank before the semicolon.
See STATEMENTS.
-st, --standard-output
Write to standard output.
See INVOKING INDENT.
-T Tell indent the name of typenames.
See DECLARATIONS.
-tsn, --tab-sizen
Set tab size to n spaces.
See INDENTATION.
-ut, --use-tabs
Use tabs. This is the default.
See INDENTATION.
-v, --verbose
Enable verbose mode.
See MISCELLANEOUS OPTIONS.
-version
Output the version number of indent.
See MISCELLANEOUS OPTIONS.
INVOKING INDENT
As of version 1.3, the format of the indent command is:
indent [options] [input-files]
indent [options] [single-input-file] [-o output-file]
This format is different from earlier versions and other versions of indent.
In the first form, one or more input files are specified. indent makes a backup copy of each file, and
the original file is replaced with its indented version. See BACKUP FILES, for an explanation of how
backups are made.
In the second form, only one input file is specified. In this case, or when the standard input is used,
you may specify an output file after the ‘-o’ option.
To cause indent to write to standard output, use the ‘-st’ option. This is only allowed when there is
only one input file, or when the standard input is used.
If no input files are named, the standard input is read for input. Also, if a filename named ‘-’ is
specified, then the standard input is read.
As an example, each of the following commands will input the program ‘slithy_toves.c’ and write its
indented text to ‘slithy_toves.out’:
indent slithy_toves.c -o slithy_toves.out
indent -st slithy_toves.c > slithy_toves.out
cat slithy_toves.c | indent -o slithy_toves.out
Most other options to indent control how programs are formatted. As of version 1.2, indent also
recognizes a long name for each option name. Long options are prefixed by either ‘--’ or ‘+’. [ ‘+’ is
being superseded by ‘--’ to maintain consistency with the POSIX standard.]
In most of this document, the traditional, short names are used for the sake of brevity. See
OPTION SUMMARY, for a list of options, including both long and short names.
Here is another example:
indent -br test/metabolism.c -l85
This will indent the program ‘test/metabolism.c’ using the ‘-br’ and ‘-l85’ options, write the output
back to ‘test/metabolism.c’, and write the original contents of ‘test/metabolism.c’ to a backup file in
the directory ‘test’.
Equivalent invocations using long option names for this example would be:
indent --braces-on-if-line --line-length185 test/metabolism.c
indent +braces-on-if-line +line-length185 test/metabolism.c
If you find that you often use indent with the same options, you may put those options into a file named
‘.indent.pro’. indent will look for a profile file in three places. First it will check the environment
variable INDENT_PROFILE. If that exists its value is expected to name the file that is to be used. If the
environment variable does not exist, indent looks for ‘.indent.pro’ in the current directory
and use that if found. Finally indent will search your home directory for ‘.indent.pro’ and use that
file if it is found. This behaviour is different from that of other versions of indent, which load both
files if they both exist.
The format of ‘.indent.pro’ is simply a list of options, just as they would appear on the command line,
separated by white space (tabs, spaces, and newlines). Options in ‘.indent.pro’ may be surrounded by C
or C++ comments, in which case they are ignored.
Command line switches are handled after processing ‘.indent.pro’. Options specified later override
arguments specified earlier, with one exception: Explicitly specified options always override background
options (See COMMON STYLES). You can prevent indent from reading an ‘.indent.pro’ file by specifying the
‘-npro’ option.
BACKUP FILES
As of version 1.3, GNU indent makes GNU-style backup files, the same way GNU Emacs does. This means that
either simple or numbered backup filenames may be made.
Simple backup file names are generated by appending a suffix to the original file name. The default for
this suffix is the one-character string ‘~’ (tilde). Thus, the backup file for ‘python.c’ would be
‘python.c~’.
Instead of the default, you may specify any string as a suffix by setting the environment variable
SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX to your preferred suffix.
Numbered backup versions of a file ‘momeraths.c’ look like ‘momeraths.c.~23~’, where 23 is the version of
this particular backup. When making a numbered backup of the file ‘src/momeraths.c’, the backup file
will be named ‘src/momeraths.c.~V~’, where V is one greater than the highest version currently existing
in the directory ‘src’. The environment variable VERSION_WIDTH controls the number of digits, using left
zero padding when necessary. For instance, setting this variable to "2" will lead to the backup file
being named ‘momeraths.c.~04~’.
