Ubuntu Manpage: makepp_build_cache -- How to set up and use build caches

NAME

       makepp_build_cache -- How to set up and use build caches

DESCRIPTION

C: clean,
create, M: makepp_build_cache_control,
mppbcc, S: show,
stats

A build cache is a directory containing copies of previous targets that makepp already built. When
makepp is asked to build a new target, it sees if it has already built it somewhere else under the same
conditions, and if so, simply links or copies it instead of rebuilding it.

A build cache can be useful in the following circumstances:

• You are working on a program and you compile it optimized. Then you discover a bug, and recompile
the whole thing in debug mode. You find the bug and you now want to recompile it in optimized mode.
Most of the files will be identical. If you used a build cache in all of your compilations, makepp
will simply pull the unchanged files out of the build cache rather than recompiling them.

A similar situation is if you normally work on one architecture but briefly switch to a different
architecture, and then you switch back. If the old files are still in the build cache, makepp will
not have to recompile anything.

• You have checked out several copies of a particular program from your version control system, and
have made different changes to each directory hierarchy. (E.g., you are solving different bugs in
different directory hierarchies.) Most of the files will be identical in the two directory
hierarchies. If you build both with a build cache, the build in the second directory hierarchy will
be able to simply copy the files from the build cache rather than recompiling files that are the
same.

• You have several developers working on the same set of sources. Each developer is making changes,
but most of the files are identical between developers. If all the developers share a build cache,
then if one developer's build compiles a file, any other developer's build which has to compile the
identical file (with the same includes, etc.) can just copy the cached file instead of rerunning the
compilation.

A build cache can help if all of the following are true:

• You have plenty of disk space. Usually makepp will wind up caching many copies of each file that is
changing, because it has no idea which ones will actually be used. You can turn off the build cache
for certain files, but if the build cache is going to be useful at all, it will probably have to have
a lot of files in it.

• Your files take noticeably longer to build than to copy. If the build cache is on the same file
system, makepp will try to use hard links rather than copying the file. Makepp has to link or copy
the file into the cache when the file is built, and then it has to link or copy the file from the
cache when it is required again. Furthermore, there is a small overhead involved in checking whether
the needed file is actually in the build cache, and copying the build information about the file as
well as the file itself.

You may find, for example, that using a build cache isn't worth it for compiling very small modules.
It's almost certainly not worth it for commands to make a static library (an archive file, libxyz.a),
except if you use links to save disk space.

• There is a high probability that some files will be needed again in another compilation. If you are
only compiling a piece of software once, build caches can only slow things down.

Using a build cache requires a little bit of setup and maintenance work. Please do not try using a build
cache until you understand how they work, how to create them, and how to keep them from continually
growing and eating up all of the available disk space on your system.

How a build cache works
If you enable a build cache, every time a file is built, makepp stores a copy away in a build cache. The
name of the file is a key that is a hash of the checksums of all the inputs and the build command and the
architecture. The next time makepp wants to rebuild the file, it sees if there is a file with the same
checksums already in the build cache. If so, the file is copied out of the build cache.

For efficiency, if the build cache is located on the same file system as the build, makepp will not
actually copy the file; instead, it will make a hard link. This is faster and doesn't use up any extra
disk space. Similarly, when makepp wants to pull a file out of the build cache, it will use a hard link
if possible, or copy it if necessary.

WARNING: Makepp never deletes files from a build cache unless it is explicitly asked. This means that
your build caches will continue to grow without bounds unless you clean them up periodically (see below
for details).

Build caches and repositories

Build caches and repositories (see makepp_repositories) can solve similar problems. For some situations,
a repository is more appropriate, while for others, a build cache is more appropriate.

You can also combine the two. If you have a huge directory structure with lots of sources, which you
don't want every developer to have a copy of, then you can provide them as a repository. The produced
files, with varying debug options and so forth, can then be managed more flexibly through a build cache.

The key differences between a build cache and a repository are:

• A build cache can only store files created by the build procedure. A repository can also have
original source files.

• Files in a repository should not change during the course of a build. A build cache does not have
any such restriction.

• Files in a repository must be present in the same relative position as the files in the build
directory. E.g., if makepp needs the file subdir1/subdir2/xyz.abc, then it only looks at
repository_root/subdir1/subdir2/xyz.abc. Files in a build cache have lost all directory hierarchy
information, and are looked up only based on the inputs and the command that were required to produce
them.

