Provided by: jcal_0.4.1-2build1_amd64 
NAME
jcal — displays a calendar
SYNOPSIS
jcal [-epPVjy13] [[month] year]
DESCRIPTION
jcal displays a simple calendar. If arguments are not specified, the current month is displayed. The
options are as follows:
-1 Display single month output. (This is the default.)
-3 Display prev/current/next month output.
-j Display Julian dates (days one-based, numbered from Farvardin 1).
-p Display Farsi numbers and names.
-P Display year based on Pahlavi epoch.
-e Display english names for weekdays.
-y Display a calendar for the current year.
-V Display calendar version.
A single parameter specifies the year (1 - 9999) to be displayed; note the year must be fully specified:
“cal 90” will not display a calendar for 1390. Two parameters denote the month (1 - 12) and year. If no
parameters are specified, the current month's calendar is displayed.
A year starts on Far 1.
BRIEF EXPLANATION
True solar year, also known as tropical year, was a still later discovery. One has to take equinox or
solstice into account to keep an accurate track of the solar year. The equinoxes are the two intersections
of the sun's apparent annual path with the celestial equator. The sun reaches the vernal equinox on 1st of
Farvardin, on or about 21st March, the summer solstice on 1st of Tir, on about 22nd June, the autumnal
equinox on 1st Mehr, on or about 23rd September, and the winter solstice on 1st of Dey, on or about 22
December. Because the two planes, the path of the sun and the celestial equator move in opposite
directions, the equinoxes and solstices do not occur at the same points every year. This anti-clock
movement of the intersection point is called precession. It moves one degree in 72 years, one Zodiac sign
of 30 degrees in 2,156 years and one circle in 25,868 years. For further information on calendar, solar or
tropical year, precession, and other astronomical data, refer to any good encyclopedia or a publication on
astronomy and astrology. The tropical year, based on the four seasons, is precise. It is 365.24224 solar
days (365 days 5 hr 48 min 45.5 sec), and the tropical lunar year is 354.36708 solar days, a difference of
10.87516 solar days. We need not go far to find a workable calendar. Of all the present calendars, the
official Iranian calendar, based on the astronomical system, is the most scientific calendar in use and
bears the names of what are known as Zoroastrian months. It rightly has the vernal equinox (on or about
21st March) at the beginning of the spring and the year. The fourth month begins on the summer solstice (on
or about 22 June), the seventh month on the autumnal equinox (on or about 23 September), and the ninth
month on the winter solstice (on or about 22 December). In the true seasonal year, the first half contains
186 days and the second half about 179.242 days. This means that the first six months are of 31 days each,
the following five months of 30 days each, and the last month of 29 days, but which automatically becomes
of 30 days in the so-called "leap" year. The four seasons begin on the first days of the seasonal quarters.
This is exactly what the Iranian calendar follows: The first six months are of 31 days each, the next five
months of 30 days each and the last month is of 29 days but of 30 days in the leap year. Reports indicate
that the Central Asian republics may follow suit. Historical evidence that the five Gatha days were added
at the end of summer proves that the early "Zoroastrian" calendar had this fact in view.
THE INDO-IRANIAN CALENDAR
Evidences from the Avesta and the Vedas show that the Indo-Iranians, like many other people, followed a
lunisolar year for their animal husbandry and agricultural purpose. The names of the six Gaahaanbaars, six
parts of the Vedic year and the Achaemenian months, as seen below, show that the calendar was based on
various seasonal phases of the year. The Gathas speak of the paths of the sun and the stars, and speaks
about the waxing and waning phases of the moon, a sure sign of an accurate lunisolar year. The language
used is astronomical, and it confirms the reports written in ancient Middle Eastern and Mediterranean
writings that Zarathushtra was an outstanding astronomer also. It also confirms the statement in post-
Sassanian Iranian astronomy books that Zarathushtra built an observatory in Zabol, Sistan (eastern Iran)
and that it was inaugurated on 21st March 1725 BCE, the day King Vishtaspa and his courtiers converted,
chose the Good Religion and joined the Zarathushtrian Fellowship. It also provides us with the clue that
the Good Religion was founded by Zarathushtra, exactly twelve years earlier on vernal equinox of 1737 BCE.
