Provided by: grass-doc_7.8.2-1build3_all 
NAME
m.proj - Converts coordinates from one projection to another (cs2cs frontend).
KEYWORDS
miscellaneous, projection, transformation
SYNOPSIS
m.proj
m.proj --help
m.proj [-iodec] [coordinates=east,north] [input=name] [output=name] [separator=character]
[proj_in=string] [proj_out=string] [--overwrite] [--help] [--verbose] [--quiet] [--ui]
Flags:
-i
Use LL WGS84 as input and current location as output projection
-o
Use current location as input and LL WGS84 as output projection
-d
Output long/lat in decimal degrees, or other projections with many decimal places
-e
Include input coordinates in output file
-c
Include column names in output file
--overwrite
Allow output files to overwrite existing files
--help
Print usage summary
--verbose
Verbose module output
--quiet
Quiet module output
--ui
Force launching GUI dialog
Parameters:
coordinates=east,north
Input coordinates to reproject
input=name
Name of input coordinate file
’-’ for standard input
output=name
Name for output coordinate file (omit to send to stdout)
separator=character
Field separator (format: input[,output])
Special characters: pipe, comma, space, tab, newline
Default: pipe
proj_in=string
Input projection parameters (PROJ.4 style)
proj_out=string
Output projection parameters (PROJ.4 style)
DESCRIPTION
This program allows a user to convert coordinates from one projection to another. Coordinates can be read
from one file, converted, and results written to another file. Alternatively, if the input=-, eastings
and northings may be passed to the program directly from standard input. If the output option is omitted,
the results are sent directly to standard output. In this way m.proj can be used as a simple frontend to
the PROJ.4 cs2cs utility. The -i or -o flags make the task especially easy for the common problem of
converting to or from lat/long WGS84.
Note: This program does not transform GRASS maps, it is designed to determine the equivalent coordinate
values of an individual position or list of positions. Use v.proj to reproject vector maps or r.proj for
raster maps.
NOTES
cs2cs expects input data to formatted as x y, so if working with latitude-longitude data be sure to send
the x value first, i.e., longitude latitude. Output data will be exported using the same convention.
cs2cs will treat a third data column as a z value (elevation) and will modify the value accordingly. This
usually translates into small but real differences in that data column.
cs2cs does not expect the input stream to contain column headings, only numbers. If your data file has
lines you wish to have passed through without being processed, they must start with the ’#’ character.
If sending m.proj data from standard input, be aware that the data is first stored to a temporary file
before being processed with cs2cs. It is therefore not advisable to send m.proj data from an open data
stream. The module will stop listening for incoming data after 2 seconds of inactivity. You may use the
projection parameters gleaned from m.proj’s verbose mode (--verbose) with cs2cs directly in this case.
Custom projection parameters can be used via the proj_in and proj_out options. Full documentation of the
projection parameter format may be found on the PROJ.4 website. Using these options will fully override
the default parameters the module would normally use.
By using the --verbose verbose flag, the user can see exactly what projection parameters will be used in
the conversion as well as some other informative messages.
If output is to lat/long, it will be formatted using PROJ.4’s Degree:Minute:Second (DMS) convention of
DDDdMM’SSS.SS"H. This can be handy if you wish to quickly convert lat/long decimal degree data into its
DMS equivalent.
Alternatively, to have m.proj output data in decimal degrees, use the -d flag. This flag can also be used
with non-lat/long data to force a higher number of decimal places (the cs2cs default is 2).
Note that Lat/long output can be converted to GRASS’s DMS convention (DDD:MM:SSS.SSSH) by piping the
results of m.proj through the sed stream editor as follows.
m.proj -o ... | sed -e ’s/d/:/g’ -e "s/’/:/g" -e ’s/"//g’
EXAMPLES
The examples are suitable for the North Carolina sample dataset if not stated otherwise:
Reproject vector point coordinate pairs to Long/Lat WGS84
The m.proj module is designed to work seamlessly with point data exported from the GIS with v.out.ascii,
as the following example shows.