The type of backup file made is controlled by the value of the environment variable VERSION_CONTROL. If
it is the string ‘simple’, then only simple backups will be made. If its value is the string ‘numbered’,
then numbered backups will be made. If its value is ‘numbered-existing’, then numbered backups will be
made if there already exist numbered backups for the file being indented; otherwise, a simple backup is
made. If VERSION_CONTROL is not set, then indent assumes the behaviour of ‘numbered-existing’.
Other versions of indent use the suffix ‘.BAK’ in naming backup files. This behaviour can be emulated by
setting SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX to ‘.BAK’.
Note also that other versions of indent make backups in the current directory, rather than in the
directory of the source file as GNU indent now does.
COMMON STYLES
There are several common styles of C code, including the GNU style, the Kernighan & Ritchie style, and
the original Berkeley style. A style may be selected with a single background option, which specifies a
set of values for all other options. However, explicitly specified options always override options
implied by a background option.
As of version 1.2, the default style of GNU indent is the GNU style. Thus, it is no longer necessary to
specify the option ‘-gnu’ to obtain this format, although doing so will not cause an error. Option
settings which correspond to the GNU style are:
-nbad -bap -nbc -bbo -bl -bli2 -bls -ncdb -nce -cp1 -cs -di2
-ndj -nfc1 -nfca -hnl -i2 -ip5 -lp -pcs -nprs -psl -saf -sai
-saw -nsc -nsob
The GNU coding style is that preferred by the GNU project. It is the style that the GNU Emacs C mode
encourages and which is used in the C portions of GNU Emacs. (People interested in writing programs for
Project GNU should get a copy of "The GNU Coding Standards", which also covers semantic and portability
issues such as memory usage, the size of integers, etc.)
The Kernighan & Ritchie style is used throughout their well-known book "The C Programming Language". It
is enabled with the ‘-kr’ option. The Kernighan & Ritchie style corresponds to the following set of
options:
-nbad -bap -bbo -nbc -br -brs -c33 -cd33 -ncdb -ce -ci4 -cli0
-cp33 -cs -d0 -di1 -nfc1 -nfca -hnl -i4 -ip0 -l75 -lp -npcs
-nprs -npsl -saf -sai -saw -nsc -nsob -nss -par
Kernighan & Ritchie style does not put comments to the right of code in the same column at all times (nor
does it use only one space to the right of the code), so for this style indent has arbitrarily chosen
column 33.
The style of the original Berkeley indent may be obtained by specifying ‘-orig’ (or by specifying
‘--original’, using the long option name). This style is equivalent to the following settings:
-nbad -nbap -bbo -bc -br -brs -c33 -cd33 -cdb -ce -ci4 -cli0
-cp33 -di16 -fc1 -fca -hnl -i4 -ip4 -l75 -lp -npcs -nprs -psl
-saf -sai -saw -sc -nsob -nss -ts8
The Linux style is used in the linux kernel code and drivers. Code generally has to follow the Linux
coding style to be accepted. This style is equivalent to the following settings:
-nbad -bap -nbc -bbo -hnl -br -brs -c33 -cd33 -ncdb -ce -ci4
-cli0 -d0 -di1 -nfc1 -i8 -ip0 -l80 -lp -npcs -nprs -npsl -sai
-saf -saw -ncs -nsc -sob -nfca -cp33 -ss -ts8 -il1
BLANK LINES
Various programming styles use blank lines in different places. indent has a number of options to insert
or delete blank lines in specific places.
The ‘-bad’ option causes indent to force a blank line after every block of declarations. The ‘-nbad’
option causes indent not to force such blank lines.
The ‘-bap’ option forces a blank line after every procedure body. The ‘-nbap’ option forces no such
blank line.
The ‘-bbb’ option forces a blank line before every boxed comment (See COMMENTS.) The ‘-nbbb’ option does
not force such blank lines.
The ‘-sob’ option causes indent to swallow optional blank lines (that is, any optional blank lines
present in the input will be removed from the output). If the ‘-nsob’ is specified, any blank lines
present in the input file will be copied to the output file.
--blank-lines-after-declarations
The ‘-bad’ option forces a blank line after every block of declarations. The ‘-nbad’ option does not add
any such blank lines.
For example, given the input
char *foo;
char *bar;
/* This separates blocks of declarations. */
int baz;
indent -bad produces
char *foo;
char *bar;
/* This separates blocks of declarations. */
int baz;
and indent -nbad produces
char *foo;
char *bar;
/* This separates blocks of declarations. */
int baz;
--blank-lines-after-procedures
The ‘-bap’ option forces a blank line after every procedure body.