• Files in a repository are soft-linked into their new locations in the build directories. Files in a
build cache are either copied or hard-linked into their new locations. If a copy is necessary, a
repository will certainly be faster.

• Build caches cost a bit of time to put files into them. A repository does not have any extra cost
(for the current run, that is, there was of course the cost of creating it beforehand), but often
requires a bit more advance planning.

In general, a repository is more useful if you have a single central build that you want all developers
to take files from. A build cache is what you want if you have a decentralized system where one
developer should borrow compiled files from any other developer.

Both build caches and repositories can help with variant builds. For example, if you want to compile all
your sources optimized, then again with debugging, then again optimized, you can avoid recompiling all
the optimized files again by using either a repository or a build cache. To do this with a repository,
you have to think ahead and explicitly tell makepp to use a repository for the debugging compilation, or
else it will wipe out your initial optimized compilation. With a build cache, makepp goes ahead and
wipes out the initial optimized compilation but can get it back quickly.

Build cache grouping
A group is a loose coupling of build caches. It is loose in the sense that makepp doesn't deal with it,
so as to not slow down its build cache management. To benefit from this you have to use the offline
utility. Notably the "clean" command also performs the replication. If you give an unrealistic cleaning
criterion, like "--mtime=+1000", no cleaning occurs, only replication.

Grouping allows sharing files with more people, especially if you have your build caches on the
developers' disks, to benefit from hard linking, which saves submission time and disk space. Hard
linking alone, however, is restricted to per disk benefits.

With grouping the file will get replicated at some time after makepp submitted it to the build cache.
This means that the file will get created only once for all disks together.

On file systems which allow hard linking to symbolic links -- which seems restricted to Linux and Solaris
-- the file will additionally be physically present on one disk only. Additionally it remains on each
disk it got created on before you replicated, but only as long as it is in use on those disks. In this
scenario with symlinks you may choose one or more file systems on which you prefer your files to be
physically. Be aware that successfully built files may become unavailable, if the disk they are on
physically goes offline. Rebuilding will remedy this, and the impact can be lessened by spreading the
files over several preferred disks.

Replication has several interesting uses:

NFS (possible with copying too)
You have a central NFS server which provides the preferred build cache. Each machine and developer
disk has a local build cache for fast submission. You either mount back all the developer disks to
the NFS server, and perform the replication and cleaning centrally, or you replicate locally on each
NFS client machine, treating only the part of the group visible there.

Unsafe disk (possible with copying too)
If you compile on a RAM disk (hopefully editing your sources in a repository on a safe disk), you can
make the safe disks be the preferred ones. Then replication will migrate the files to the safe
disks, where they survive a reboot. After every reboot you will have to recreate the RAM disk build
cache and add it to the group (which will give a warning, harmless in this case, because the other
group members still remember it).

Full disk (hard linking to symbolic links only)
If one of your disks is notoriously full, you can make the build caches on all the other disks be
preferred. That way replication will migrate the files away from the full disk, randomly to any of
the others.

How to use a build cache
How to tell makepp to use the build cache

Once the build cache has been created, it is now available to makepp. There are several options you can
specify during creation; see "How to manage a build cache" for details.

A build cache is specified with the --build-cache command line option, with the build_cache statement
within a makefile, or with the :build_cache rule modifier.

The most useful ways that I have found so far to work with build caches are:

• Set the build cache path in the environment variable MAKEPPFLAGS, like this (first variant for Korn
Shell or bash, second for csh):

export MAKEPPFLAGS=--build-cache=/path/to/build/cache
setenv MAKEPPFLAGS --build-cache=/path/to/build/cache

Now every build that you run will always use this build cache, and you don't need to modify anything
else.

• Specify the build cache in your makefiles with a line like this:

BUILD_CACHE := /path/to/build_cache
build_cache $(BUILD_CACHE)

You have to put this in all makefiles that use a build cache (or in a common include file that all
the makefiles use). Or put this into your RootMakeppfile:

BUILD_CACHE := /path/to/build_cache
global build_cache $(BUILD_CACHE)

On a multiuser machine you might set up one build cache per home disk to take advantage of links.
You might find it more convenient to use a statement like this:

build_cache $(find_upwards our_build_cache)

which searches upwards from the current directory in the current file system until it finds a
directory called our_build_cache. This can be the same statement for all users and still
individually point to the cache on their disk.