The Vispered, dedicated only to the six seasonal festivals, the "Gaahaanbaars", also shows that the early
Zarathushtrian calendar was almost the old Indo-Iranian lunisolar calendar with its waxing and waning lunar
phases. The month was based on moon's phases, and the year was calculated on the solar basis. The
difference was corrected by an intercalation of eleven days at the end of the year on the Hamaspathmaidhaya
Gahanbar of the vernal equinox. This was 0.12484 day or 2.99616 hours shorter. Only a further intercalation
of one day after eight years (precisely after 8.010253 years), could keep the seasonal festivals in their
proper places. How did the Gathic people correct it, we do not know. We know this much that no complaint
has been recorded by them about the festivals drifting away from their relevant agricultural seasons.
Sometime during the later Avestan age, the year was made into a purely solar year of 365 days with twelve
months of thirty days and the five "Gatha" days as the intercalary period. Should we believe a 9th century
Pahlavi tradition, the correction of five hours and a fraction was made good every four years, or the
community had to wait for 40 years to intercalate 10 days or still more for 120 years to add a thirteenth
month of 30 days. The usual reference to one month intercalation at the end of 120 years only reminds us of
the disorder that prevailed during the last days of the Sassanian Empire and its subsequent fall.
THE LEAP YEAR
A point about intercalation in a ``leap'' year: The precise time of vernal equinox is determined by the
International Meridian, at present Greenwich. The usual way is to count the year of 365 days and 6 hours.
Four 6 hours, or one day, is added to bring back the year on the right track. This fourth year is called
the ``leap year'' because it leaps one day ahead. But the actual length of the year is 6 hours but 5 hours
48 minutes and 45.5 seconds, a difference of 11 minutes and 14.5 seconds. This amount to one day in 128
days. It was to correct this that the leap years are those eras which are divisible by 400. Even this makes
the Christian or Common year 26 seconds longer than the tropical year. The Iranian calendar does not have
this problem. Its new year begins exactly at the beginning of the equinox. Although the formal Iranian year
of the present days has its leap year, it should never worry about it. All it has to do is to see that if
the right times falls after midnight 0 hours 00 minutes and 01 seconds to 0 hours 00 minutes and 00 seconds
-- the first day of the year also begins with it. This is because the Avestan day begins with the ``Ushahin
Gaah,'' the Dawn Time, which begins from midnight. Yes, the Iranians have been counting their day from
midnight for, at least, 3738 years and it is the West that has adopted it very late in our times. The
Iranian calendar DOES NOT need a leap year at all. It is automatically within the right time. I hope that
one day the authorities concerned would realize this FACT and amend the calendar by eliminating the so-
called leap year.
CALENDAR NAMES
Each of the twelve Avestan months and thirty days were named after a deity, some of them old Aryan gods and
goddesses discarded by Zarathushtra but reintroduced later by authoritative priests, and some of them
Gathic principles personified by the same priests into divine entities, all now called yazatas, meaning
"venerated, venerable." "Year" in general was called "yaairi" or "yaari", but the intercalated solar year
was known as "saredha", Old Persian of the Achaemenians "tharda", and Pahlavi and modern Persian "saal"
(compared Sanskrit "sharad", autumn, year). This calendar is followed to this day by Iranian Zartoshtis
and some Parsis. It is called Fasli, a modern Persian-Arabic word meaning "seasonal" However, majority of
Parsis use Shahenshahi, the "Imperial" calendar. The Parsis have not intercalated since 1126 CE. It now
begins in the last week of August 21st, full seven months plus one day earlier. The Iranian Zoroastrians,
who follow the Qadimi Calendar, have abandoned intercalation since 1006 CE and the 365-day year has now
forwarded their new year day by eight months. As seen, the two calendars are neither precisely "Gathic" nor
astronomically scientific. So is the present Zoroastrian era of 1370 followed by the Shahenshahis, Qadimis
and Parsi Faslis. It is based on the ascension of the last Sassanian king Yazdegerd III (632-642 CE + 10
years of wandering until his murder by Khosrow the miller) and has no religious significance at all.