For example, given the input
int
foo ()
{
puts("Hi");
}
/* The procedure bar is even less interesting. */
char *
bar ()
{
puts("Hello");
}
indent -bap produces
int
foo ()
{
puts ("Hi");
}
/* The procedure bar is even less interesting. */
char *
bar ()
{
puts ("Hello");
}
and indent -nbap produces
int
foo ()
{
puts ("Hi");
}
/* The procedure bar is even less interesting. */
char *
bar ()
{
puts ("Hello");
}
No blank line will be added after the procedure foo.
COMMENTS
indent formats both C and C++ comments. C comments are begun with ‘/*’, terminated with ‘*/’ and may
contain newline characters. C++ comments begin with the delimiter ‘//’ and end at the newline.
indent handles comments differently depending upon their context. indent attempts to distinguish between
comments which follow statements, comments which follow declarations, comments following preprocessor
directives, and comments which are not preceded by code of any sort, i.e., they begin the text of the
line (although not necessarily in column 1).
indent further distinguishes between comments found outside of procedures and aggregates, and those found
within them. In particular, comments beginning a line found within a procedure will be indented to the
column at which code is currently indented. The exception to this is a comment beginning in the leftmost
column; such a comment is output at that column.
indent attempts to leave boxed comments unmodified. The general idea of such a comment is that it is
enclosed in a rectangle or ‘‘box’’ of stars or dashes to visually set it apart. More precisely, boxed
comments are defined as those in which the initial ‘/*’ is followed immediately by the character ‘*’,
‘=’, ‘_’, or ‘-’, or those in which the beginning comment delimiter (‘/*’) is on a line by itself, and
the following line begins with a ‘*’ in the same column as the star of the opening delimiter.
Examples of boxed comments are:
/**********************
* Comment in a box!! *
**********************/
/*
* A different kind of scent,
* for a different kind of comment.
*/
indent attempts to leave boxed comments exactly as they are found in the source file. Thus the
indentation of the comment is unchanged, and its length is not checked in any way. The only alteration
made is that an embedded tab character may be converted into the appropriate number of spaces.
If the ‘-bbb’ option is specified, all such boxed comments will be preceded by a blank line, unless such
a comment is preceded by code.
Comments which are not boxed comments may be formatted, which means that the line is broken to fit within
a right margin and left-filled with whitespace. Single newlines are equivalent to a space, but blank
lines (two or more newlines in a row) are taken to mean a paragraph break. Formatting of comments which
begin after the first column is enabled with the ‘-fca’ option. To format those beginning in column one,
specify ‘-fc1’. Such formatting is disabled by default.
The right margin for formatting defaults to 78, but may be changed with the ‘-lc’ option. If the margin
specified does not allow the comment to be printed, the margin will be automatically extended for the
duration of that comment. The margin is not respected if the comment is not being formatted.
If the ‘-fnc’ option is specified, all comments with ‘/*’ embedded will have that character sequence
replaced by a space followed by the character ‘*’ thus eliminating nesting.
If the comment begins a line (i.e., there is no program text to its left), it will be indented to the
column it was found in unless the comment is within a block of code. In that case, such a comment will
be aligned with the indented code of that block (unless the comment began in the first column). This
alignment may be affected by the ‘-d’ option, which specifies an amount by which such comments are moved
to the left, or unindented. For example, ‘-d2’ places comments two spaces to the left of code. By
default, comments are aligned with code, unless they begin in the first column, in which case they are
left there by default --- to get them aligned with the code, specify ‘-fc1’.
Comments to the right of code will appear by default in column 33. This may be changed with one of three
options. ‘-c’ will specify the column for comments following code, ‘-cd’ specifies the column for
comments following declarations, and ‘-cp’ specifies the column for comments following preprocessor
directives #else and #endif. ‘-dj’ together with ‘-cd0’ can be used to suppress alignment of comments to
the right of declarations, causing the comment to follow one tabstop from the end of the declaration.
Normally ‘-cd0’ causes ‘-c’ to become effective.
If the code to the left of the comment exceeds the beginning column, the comment column will be extended
to the next tabstop column past the end of the code, unless the ‘-ntac’ option is specified. In the case
of preprocessor directives,comments are extended to to one space past the end of the directive. This
extension lasts only for the output of that particular comment.