Solaris 10 can do some fancy remounting of home directories. Your home will apparently be a mount
point of its own, called /home/$LOGNAME, when in fact it is on one of the /export/home* disks
alongside those of other users. Because it's not really a separate filesystem, links still work.
But you can't search upwards. Instead you can do:

BUILD_CACHE := ${makeperl </export/home*/$(LOGNAME)/../makepp_bc>}

Build caches and signatures

Makepp looks up files in the build cache according to their signatures. If you are using the default
signature method (file date + size), makepp will only pull files out of the build cache if the file date
of the input files is identical. Depending on how your build works, the file dates may never be
identical. For example, if you check files out into two different directory hierarchies, the file dates
are likely to be the time you checked the files out, not the time the files were checked in (depending,
of course, on your version control software).

What you probably want is to pull files out of the build cache if the file contents are identical,
regardless of the date. If this is the case, you should be using some sort of a content-based signature.
Makepp does this by default for C and C++ compilations, but it uses file dates for any other kinds of
files (e.g., object files, or any other files in the build process not specifically recognized as a C
source or include file). If you want other kinds of files to work with the build cache (i.e., if you
want it to work with anything other than C/C++ compilation commands), then you could put a statement like
this somewhere near the top of your makefile:

signature md5

to force makepp to use signatures based on the content of files rather than their date.

How not to cache certain files

There may be certain files that you know you will never want to cache. For example, if you embed a
datestamp into a file, you know that you will never under any circumstances want to fetch a previous copy
of the file out of the build cache, because the date stamp is different. In this case, it is just a
waste of time and disk space to copy it into the build cache.

Or, you may think it is highly unlikely that you will want to cache the final executable. You might want
to cache individual objects or shared objects that go into making the executable, but it's often pretty
unlikely that you will build an exactly identical executable from identical inputs. Again, in this case,
using a build cache is a waste of disk space and time, so it makes sense to disable it.

Sometimes a file may be extremely quick to generate, and it is just a waste to put it into the build
cache since it can be generated as quickly as copied. You may want to selectively disable caching of
these files.

You can turn off the build cache for specific rules by specifying ": build_cache none" in a rule, like
this:

our_executable: dateStamp.o main.o */*.so
: build_cache none
$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(inputs) -o $(output)

This flag means that any outputs from this particular rule will never be put into the build cache, and
makepp will never try to pull them out of the build cache either.

How to manage a build cache
makepp_build_cache_control command ...
mppbcc command ...

makepp_build_cache_control, mppbcc is a utility that administers build caches for makepp. What
makepp_build_cache_control does is determined by the first word of its argument.

In fact this little script is a wrapper to the following command, which you might want to call directly
in your cron jobs, where the path to "makeppbuiltin" might be needed:

makeppbuiltin -MMpp::BuildCacheControl command ...

You can also use these commands from a makefile after loading them, with a "&"-prefix as follows for the
example of "create":

perl { use Mpp::BuildCacheControl } # It's a Perl module, so use instead of include.

my_cache:
&create $(CACHE_OPTIONS) $(output) # Call a loaded builtin.

build_cache $(prebuild my_cache)

The valid commands, which also take a few of the standard options described in makepp_builtins, are:

create [option ...] path/to/cache ...
Creates the build caches with the given options. Valid options are:

Standard options: "-A, --args-file, --arguments-file=filename, -v, --verbose"

-e group
--extend=group
--extend-group=group
Add the new build cache to the "group". This may have been a single stand alone build cache up
to now.

-f
--force
This allows to create the cache even if path/to/cache already existed. If it was a file it gets
deleted. If it was a directory, it gets reused, with whatever content it had.

-p
--preferred
This option is only meaningful if you have build caches in the group, which allow hard linking to
symlinks. In that case cleaning will migrate the members to the preferred disk. You may create
several caches within a group with this option, in which case the files will be migrated randomly
to them.

-s n1,n2,...
--subdir-chars=n1,n2,...
Controls how many levels of subdirectories are created to hold the cached files, and how many
files will be in each subdirectory. The first n1 characters of the filename form the top level
directory name, and the characters from n1 to n2 form the second level directory name, and so on.

