Provided by: grass-doc_7.8.2-1build3_all 
NAME
r.fillnulls - Fills no-data areas in raster maps using spline interpolation.
KEYWORDS
raster, surface, elevation, interpolation, splines, no-data filling
SYNOPSIS
r.fillnulls
r.fillnulls --help
r.fillnulls input=name output=name method=string [tension=float] [smooth=float] [edge=integer]
[npmin=integer] [segmax=integer] [lambda=float] [memory=integer] [--overwrite] [--help]
[--verbose] [--quiet] [--ui]
Flags:
--overwrite
Allow output files to overwrite existing files
--help
Print usage summary
--verbose
Verbose module output
--quiet
Quiet module output
--ui
Force launching GUI dialog
Parameters:
input=name [required]
Name of input raster map
output=name [required]
Name for output raster map
method=string [required]
Interpolation method to use
Options: bilinear, bicubic, rst
Default: rst
tension=float
Spline tension parameter
Default: 40.
smooth=float
Spline smoothing parameter
Default: 0.1
edge=integer
Width of hole edge used for interpolation (in cells)
Options: 2-100
Default: 3
npmin=integer
Minimum number of points for approximation in a segment (>segmax)
Options: 2-10000
Default: 600
segmax=integer
Maximum number of points in a segment
Options: 2-10000
Default: 300
lambda=float
Tykhonov regularization parameter (affects smoothing)
Used in bilinear and bicubic spline interpolation
Default: 0.01
memory=integer
Maximum memory to be used (in MB)
Cache size for raster rows
Default: 300
DESCRIPTION
r.fillnulls fills NULL pixels (no data areas) in input raster map and stores filled data to a new output
raster map. The fill areas are interpolated from the no data area boundaries buffer using v.surf.rst
regularized spline interpolation with tension (method=rst) or r.resamp.bspline cubic or linear spline
interpolation with Tykhonov regularization.
NOTES
Each area boundary buffer is set to three times the map resolution to get nominally three points around
the edge. This way the algorithm interpolates into the hole with a trained slope and curvature at the
edges, in order to avoid that such a flat plane is generated in a hole. The width of edge area can be
adjusted by changing the edge parameter.
During the interpolation following warning may occur when using the RST method:
Warning: strip exists with insufficient data
Warning: taking too long to find points for interpolation--please change the region to area where your
points are
This warning is generated if large data holes exist within the surface. As the idea of r.fillnulls is to
fill such holes, the user may ignore the warning. The interpolation will be continued. However, the user
may pay attention to below notes.
If interpolation fails, temporary raster and vector maps are left in place to allow unfilled map hole
(NULL area) identification and manual repair.
When using the default RST method, the algorithm is based on v.surf.rst regularized splines with tension
interpolation module which interpolates the raster cell values for NULL data areas from the boundary
values of the NULL data area. An eventual raster MASK is respected during the NULL data area(s) filling.
The interpolated values are patched into the NULL data area(s) of the input map and saved into a new
raster map. Otherwise, either the linear or cubic spline interpolation with Tykhonov regularization can
be selected (based on r.resamp.bspline).
WARNING
Depending on the shape of the NULL data area(s) problems may occur due to an insufficient number of input
cell values for the interpolation process. Most problems will occur if a NULL data area reaches a large
amount of the map boundary. The user will have to carefully check the result using r.mapcalc (generating
a difference map to the input map and applying the "differences" color table with r.colors) and/or to
query individual cell values.
RST method stores temporary maps on hard disk. It will require at least as much free space as one extra
input raster map takes.
EXAMPLE
In this example, the SRTM elevation map in the North Carolina sample dataset location is filtered for
outlier elevation values; missing pixels are then re-interpolated to obtain a complete elevation map:
g.region raster=elev_srtm_30m -p
d.mon wx0
d.histogram elev_srtm_30m
# remove SRTM outliers, i.e. SRTM below 50m (esp. lakes), leading to no data areas
r.mapcalc "elev_srtm_30m_filt = if(elev_srtm_30m < 50.0, null(), elev_srtm_30m)"
d.histogram elev_srtm_30m_filt
d.rast elev_srtm_30m_filt
# using the default RST method to fill these holes in DEM
r.fillnulls input=elev_srtm_30m_filt output=elev_srtm_30m_rst tension=20
# using the bilinear method to fill these holes in DEM
r.fillnulls input=elev_srtm_30m_filt output=elev_srtm_30m_bilin method=bilinear
d.histogram elev_srtm_30m_rst
d.rast elev_srtm_30m_rst
d.erase
d.histogram elev_srtm_30m_bilin
d.rast elev_srtm_30m_bilin
r.mapcalc "diff_rst_bilin = elev_srtm_30m_rst - elev_srtm_30m_bilin"
r.colors diff_rst_bilin color=differences
r.univar -e diff_rst_bilin
d.erase
d.rast diff_rst_bilin
d.legend diff_rst_bilin
REFERENCES
• Mitas, L., Mitasova, H., 1999, Spatial Interpolation. In: P.Longley, M.F. Goodchild, D.J.
Maguire, D.W.Rhind (Eds.), Geographical Information Systems: Principles, Techniques, Management
and Applications, Wiley, pp.481-492
• Mitasova H., Mitas L., Brown W.M., D.P. Gerdes, I. Kosinovsky, Baker, T.1995, Modeling
spatially and temporally distributed phenomena: New methods and tools for GRASS GIS.
International Journal of GIS, 9 (4), special issue on Integrating GIS and Environmental modeling,
433-446.
• Mitasova H. and Mitas L. 1993: Interpolation by Regularized Spline with Tension: I. Theory and
Implementation, Mathematical Geology 25, 641-655.
• Mitasova H. and Hofierka L. 1993: Interpolation by Regularized Spline with Tension: II.
Application to Terrain Modeling and Surface Geometry Analysis, Mathematical Geology 25, 657-667.
SEE ALSO
r.fill.dir, r.mapcalc, r.resamp.bspline, v.surf.rst
AUTHORS
Markus Neteler, University of Hannover and Fondazione Edmund Mach
Improvement by Hamish Bowman, NZ
SOURCE CODE
Available at: r.fillnulls source code (history)
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