The ‘-cdb’ option places the comment delimiters on blank lines. Thus, a single line comment like /*
Loving hug */ can be transformed into:
/*
Loving hug
*/
Stars can be placed at the beginning of multi-line comments with the ‘-sc’ option. Thus, the single-line
comment above can be transformed (with ‘-cdb -sc’) into:
/*
* Loving hug
*/
STATEMENTS
The ‘-br’ or ‘-bl’ option specifies how to format braces.
The ‘-br’ option formats statement braces like this:
if (x > 0) {
x--;
}
The ‘-bl’ option formats them like this:
if (x > 0)
{
x--;
}
If you use the ‘-bl’ option, you may also want to specify the ‘-bli’ option. This option specifies the
number of spaces by which braces are indented. ‘-bli2’, the default, gives the result shown above.
‘-bli0’ results in the following:
if (x > 0)
{
x--;
}
If you are using the ‘-br’ option, you probably want to also use the ‘-ce’ option. This causes the else
in an if-then-else construct to cuddle up to the immediately preceding ‘}’. For example, with ‘-br -ce’
you get the following:
if (x > 0) {
x--;
} else {
fprintf (stderr, "...something wrong?\n");
}
With ‘-br -nce’ that code would appear as
if (x > 0) {
x--;
}
else {
fprintf (stderr, "...something wrong?\n");
}
An exception to the behavior occurs when there is a comment between the right brace and the subsequent
else statement. While the ‘-br’ option will cause a left brace to jump over the comment, the else does
not jump over the comment to cuddle because it has a strong likelihood of changing the meaning of the
comment.
The ‘-cdw’ option causes the while in a do-while loop to cuddle up to the immediately preceding ‘}’. For
example, with ‘-cdw’ you get the following:
do {
x--;
} while (x);
With ‘-ncdw’ that code would appear as
do {
x--;
}
while (x);
The ‘-slc’ option allows for an unbraced conditional and its inner statement to appear on the same line.
For example:
if (x) x--;
else x++;
Without ‘-slc’ that code would appear as
if (x)
x--;
else
x++;
The ‘-cli’ option specifies the number of spaces that case labels should be indented to the right of the
containing switch statement.
The default gives code like:
switch (i)
{
case 0:
break;
case 1:
{
++i;
}
default:
break;
}
Using the ‘-cli2’ that would become:
switch (i)
{
case 0:
break;
case 1:
{
++i;
}
default:
break;
}
The indentation of the braces below a case statement can be controlled with the ‘-cbin’ option. For
example, using ‘-cli2 -cbi0’ results in:
switch (i)
{
case 0:
break;
case 1:
{
++i;
}
default:
break;
}
If a semicolon is on the same line as a for or while statement, the ‘-ss’ option will cause a space to be
placed before the semicolon. This emphasizes the semicolon, making it clear that the body of the for or
while statement is an empty statement. ‘-nss’ disables this feature.
The ‘-pcs’ option causes a space to be placed between the name of the procedure being called and the ‘(’
(for example, puts ("Hi");. The ‘-npcs’ option would give puts("Hi");).
If the ‘-cs’ option is specified, indent puts a space between a cast operator and the object to be cast.
The ‘-ncs’ ensures that there is no space between the cast operator and the object. Remember that indent
only knows about the standard C data types and so cannot recognise user-defined types in casts. Thus
(mytype)thing is not treated as a cast.
The ‘-bs’ option ensures that there is a space between the keyword sizeof and its argument. In some
versions, this is known as the ‘Bill_Shannon’ option.
The ‘-saf’ option forces a space between a for and the following parenthesis. This is the default.
The ‘-sai’ option forces a space between a if and the following parenthesis. This is the default.
The ‘-saw’ option forces a space between a while and the following parenthesis. This is the default.
The ‘-prs’ option causes all parentheses to be separated with a space from whatever is between them. For
example, using ‘-prs’ results in code like:
while ( ( e_code - s_code ) < ( dec_ind - 1 ) )
{
set_buf_break ( bb_dec_ind );
*e_code++ = ’ ’;
}
DECLARATIONS
By default indent will line up identifiers, in the column specified by the ‘-di’ option. For example,
‘-di16’ makes things look like:
int foo;
char *bar;
Using a small value (such as one or two) for the ‘-di’ option can be used to cause the identifiers to be
placed in the first available position; for example:
int foo;
char *bar;
The value given to the ‘-di’ option will still affect variables which are put on separate lines from
their types, for example ‘-di2’ will lead to:
int
foo;
If the ‘-bc’ option is specified, a newline is forced after each comma in a declaration. For example,
int a,
b,
c;
With the ‘-nbc’ option this would look like
int a, b, c;
The ‘-bfda’ option causes a newline to be forced after the comma separating the arguments of a function
declaration. The arguments will appear at one indention level deeper than the function declaration.