Files in the build cache are named using MD5 hashes of data that makepp uses, so each filename is
22 base64 digits plus the original filename. If a build cache file name is
0123456789abcdef012345_module.o, it is actually stored in the build cache as
01/23/456789abcdef012345_module.o if you specify "--subdir-chars 2,4". In fact,
"--subdir-chars 2,4" is the default, which is for a gigantic build cache of maximally 4096 dirs
with 416777216 subdirs. Even "--subdir-chars 1,2" or "--subdir-chars 1" will get you quite far.
On a file system optimized for huge directories you might even say "-s ''" or "--subdir-chars="
to store all files at the top level.

-m perms
--mode=perms
--access-permissions=perms
Specifies the directory access permissions when files are added to the build cache. If you want
other people to put files in your build cache, you must make it group or world writable.
Permissions must be specified using octal notation.

As these are directory permissions, if you grant any access, you must also grant execute access,
or you will get a bunch of weird failures. I.e. 0700 means that only this user may have access
to this build cache. 0770 means that this user and anyone in the group may have write access to
the build cache. 0777 means that anyone may have access to the build cache. The sensible octal
digits are 7 (write), 5 (read) or 0 (none). 3 (write) or 1 (read) is also possible, allowing the
cache to be used, but not to be browsed, i.e. it would be harder for a malicious user to find
file names to manipulate.

In a group of build caches each one has its own value for this, so you can enforce different
write permissions on different disks.

If you don't specify the permissions, your umask permissions at creation time apply throughout
the lifetime of the build cache.

clean [option ...] /path/to/cache ...
Cleans up the cache. Makepp never deletes files from the build cache; it is up to you to delete the
files with this command. For multiuser caches the sysop can do this.

Only files with a link count of 1 are deleted (because otherwise, the file doesn't get physically
deleted anyway -- you'd just uncache a file which someone is apparently still interested in, so
somebody else might be too). The criteria you give pertain to the actual cached files. Each build
info file will be deleted when its main file is. No empty directories will be left. Irrespective of
the link count and the options you give, any file that does not match its build info file will be
deleted, if it is older than a safety margin of 10 minutes.

The following options take a time specification as an argument. Time specs start with a "+" meaning
longer ago, a "-" meaning more recently or nothing meaning between the number you give, and one more.
Numbers, which may be fractional, are by default days. But they may be followed by one of the
letters "w" (weeks), "d" (days, the default), "h" (hours), "m" (minutes) or "s" (seconds). Note that
days are simply 24 real hours ignoring any change between summer and winter time. Examples:

1 between 24 and 48 hours ago
24h between 24 and 25 hours ago
0.5d between 12 and 36 hours ago
1w between 7 and 14 times 24 hours ago
-2 less than 48 hours ago
+30m more than 30 minutes ago

All the following options are combined with "and". If you want several sets of combinations with
"or", you must call this command repeatedly with different sets of options. Do the ones where you
expect the most deletions first, then the others can be faster.

Standard options: "-A, --args-file, --arguments-file=filename, -v, --verbose"

-a spec
--atime spec
--access-time spec
The last time the file was read. For a linked file this can happen anytime. Otherwise this is
the last time the file was copied. On badly behaved systems this could also be the last tape
backup or search index creation time. You could try to exclude the cache from such operations.

Some file systems do not support the atime field, and even if the file system does, sometimes
people turn off access time on their file systems because it adds a lot of extra disk I/O which
can be harmful on battery powered notebooks, or in disk speed optimization. (But this is
potentially fixable -- see the UTIME_ON_IMPORT comment in Mpp/BuildCache.pm.)

-b
--blend
--blend-groups
Usually each /path/to/cache you specify will separately treat the group of build caches it
belongs to. Each group gets treated only once, even if you specify several pathes from the same
group. With this option you temporarily blend all the groups you specify into one group.

Doing this for clean may have unwanted effects, if you can hard link to symlinks, because it may
migrate members from one group to another. Subsequent non blended cleans, may then clean them
form the original group prematurely.

-c spec
--ctime spec
--change-time spec
The last change time of the file's inode. In a linking situation this could be the time when the
last user recreated the file differently, severing his link to the cache. This could also be the
time the "--set-user" option below had to change the user. On well behaved systems this could
also be the time when the last tape backup or search index creation covered its marks by
resetting the atime.