Fortunately, with the exception of a minute number, mostly residing in India, all Iranian Zoroastrians have
given up the Qadimi calendar in favor of the Fasli one, and they reckon the Zarathushtrian Religious Era as
the beginning. At present there is a move to unify all Zoroastrians, at least in North America and Europe,
to adopt the Fasli calendar.
NAMES OF SEASONAL TIMINGS
The Gaahaanbaars: The agricultural people were in tune with nature in their day-to-day life. They fully
knew the solar and lunar movements and the changes in the seasons. They had timed their activities to suit
the climate in which they lived. This timetable was kept in step with saredha, the tropical solar year of
365 days, 5 hr, 48 min, and 45.5 sec, but differed a little on certain points. Their activities were
scheduled to correspond with various phases of their agricultural life on the Iranian Plateau. It was
divided into six phases. The end of one phase and the beginning of other were celebrated as a special time
of festivity. The six seasonal festivals were: (1) Hamaspathmaidhaya, meaning "vernal equinox," the 1st day
of Farvardin, the beginning of spring, on or about 21st March, was to celebrate the end of the old year and
the beginning of the new year. It was, according to the Avesta, the time to "properly set" everything and
prepare for the new year. (2) Maidhyoi-zaremaya (Mid-spring), 14th day of Ardibehesht, on or about 4th
May, was the time to celebrate the occasion for the cattle having delivered their young and yielded
"abundance of milk" and also for appraising the crops sown in late winter or early spring. (3) Maidhyoi-
shema (Midsummer), 12th day of Tir, on or about 3rd July, was the beginning of the harvesting season. (4)
Paitish-hahya (Grain-reaping), 25th day of Shahrivar, on or about 16th September, marked the end of
harvesting. (5) Ayaathrema (no-travel), 24th day of Mehr, on or about 16th October, was to enjoy the end
of trade caravans and the time to mate cattle before the winter set in. (6) Maidhyaairya (Midyear), 15th
day of Dey, on or about 4th January, heralded the passing of the winter peak and for making preparations to
meet the spring with agricultural activity.
Only the first two festivals coincided with the solar seasonal changes. The others were purposely put off
to meet the living conditions. They were not calendarically or traditionally bound but were very practical
people, a point to note. Most probably the festivals were celebrated with sacrifices to gods and goddesses
and by indulging in a joyous festivity. Gahanbars and Zarathushtrians: Asho Zarathushtra, born in an
agricultural environment, preached and spread his Good Religion among people engaged in crop cultivation
and animal husbandry. His dynamic message introduced a completely new order in spiritual, or better, as he
put it, mental sphere and purged out all evil and superstitious thoughts, misleading words, harmful deeds,
and superficial, superfluous rituals, but helped to strengthen and promote all the then-existing
constructive activities of a good living. And the Gahanbars were one of the constructively enjoyable
festivals.
Chanting and Feasting:
Avestan evidences, particularly the book of Vispered, show that the early Zarathushtrians turned the
Gahanbar into an occasion to fit into their new pattern of life. Each festival was traditionally celebrated
for one and later for five days. They were devoted to reciting, chanting, explaining, understanding, and
holding questions-and-answers on each of the five Gathas of Asho Zarathushtra. The festival was rounded up
with a feast prepared by collective participation and efforts, and merrymaking. A piece in the Avesta
directs that all participants should bring whatever they can afford; dairy products, meat, vegetables,
legumes, grain, other food ingredients, and firewood. If one was not in a position to contribute in kind,
one might put his or her labor in preparing the food in a common pot, or just join the prayers. The food,
with a large variety of ingredients, was a tasty stew, resembling today's more sophisticated Iranian "aash"
or the Parsi spiced "dhansaak", both relished on the occasion. Merrymaking was the folk music and dances
still observed among Iranian tribes all over the Iranian Plateau and beyond. The Zarathushtrian Assembly
celebrates the Gahanbars with a relevant Gahanbar prayer, Gatha recital and explanation, a brief talk on an
interesting subject, potluck lunch, friendly conversation, and music and dance.