This is particularly helpful for functions with long argument lists. The option ‘-bfde’ causes a newline
to be forced before the closing bracket of the function declaration. For both options the ’n’ setting is
the default: -nbfda and -nbfde.
For example,
void foo (int arg1, char arg2, int *arg3, long arg4, char arg5);
With the ‘-bfda’ option this would look like
void foo (
int arg1,
char arg2,
int *arg3,
long arg4,
char arg5);
With, in addition, the ‘-bfde’ option this would look like
void foo (
int arg1,
char arg2,
int *arg3,
long arg4,
char arg5
);
The ‘-psl’ option causes the type of a procedure being defined to be placed on the line before the name
of the procedure. This style is required for the etags program to work correctly, as well as some of the
c-mode functions of Emacs.
You must use the ‘-T’ option to tell indent the name of all the typenames in your program that are
defined by typedef. ‘-T’ can be specified more than once, and all names specified are used. For
example, if your program contains
typedef unsigned long CODE_ADDR;
typedef enum {red, blue, green} COLOR;
you would use the options ‘-T CODE_ADDR -T COLOR’.
The ‘-brs’ or ‘-bls’ option specifies how to format braces in struct declarations. The ‘-brs’ option
formats braces like this:
struct foo {
int x;
};
The ‘-bls’ option formats them like this:
struct foo
{
int x;
};
Similarly to the structure brace ‘-brs’ and ‘-bls’ options,
the function brace options ‘-brf’ or ‘-blf’ specify how to format the braces in function definitions.
The ‘-brf’ option formats braces like this:
int one(void) {
return 1;
};
The ‘-blf’ option formats them like this:
int one(void)
{
return 1;
};
The ‘-sar’ option affects how indent will render initializer lists. Without ‘-sar’ they are formatted
like this:
int a[] = {1, 2, 3, 4};
struct s {
const char *name;
int x;
} a[] = {
{"name", 0},
{"a", 1}
};
With ‘-sar’ they are formatted like this, with spaces inside the braces:
int a[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
struct s {
const char *name;
int x;
} a[] = {
{ "name", 0 },
{ "a", 1 }
};
INDENTATION
The most basic, and most controversial issues with regard to code formatting is precisely how indentation
should be acoomplished. Fortunately, indent supports several different styles of identation. The
default is to use tabs for indentation, which is specified by the ‘-ut’ option. Assuming the default tab
size of 8, the code would look like this:
int a(int b)
{
return b;
|------|
1 tab
}
For those that prefer spaces to tabs, ‘indent’ provides the ‘-nut’ option. The same code would look like
this:
int a(int b)
{
return b;
|------|
8 spaces
}
Another issue in the formatting of code is how far each line should be indented from the left margin.
When the beginning of a statement such as if or for is encountered, the indentation level is increased by
the value specified by the ‘-i’ option. For example, use ‘-i8’ to specify an eight character indentation
for each level. When a statement is broken across two lines, the second line is indented by a number of
additional spaces specified by the ‘-ci’ option. ‘-ci’ defaults to 0. However, if the ‘-lp’ option is
specified, and a line has a left parenthesis which is not closed on that line, then continuation lines
will be lined up to start at the character position just after the left parenthesis. This processing
also applies to ‘[’ and applies to ‘{’ when it occurs in initialization lists. For example, a piece of
continued code might look like this with ‘-nlp -ci3’ in effect:
p1 = first_procedure (second_procedure (p2, p3),
third_procedure (p4, p5));
With ‘-lp’ in effect the code looks somewhat clearer:
p1 = first_procedure (second_procedure (p2, p3),
third_procedure (p4, p5));
When a statement is broken in between two or more paren pairs (...), each extra pair causes the
indentation level extra indentation:
if ((((i < 2 &&
k > 0) || p == 0) &&
q == 1) ||
n = 0)
The option ‘-ipN’ can be used to set the extra offset per paren. For instance, ‘-ip0’ would format the
above as:
if ((((i < 2 &&
k > 0) || p == 0) &&
q == 1) ||
n = 0)
indent assumes that tabs are placed at regular intervals of both input and output character streams.
These intervals are by default 8 columns wide, but (as of version 1.2) may be changed by the ‘-ts’
option. Tabs are treated as the equivalent number of spaces.