-m spec
--mtime spec
--modification-time spec
The last modification time of the file. As explained elsewhere it is discouraged to have makepp
update a file. So the last modification will usually be the time of creation. (But in the
future makepp may optionally update the mtime when deleting files. This is so that links on
atime-less filesystems or copies can be tracked.)

-g group
--newgrp=group
--new-group=group
Set the effective and real group id to group (name or numeric). Only root may be able to do
this. This is needed when you use grouped build caches, and you provide write access to the
caches based on group id. Usually that will not be root's group and thus replication would
create unwritable directories without this option.

This option is named after the equivalent utility "newgrp" which alas can't easily be used in
"cron" jobs or similar setups.

-i
--build-info
--build-info-check
Check that the build info matches the member. This test is fairly expensive so you might
consider not giving this option in the daytime.

-l
--symlink-check
--symbolic-link-check
This option makes "clean" read every symbolic link which has no external hard links to verify
that it points to the desired member. As this is somewhat expensive, it is suggested doing this
only at night.

-M spec
--in-mtime spec
--incoming-modification-time spec
The last modification time for files in the incoming directory. This directory is used for
temporary files with process-specific names that can be written free of concurrent access and
then renamed into the active part of the cache atomically. Files normally live here only for as
long as it takes to write them, but they can get orphaned if the process that is writing them
terminates abnormally before it can remove them. This part of the cache is cleaned first,
because the link counts in the active part of the cache can be improperly affected by orphaned
files.

The timespec for "--incoming-modification-time" must begin with "+", and defaults to "+2h" (files
at least 2 hours old are assumed to have been orphaned).

-w
--workdays
This influences how the time options count. Weekends are ignored, as though they weren't there.
An exception is if you give this option on a weekend. Then that weekend counts normally. So you
can use it in cronjobs that run from Tuesday through Saturday. Summertime is ignored. So summer
weekends can go from Saturday 1:00 to Monday 1:00, or southern hemisphere winter weekends from
Friday 23:00 to Sunday 23:00 or however much your timezone changes the time. Holidays are also
not taken into account.

-p perlcode
--perl=perlcode
--predicate=perlcode
TODO: adapt this description to group changes!

This is the Swiss officer's knife. The perlcode is called in scalar context once for every cache
entry (i.e. excluding directories and metainfo files). It is called in a "File::Find" "wanted"
function, so see there for the variables you can use. An "lstat" has been performed, so you can
use the "_" filehandle.

If perlcode returns "undef" it is as if it weren't there, that is the other options decide. If
it returns true the file is deleted. If it returns false, the file is retained.

-s spec
--size spec
The file size specification works just like time specifications, with "+" for bigger than or "-"
for smaller than, except that the units must be "c" (bytes, the default), "k" (kilobytes), "M"
(megabytes) or "G" (gigabytes).

-u user
--user=user
--set-user=user
This option is very different. It does not say when to delete a file. Instead it applies to the
files that do not get deleted. Note that on many systems only root is allowed to set the user of
a file. See under "Caveats working with build caches" why you might need to change ownership to
some neutral user if you use disk quotas.

This strategy only works if you can trust your users not to subvert the build cache for storing
arbitrary (i.e. non-development) files beyond their disk quota. The ownership of the associated
metadata file is retained, so you can always see who cached a file. If you need this option, it
might need to be given several times during the daytime.

There are different possible strategies, depending on how much space you have and on whether the
build cache contains linked files or whether users only have copies. Several strategies can be
combined, by calling them one after another or at different times. The "show" command is meant to
help you find an appropriate strategy.

A nightly (from Tuesday through Saturday) run might specify "--atime +2" (or "--mtime" if you don't
have atime), deleting all files no one has read for two days.

If you use links, you can also prevent fast useless growth which occurs when successive header
changes, which never get version controlled, lead to lots of objects being rapidly created.
Something like an hourly run with "--mtime=-2h --ctime=+1h" during the daytime will catch those guys
the creator deleted within less than an hour, and nobody else has wanted since.

show [option ...] /path/to/cache ...
This is a sort of recursive "ls -l" or "stat" command, which shows the original owner too, for when
the owner of the cached file has been changed and the metadata file retains the original owner (as
per "clean --set-user"). It shows the given files, or all under the directories given.

The fields are, in the short standard and the long verbose form:

MODE, mode
The octal mode of the cached file, which is usually as it got put in, minus the write bits.