Vedic Calendar:
It may be noted that the Indo-Aryans had also six seasons (Sanskrit rtu, Avestan ratu) evidently modified
to meet the climate in the Indus Valley. They were: Vasanta (Spring), Grishma (Summer), Varsha (The Rains),
Sharad (Autumn), Hemanta (Winter), and Shishira (the Cool season). Persians and Other Iranian Calendar: The
Achaemenians, Sogdians, Chorasmians, and Armenians, all Zoroastrians by faith, had their own names for
their months. The names of the Achaemenian months, as given in the bas-reliefs of Darius the Great are
rendered to convey (1) Irrigation-canal-cleaning month, (2) Vigorous spring, (3) Garlic-collecting month,
(4) Hot-step, (7) God-veneration, (8) Wolf-birth, (9) Fire-veneration, (10) Anaamaka -- Nameless month, and
(12) Digging-up. Three names have not been given in Old Persian but we have their Elamite pronunciations
and all, except two, are nonreligious terms. The Achaemenians had numbers instead of names for the days of
the month. (see Old Persian, Ronald G. Kent, 2nd ed., New Haven, 1953). That confirms that the months as
well as the days named after pre-Zarathushtrian deities and post-Zarathushtrian personifications of Gathic
abstracts is a later addition. There are indications that it was done during the reign of Artaxerxes II
(405-359 BCE), and that naming the months and days in honor of deities were adopted from the Egyptians.
The names of the Gahanbars, and those of the Vedic, Achaemenian, Sogdian, Chorasmian, and Armenian months
show that the names of the pre-Zarathushtrian and Gathic months must have been based on the seasons and
social activities, and not on deities. These old names have, however, been so well obliterated by the
authoritarian priests that we do not have any inkling of what they were.
Later Avestan Calendar:
The names of the twelve months in modern Persian and their Avestan forms with their corresponding Zodiac
names are
1. Farvardin Fravashi/Fravarti Aries 21 March
2. Ardibehesht Asha Vahishta Taurus 21 April
3. Khordaad Haurvataat Gemini 22 May
4. Tir Tishtrya Cancer 22 June
5. Amordaad Ameretaa Leo 23 July
6. Shahrivar Khshathra Vairya Virgo 23 August
7. Mehr Mithra Libra 23 Sept
8. Aabaan Ap Scorpio 23 Oct
9. Aazar Aathra Sagittarius 22 Nov
10. Dey Dathva Capricorn 22 Dec
11. Bahman Vohu Manah Aquarius 21 Jan
12. Esfand Spentaa Aaramaiti Pisces 20 Feb
Note: Of these only those in bold letters are the Gathic "Primal Principles of Life," Aazar/Aathra has been
mentioned in the Gathas as the symbol of the Progressive Mentality (Spenta Mainyu), and "ap" (water) is
also mentioned in the Gathic texts, but the rest are later Avestan names.
THE WEEK
The early Avestan people had no notion of the week, a period of seven days now in universal use as a
division of time. Week is a man-made unit. Its length has, among various people, been from five to ten
days. But since the lunar month, one of the earliest ways of reckoning time, is alternately of 29 and 30
days with two phases of waxing and waning moon, it was quite easy to further divide it and have four
quarters of seven and eight days accommodated in it. The seven planets visible to the naked eye may have
also played a part in its formation. That is why weekdays are named after celestial bodies. However, the
present universal week is most probably of Chaldean or Hebrew origin, and has been generalized by Jewish,
Christian and Islamic persuasion. The later Avestan solar calendar, based on thirty days in a month, has
four quarters -- the first two of seven days and the last two of eight days. But Avesta and Pahlavi do not
have any names for each of these quarters or for the weekdays. Modern Persian follows the Hebrew pattern of
having Saturday as Shanbeh, Persianized form of "Shabbath", and then counting from one to five as Yek-
shanbeh, Do-shanbeh, Se-shanbeh, Chahaar-shanbeh, Panj-shanbeh, and under the Islamic influence, Aadineh or
Jom'eh for Friday, the day of mass prayers.