By default, indent will use tabs to indent as far as possible, and then pad with spaces until the desired
position is reached. However, with the ‘-as’ option, spaces will be used for alignment beyond the current
indentation level. By default, assuming ‘-lp’ is enabled, the code would be indented like so (‘t’
represents tabs, ‘s’ represents spaces):
unsigned long really_long_proc_name(unsigned long x, unsigned long y,
int a)
|------||-------||------||-------|__
t t t t ss
{
p1 = first_procedure (second_procedure (p2, p3),
third_procedure (p4, p5));
|------||------||------|_____
t t t sssss
}
This is fine, if you assume that whoever is reading the code will honor your assumption of 8-space tabs.
If the reader was using 4-space tabs, it would look like this:
unsigned long really_long_proc_name(unsigned long x, unsigned long y,
int a)
|---||---||---||---|__
t t t t ss
{
p1 = first_procedure (second_procedure (p2, p3),
third_procedure (p4, p5));
|---||---||---|______
t t t ssssss
}
The ‘-as’ option fixes this so that the code will appear consistent regardless of what tab size the user
users to read the code. This looks like:
unsigned long really_long_proc_name(unsigned long x, unsigned long y,
int a)
____________________________________
ssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssssss
{
p1 = first_procedure (second_procedure (p2, p3),
third_procedure (p4, p5));
|------|______________________
t ssssssssssssssssssssss
}
The indentation of type declarations in old-style function definitions is controlled by the ‘-ip’
parameter. This is a numeric parameter specifying how many spaces to indent type declarations. For
example, the default ‘-ip5’ makes definitions look like this:
char *
create_world (x, y, scale)
int x;
int y;
float scale;
{
. . .
}
For compatibility with other versions of indent, the option ‘-nip’ is provided, which is equivalent to
‘-ip0’.
ANSI C allows white space to be placed on preprocessor command lines between the character ‘#’ and the
command name. By default, indent removes this space, but specifying the ‘-lps’ option directs indent to
leave this space unmodified. The option ‘-ppi’ overrides ‘-nlps’ and ‘-lps’.
This option can be used to request that preprocessor conditional statements can be indented by to given
number of spaces, for example with the option ‘-ppi 3’
#if X
#if Y
#define Z 1
#else
#define Z 0
#endif
#endif
becomes
#if X
# if Y
# define Z 1
# else
# define Z 0
# endif
#endif
This option sets the offset at which a label (except case labels) will be positioned. If it is set to
zero or a positive number, this indicates how far from the left margin to indent a label. If it is set
to a negative number, this indicates how far back from the current indent level to place the label. The
default setting is -2 which matches the behaviour of earlier versions of indent. Note that this
parameter does not affect the placing of case labels; see the ‘-cli’ parameter for that. For example with
the option ‘-il 1’
group
function()
{
if (do_stuff1() == ERROR)
goto cleanup1;
if (do_stuff2() == ERROR)
goto cleanup2;
return SUCCESS;
cleanup2:
do_cleanup2();
cleanup1:
do_cleanup1();
return ERROR;
}
becomes
group
function()
{
if (do_stuff1() == ERROR)
goto cleanup1;
if (do_stuff2() == ERROR)
goto cleanup2;
return SUCCESS;
cleanup2:
do_cleanup2();
cleanup1:
do_cleanup1();
return ERROR;
}
BREAKING LONG LINES
With the option ‘-ln’, or ‘--line-lengthn’, it is possible to specify the maximum length of a line of C
code, not including possible comments that follow it.
When lines become longer than the specified line length, GNU indent tries to break the line at a logical
place. This is new as of version 2.1 however and not very intelligent or flexible yet.
Currently there are three options that allow one to interfere with the algorithm that determines where to
break a line.
The ‘-bbo’ option causes GNU indent to prefer to break long lines before the boolean operators && and ||.