EL, ext-links
The number external hard links there are to all members of the group combined. Only when this is
0, is the file eligible for cleaning.

C, copies (only for grouped build caches)
The number of copies of the identical file, across all build caches. Ideally this is one on
systems which permit hard linking to symbolic links, but that may temporarily not be possible,
while there are external links to more than one copy (in which case we'd lose the link count if
we deleted it.

S, symlinks (only for grouped build caches)
The number of symbolic links between build caches. Ideally this is the number of build caches
minus one on systems which permit hard linking to symbolic links. But as explained for the
previous field, there may be more copies than necessary, and thus less links.

UID The owner of the cached file. This may be changed with the "clean --user" option.

BI-UID
The owner of the build info file. This is not changed by clean, allowing to see who first built
the file.

SIZE
The size (of one copy) in bytes.

atime, mtime, ctime
In the long verbose form you get the file access (read) time, the modification time and the inode
change time (e.g. when some user deleted his external link to the cached file). In the short
standard form you get only one of the three times in three separate columns:

AD, MD, CD
The week day of the access, modification or inode change.

ADATE, MDATE, CDATE
The date of the access, modification or inode change.

ATIME, MTIME, CTIME
The day time of the access, modification or inode change.

MEMBER
The full path of the cached file, including the key, from the cache root.

With "-v, --verbose" the information shown for each command allows you to get an impression which
options to give to the "clean" command. The times are shown in readable form, as well as the number
of days, hours or minutes the age of this file has just exceeded. If you double the option, you
additionally get the info for each group member.

Standard options: "-A, --args-file, --arguments-file=filename, -f, --force, -o, --output=filename,
-O, --outfail, -v, --verbose"

-a
--atime
--access-time
Show the file access time, instead of file modification time in non-verbose mode.

-c
--ctime
--change-time
Show the inode info change time, instead of file modification time in non-verbose mode.

-d
--deletable
Show only deletable files, i.e. those with an external link count of 0.

-p pattern
--pattern=pattern
Pattern is a bash style file name pattern (i.e. ?, *, [], {,,}) matched against member names
after the underscore separating them from the key.

-s list
--sort=list
In non-verbose mode change the sorting order. The list is a case insensitive comma- or space-
separated order of column titles. There are two special cases: "member" only considers the names
after the key, i.e. the file names as they are outside of the cache. And there is a special name
"age", which groups whichever date and time is being shown. This option defaults to
"member,age".

If you have a huge cache for which sorting takes intolerably long, or needs more memory than your
processes are allowed, you can skip sorting by giving an empty list.

stats [option ...] /path/to/cache ...
This outputs several tables of statistics about the build cache contents. Each table is split into
three column groups. The first column varies for each table and is the row heading. The other two
groups pertain to sum of SIZE of files and number of FILES for that heading. Directories and build
info files are not counted, so this is a little less for size than actual disk usage and about half
for number of files.

Each of the latter two groups consists of three column pairs, one column with a value, and one for
the percentage of the total that value represents. The first pair shows either the size of files or
the number of files. The other two pairs show the CUMULation, once from smallest to biggest and once
the other way round.

The first three tables, with a first column of AD, CD or MD show access times, inode change times or
modification times grouped by days. Days are actually 24 hour blocks counting backwards from the
start time of the stats command. The row "0" of the first table will thus show the sum of sizes and
the number of files accessed less than a day ago. If no files were accessed then, there will be no
row "0". Row "1" in the third table will show the files modified (i.e. written to the build cache)
between 24 and 48 hours ago.

The next table, EL, shows external links, i.e. how many build trees share a file from the build
cache. This is a measure of usefulness of the build cache. Alas it only works when developers have
a buld cache on their own disk, else they have to copy which leaves no global trail. The more
content has bigger external link counts, the bigger the benefit of the build cache.

The next table, again EL, shows the same information as the previous one, but weighted by the number
of external links. Each byte or file with an external link count of one counts as one. But if the
count is ten, the values are counted ten times. That's why the headings change to *SIZE and *FILES.
This is a hypothetical value, showing how much disk usage or how many files there would be if the
same build trees had all used no build cache.

One more table, C:S copies to symlinks, pertains to grouped caches only. Ideally all members exist
in one copy, and one less symlinks than there are caches in the group. Symlinks remain "0" until
cleaning has replicated. There may be more than one copy, if either several people created the
identical file before it was replicated, or if replication migrated the file to a preferred disk, but
the original file was still in use. Superfluous copies become symlinks when cleaning finds they have
no more external links.