# Long/Lat WGS84 output in DMS
v.out.ascii bridges | m.proj -o input=-
# Long/Lat WGS84 output in decimal degree
v.out.ascii bridges | m.proj -o -d input=-
Reproject Long/Lat WGS84 coordinate pair to current map projection
To convert a Long/Lat WGS84 coordinate pair to the current map projection using the -i flag which sets
the target projection parameters automatically from the current location definition:
echo "-78.61168178 33.92225767" | m.proj -i input=-
645513.47|19180.31|0.00
The same, but load points from a file named waypoints.txt and continue on to import the results into a
GRASS vector points map in the current map projection:
# check file content
cat waypoints.txt
-78.43977824 33.89587173
-78.54944691 33.88964566
-78.51078074 33.88141495
-77.14037951 35.60543020
# reproject points and generate vector map on the fly
m.proj -i input=waypoints.txt | v.in.ascii input=- output=test_pnts
# verify result
v.db.select test_pnts cat|dbl_1|dbl_2|dbl_3
1|661427.74|16329.14|0
2|651285.43|15586.79|0
3|654867.21|14690.64|0
4|778074.58|207402.6|0
Custom projection parameter usage
To transform points from a UTM projection (here specified with detailed projection definition rather than
using an EPSG code) into the Gauss-Krüger Grid System, importing from and exporting to files:
m.proj proj_in="+proj=utm +name=utm +a=6378137.0 +es=0.006694380 \
+zone=32 +unfact=1.0" proj_out="+proj=tmerc +name=tmerc \
+a=6377397.155 +es=0.0066743720 +lat_0=0.0 +lon_0=9.0 +k=1.0 \
+x_0=3500000.0" input=utm.coord.txt output=new.gk.coord.txt
Projection parameters provided in the above case: +proj (projection type), +name (projection name), +a
(ellipsoid: equatorial radius), +es (ellipsoid: eccentricity squared), +zone (zone for the area), +unfact
(conversion factor from meters to other units, e.g. feet), +lat_0 (standard parallel), +lon_0 (central
meridian), +k (scale factor) and +x_0 (false easting). Sometimes false northing is needed which is coded
as +y_0. Internally, the underlying PROJ.4 projection library performs an inverse projection to
latitude-longitude and then projects the coordinate list to the target projection.
Datum conversions are automatically handled by the PROJ.4 library if +datum setings are specified on both
the input and output projections on the command line. The +towgs84 parameter can be used to define either
3 or 7 term datum transform coefficients, satisfying this requirement.
If a datum is specified there is no need for the +ellps= or underlying parameters, +a=, +es=, etc.
Another custom parameter usage example:
m.proj proj_in="+proj=tmerc +datum=ire65 +lat_0=53.5 +lon_0=-8 +x_0=200000 \
+y_0=250000 +k=1.000035" proj_out="+proj=ll +datum=wgs84" input=wpt.txt
or without datum transformation:
m.proj proj_in="+proj=tmerc +ellps=modif_airy +lat_0=53.5 +lon_0=-8 +x_0=200000 \
+y_0=250000 +k=1.000035" proj_out="+proj=ll +datum=wgs84" input=wpt.txt
In this example no datum transformation will take place as a datum was not specified for the input
projection. The datum specified for the output projection will thus be silently ignored and may be left
out; all that is achieved a simple conversion from projected to geodetic co-ordinates, keeping the same
datum (and thus also the same ellipsoid).
For more usage examples, see the documentation for the PROJ.4 cs2cs program.
REFERENCES
• Evenden, G.I. (1990) Cartographic projection procedures for the UNIX environment - a user’s
manual. USGS Open-File Report 90-284 (OF90-284.pdf) See also there: Interim Report and 2nd
Interim Report on Release 4, Evenden 1994).
• PROJ.4 Cartographic Projection Library
SEE ALSO
g.proj, r.proj, v.proj, i.rectify, v.in.ascii, v.out.ascii
AUTHOR
M. Hamish Bowman, Dept. Marine Science, Otago University, New Zealand
Functionality inspired by the m.proj and m.proj2 modules for GRASS GIS 5.
SOURCE CODE
Available at: m.proj source code (history)
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