The ‘-nbbo’ option causes GNU indent not have that preference. For example, the default option ‘-bbo’
(together with ‘--line-length60’ and ‘--ignore-newlines’) makes code look like this:
if (mask
&& ((mask[0] == ’\0’)
|| (mask[1] == ’\0’
&& ((mask[0] == ’0’) || (mask[0] == ’*’)))))
Using the option ‘-nbbo’ will make it look like this:
if (mask &&
((mask[0] == ’\0’) ||
(mask[1] == ’\0’ &&
((mask[0] == ’0’) || (mask[0] == ’*’)))))
The default ‘-hnl’, however, honours newlines in the input file by giving them the highest possible
priority to break lines at. For example, when the input file looks like this:
if (mask
&& ((mask[0] == ’\0’)
|| (mask[1] == ’\0’ && ((mask[0] == ’0’) || (mask[0] == ’*’)))))
then using the option ‘-hnl’, or ‘--honour-newlines’, together with the previously mentioned ‘-nbbo’ and
‘--line-length60’, will cause the output not to be what is given in the last example but instead will
prefer to break at the positions where the code was broken in the input file:
if (mask
&& ((mask[0] == ’\0’)
|| (mask[1] == ’\0’ &&
((mask[0] == ’0’) || (mask[0] == ’*’)))))
The idea behind this option is that lines which are too long, but are already broken up, will not be
touched by GNU indent. Really messy code should be run through indent at least once using the ‘--ignore-
newlines’ option though.
The ‘-gts’ option affects how the gettext standard macros _() and N_() are treated. The default behavior
(or the use of ‘-ngts’) causes indent to treat them as it does other functions, so that a long string is
broken like the following example.
if (mask)
{
warning (_
("This is a long string that stays together."));
}
With the ‘-gts’ option, the underscore is treated as a part of the string, keeping it tied to the string,
and respecting the fact that gettext is unobtrusively providing a localized string. This only works if
_(" is together as a unit at the beginning of the string and ") is together as a unit at the end.
if (mask)
{
warning
(_("This is a long string that stays together."));
}
DISABLING FORMATTING
Formatting of C code may be disabled for portions of a program by embedding special control comments in
the program. To turn off formatting for a section of a program, place the disabling control comment /*
*INDENT-OFF* */ on a line by itself just before that section. Program text scanned after this control
comment is output precisely as input with no modifications until the corresponding enabling comment is
scanned on a line by itself. The enabling control comment is /* *INDENT-ON* */, and any text following
the comment on the line is also output unformatted. Formatting begins again with the input line
following the enabling control comment.
More precisely, indent does not attempt to verify the closing delimiter (*/) for these C comments, and
any whitespace on the line is totally transparent.
These control comments also function in their C++ formats, namely // *INDENT-OFF* and // *INDENT-ON*.
It should be noted that the internal state of indent remains unchanged over the course of the unformatted
section. Thus, for example, turning off formatting in the middle of a function and continuing it after
the end of the function may lead to bizarre results. It is therefore wise to be somewhat modular in
selecting code to be left unformatted.
As a historical note, some earlier versions of indent produced error messages beginning with *INDENT**.
These versions of indent were written to ignore any input text lines which began with such error
messages. I have removed this incestuous feature from GNU indent.
MISCELLANEOUS OPTIONS
To find out what version of indent you have, use the command indent -version. This will report the
version number of indent, without doing any of the normal processing.
The ‘-v’ option can be used to turn on verbose mode. When in verbose mode, indent reports when it splits
one line of input into two more more lines of output, and gives some size statistics at completion.
The ‘-pmt’ option causes indent to preserve the access and modification times on the output files. Using
this option has the advantage that running indent on all source and header files in a project won’t cause
make to rebuild all targets. This option is only available on Operating Systems that have the POSIX
utime(2) function.
BUGS
Please report any bugs to bug-indent@gnu.org.
When indent is run twice on a file, with the same profile, it should never change that file the second
time. With the current design of indent, this can not be guaranteed, and it has not been extensively
tested.
indent does not understand C. In some cases this leads to the inability to join lines. The result is
that running a file through indent is irreversible, even if the used input file was the result of running
indent with a given profile (‘.indent.pro’).
While an attempt was made to get indent working for C++, it will not do a good job on any C++ source
except the very simplest.
indent does not look at the given ‘--line-length’ option when writing comments to the output file. This
results often in comments being put far to the right. In order to prohibit indent from joining a broken
line that has a comment at the end, make sure that the comments start on the first line of the break.
indent does not count lines and comments (see the ‘-v’ option) when indent is turned off with /* *INDENT-
OFF* */.
Comments of the form /*UPPERCASE*/ are not treated as comment but as an identifier, causing them to be
joined with the next line. This renders comments of this type useless, unless they are embedded in the
code to begin with.
COPYRIGHT
The following copyright notice applies to the indent program. The copyright and copying permissions for
this manual appear near the beginning of ‘indent.texinfo’ and ‘indent.info’, and near the end of
‘indent.1’.
Copyright (c) 2015 Tim Hentenaar.
Copyright (c) 2001 David Ingamells.
Copyright (c) 1999 Carlo Wood.