Standard options: "-A, --args-file, --arguments-file=filename, -v, --verbose"

-h
--hours
Display the first three tables in much finer granularity. The column headings change to AH, CH
or MH accordingly.

-p pattern
--pattern=pattern
Pattern is a bash style file name pattern (i.e. ?, *, [], {,,}) matched against member names
after the underscore separating them from the key. All statistics are limited to matching files.

Caveats working with build caches
Build caches will not work well under the following circumstances:

• If the command that makepp runs to build a file actually only updates the file and does not build it
fresh, then you should NOT use a build cache. (An example is a command to update a module in a
static library (an archive file, or a file with an extension of .a). As explained in
makepp_cookbook, on modern machines it is almost always a bad idea to update an archive file--it's
better to rebuild it from scratch each time for a variety of reasons. This is yet another reason not
to update an archive file.) The reason is that if the build cache happens to be located on the same
file system, makepp makes a hard link rather than copying the file. If you then subsequently modify
the file, the file that makepp has in the build cache will actually be modified, and you could
potentially screw up someone else's compilation. In practice, makepp can usually detect that a file
has been modified since it was placed in the build cache and it won't use it, but sometimes it may
not actually detect the modification.

• For .o files this can be slightly wrong, because they may (depending on the compiler and debug level)
contain the path to the source they were built from. This can make debugging hard. The debugger may
make you edit the original creator's copy of the source, or may not even find the file, if the
creator no longer has a copy. Makepp may someday offer an option to patch the path, which will of
course mean a copy, instead of an efficient link.

• Any other file which has a path encoded into it should not be put into a build cache (if you share
your build cache among several directory hierarchies or several developers). In this case, the
result of a build in a different directory is not the same as if it were in the same directory, so
the whole concept of the build cache is not applicable. It's ok if you specify the directory path on
the command line, like this:

&echo prog_path=$(PWD) -o $(output)

because then the command line will be different and makepp won't incorrectly pull the file out of the
build cache. But if the command line is not different, then there could be a problem. For example,

echo prog_path=`pwd` > $(output)

will not work properly.

• When using links and with many active developers of the same project on the same disk, build caches
can save a lot of disk space. But at the same time for individual users the opposite can also be
true:

Imagine Chang is the first to do a full build. Along comes Ching and gets a link to all those files.
Chang does some fundamental changes leading to most things being rebuilt. He checks them in, Chong
checks them out and gets links to the build cache. Chang again does changes, leading to a third set
of files.

In this scenario, no matter what cleaning strategy you use, no files will get deleted, because they
are all still in use. The problem is that they all belong to Chang, which can make him reach his
disk quota, and there is nothing he can do about it on most systems. See the "clean --set-user"
command under "How to manage a build cache" for how the system administrator could change the files
to a quota-less cache owner.

• If you are using timestamp/size signatures to cross check the target and its build info (the
default), then it is possible to get a signature alias, wherein non-corresponding files will not be
detected. For example, the MD5_SUM build info value may not match the MD5 checksum of the target.
This is not usually a problem, because by virtue of the fact that the build cache keys match, the
target in the build cache is substitutable for the target that would have corresponded to the build
info file. However, if you have rule actions that depend on build info, then this could get you into
trouble (so don't do that). If this worries you, then use the --md5-check-bc option.

Concurrent access
Build caches need to support concurrent access, which implies that the implementation must be tolerant of
races. In particular, a file might get aged (deleted) between the time makepp decides to import a target
and the time the import completes.

Furthermore, some people use build caches over NFS, which is not necessarily coherent. In other words,
the order of file creation and deletion by the writer on one host will not necessarily match the order
seen by a reader on another host, and therefore races cannot be resolved by paying particular attention
to the order of file operations. (But there is usually an NFS cache timeout of about 1 minute which
guarantees that writes will take no longer than that amount of time to propagate to all readers.
Furthermore, typically in practice at least 99% of writes are visible everywhere within 1 second.)
Because of this, we must tolerate the case in which the cached target and its build info file appear not
to correspond. Furthermore, there is a peculiar race that can occur when a file is simultaneously aged
and replaced, in which the files don't correspond even after the NFS cache flushes. This appears to be
unavoidable.