ERAS
Pahlavi writings tell us that the religious era began from the day Zarathushtra proclaimed his Divine
Mission to humanity. This era, based on the astronomical calculations that Zarathushtra declared his
mission on the vernal equinox when, according to the precession, the period of Aries is supposed to have
begun, comes to be 3738/39 in 2001 CE i.e. 1737 BCE. It has been called the "Year of Religion" in Pahlavi
writings. The Zarathushtrian Assembly calls it the Zarathushtrian Religious Era (Z.E.R./ZRE) and has, since
its establishment in 1990, observed it as the beginning of the Zarathushtrian calendar. The Zartoshti
community in Iran joined in to observe ZRE as its calendar in 1993, and many Irani Zartoshtis in diaspora
have also accepted it. Earlier, each of the Iranian kings, following the pattern set by other Middle
Eastern rulers, particularly the Babylonians, observed a new era from his own ascension to the throne.
With as many as 80 rulers on the Iranian throne during the thousand and odd years of Achaemenians,
Macedonians, Parthians, and Sassanians, much confusion in chronology has arisen, and many dates have been
misinformed, misused, misplaced, misinterpreted, miscalculated, and missed. The Yazdgerdi era reminds one
of the last Emperor who got overthrown by Arab invaders. It is not a happy recollection. Sassanians and
Two Calendars: The Sassanians continued to maintain both the "yaairi" of 365 days and the "saredha" of
365.24224 days. The first they called "oshmurdik" meaning "rememberable, reckonable" and the second
"vihezakik" meaning "moving, progressive, intercalary." While the "rememberable" was easy for the laity to
memorize and count them by names, the "intercalary" belonged to the astronomer priests, linked with the
imperial court, to keep the formal year precise and in tune with the seasons. The fall of the Sassanian
Empire fell the astronomer priests of their high position. Nevertheless, the intercalary year was, Pahlavi
books and the present position of the Qadimi and Shahenshahi calendars tell, kept until the 11th century
CE. The decline of astronomer priests put an end to Vihezakik and the lay priests have continued with
their "Ushmordik," advancing about one day in every four years out of the season and the solar year.
Economic and seasonal revenue collection, however, forced the Muslim Caliphs to maintain, evidently by
those astronomer priests who had embraced Islam, the intercalary year in addition to the Islamic calendar
of a purely lunar year. It was this Vihezakik year maintained halfheartedly by Muslim rulers, which was
improved, perfected and formally restored by Omar Khayyam and other Iranian scientists. It was named the
"Jalaali" calendar after its patron, Sultan Jalal al-Din Malekshah Saljuqi (1072-1092 CE). The Fasli year,
officially observed by Iranians -- Zartoshtis, Jews, Christians, and Muslims -- in modern Iran, is the
"saredha" of the Avestan people, "tharda" of the Achaemenian, "Vihezakik" of the Sassanians, and the
"Jalali" of Omar Khayyam. The precise solar year also reckoned by all observatories in the world. It is
the Universal Astronomical and Scientific Year. It is this Vihezakik (Persian "Behizaki") calendar, now
called "Khorshidi" (solar), the official Iranian calendar, the precise calendar, with its dates numbered,
that the Zarathushtrian Assembly follows. It is astronomically precise. It is progressively
Zarathushtrian.
HISTORY
NO HISTORY.
OTHER VERSIONS
No other versions rumor to exist.
AUTHOR
Written by Ashkan Ghassemi. <ghassemi@ftml.net>
REPORTING BUGS
Report jcal bugs to <ghassemi@ftml.net> libjalali home page: <http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/jcal/>
SEE ALSO
jdate (1), jctime (3), jstrftime (3), jstrptime (3)
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2011 Ashkan Ghassemi. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later
<http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>. This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.