Copyright (c) 1995, 1996 Joseph Arceneaux.
Copyright (c) 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2014 Free Software Foundation
Copyright (c) 1985 Sun Microsystems, Inc.
Copyright (c) 1980 The Regents of the University of California.
Copyright (c) 1976 Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois.
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted
provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
duplicated in all such forms and that any documentation,
advertising materials, and other materials related to such
distribution and use acknowledge that the software was developed
by the University of California, Berkeley, the University of Illinois,
Urbana, and Sun Microsystems, Inc. The name of either University
or Sun Microsystems may not be used to endorse or promote products
derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ‘‘AS IS’’ AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE.
Options’ Cross Key
Here is a list of options alphabetized by long option, to help you find the corresponding short option.
--align-with-spaces -as
--blank-lines-after-commas -bc
--blank-lines-after-declarations -bad
--blank-lines-after-procedures -bap
--blank-lines-before-block-comments -bbb
--braces-after-if-line -bl
--braces-after-func-def-line -blf
--brace-indent -bli
--braces-after-struct-decl-line -bls
--braces-on-if-line -br
--braces-on-func-def-line -brf
--braces-on-struct-decl-line -brs
--break-after-boolean-operator -nbbo
--break-before-boolean-operator -bbo
--break-function-decl-args -bfda
--break-function-decl-args-end -bfde
--case-indentation -clin
--case-brace-indentation -cbin
--comment-delimiters-on-blank-lines -cdb
--comment-indentation -cn
--continuation-indentation -cin
--continue-at-parentheses -lp
--cuddle-do-while -cdw
--cuddle-else -ce
--declaration-comment-column -cdn
--declaration-indentation -din
--dont-break-function-decl-args -nbfda
--dont-break-function-decl-args-end -nbfde
--dont-break-procedure-type -npsl
--dont-cuddle-do-while -ncdw
--dont-cuddle-else -nce
--dont-format-comments -nfca
--dont-format-first-column-comments -nfc1
--dont-line-up-parentheses -nlp
--dont-left-justify-declarations -ndj
--dont-space-special-semicolon -nss
--dont-star-comments -nsc
--dont-tab-align-comments -ntac
--else-endif-column -cpn
--format-all-comments -fca
--format-first-column-comments -fc1
--gnu-style -gnu
--honour-newlines -hnl
--ignore-newlines -nhnl
--ignore-profile -npro
--indent-label -iln
--indent-level -in
--k-and-r-style -kr
--leave-optional-blank-lines -nsob
--leave-preprocessor-space -lps
--left-justify-declarations -dj
--line-comments-indentation -dn
--line-length -ln
--linux-style -linux
--no-blank-lines-after-commas -nbc
--no-blank-lines-after-declarations -nbad
--no-blank-lines-after-procedures -nbap
--no-blank-lines-before-block-comments -nbbb
--no-comment-delimiters-on-blank-lines -ncdb
--no-space-after-casts -ncs
--no-parameter-indentation -nip
--no-space-after-for -nsaf
--no-space-after-function-call-names -npcs
--no-space-after-if -nsai
--no-space-after-parentheses -nprs
--no-space-after-while -nsaw
--no-tabs -nut
--no-verbosity -nv
--original -orig
--parameter-indentation -ipn
--paren-indentation -pin
--preserve-mtime -pmt
--preprocessor-indentation -ppin
--procnames-start-lines -psl
--single-line-conditionals -slc
--space-after-cast -cs
--space-after-for -saf
--space-after-if -sai
--space-after-parentheses -prs
--space-after-procedure-calls -pcs
--space-after-while -saw
--space-special-semicolon -ss
--spaces-around-initializers -sar
--standard-output -st
--start-left-side-of-comments -sc
--struct-brace-indentation -sbin
--swallow-optional-blank-lines -sob
--tab-size -tsn
--use-tabs -ut
--verbose -v
RETURN VALUE
Unknown
FILES
$HOME/.indent.pro holds default options for indent.
AUTHORS
Tim Hentenaar
Carlo Wood
Joseph Arceneaux
Jim Kingdon
David Ingamells
HISTORY
Derived from the UCB program "indent".
COPYING
Copyright (C) 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 2014, 2015 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Copyright
(C) 1995, 1996 Joseph Arceneaux. Copyright (C) 1999 Carlo Wood. Copyright (C) 2001 David Ingamells.
Copyright (C) 2013 Łukasz Stelmach. Copyright (C) 2015 Tim Hentenaar.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice
and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.
INDENT(1)