Provided by: lyx_2.3.4.2-2_amd64 
NAME
tex2lyx - translate well-behaved LaTeX into LyX
SYNOPSIS
The simplest way to use tex2lyx is via the File->Import->LaTeX (plain) menu item in LyX. That runs
tex2lyx on the given file and loads the resulting file into LyX. You should try that first, and call it
from the command line only if you need to use more complicated options.
tex2lyx [ -userdir userdir ] [ -systemdir systemdir ] [ -f ] [ -n ] [ -c textclass ] [ -e encoding ] [
-fixedenc encoding ] [ -m module1[,module2...]] [ -s sfile1[,sfile2...]] [ -skipchildren ] [ -roundtrip
] [ -copyfiles ] inputfile [ outputfile ]
OPTIONS
-c Class. By default, when tex2lyx sees a \documentclass{foo} command, it creates a file of textclass
“foo” and reads the LyX layout file for that class (something like
/usr/local/share/lyx/layouts/foo.layout OR HOME/.lyx/layouts/foo.layout). Use -c to declare a
different textclass (and read a different layout file).
This option is needed if the input file is a LaTeX fragment, with no preamble matter or
\begin{document} command. LyX files created by tex2lyx from partial files can be included in an
existing LyX file using the “Include LyX File” command from LyX's Insert menu.
-m Module. Load the given modules. This is useful if tex2lyx does not automatically detect a given
module, but you know the modules that provide some commands or environments that are used in the
imported file. The modules are loaded in the given order. If a module foo depends on a module bar,
bar must be given before foo.
-f Force. tex2lyx will not run if the .lyx file it would generate already exists. Use the -f option
(carefully) to clobber any existing files.
-e Specify the default encoding using the LaTeX name as defined in the encodings file. tex2lyx will
use this encoding, but switch if it finds any encoding changing commands in the input.
-fixedenc
Specify the encoding using the LaTeX name as defined in the encodings file. tex2lyx will ignore
any encoding changing commands in the input.
-n Noweb. Translate a noweb (aka literate programming) file. This should be (almost?) equivalent to
running “noweb2lyx foo.tex foo.lyx”. This option requires the -c option.
-skipchildren
Do not translate child documents included via \include and \input. This option is useful if the
child documents are generated files and/or contain many commands that tex2lyx does not understand
yet.
-s Syntax files. Input (one or more quoted, comma-separated) syntax files to read in addition to the
default. (see the section on Syntax Files for details).
-sysdir
Specify a system directory. Normally, you shouldn't need this. Your LyX system directory is
chosen. Cf. the section FILES for details.
-userdir
Specify a user directory. Normally, you shouldn't need this. Your LyX user directory is chosen.
Cf. the section FILES for details.
-roundtrip
Call LyX to re-export the created output file to LaTeX. If the output file name is not given it is
determined automatically to avoid over-writing the input file by accident: If the input file is
named foo.tex the output file will be named foo.lyx.lyx, and the re-exported file will be named
foo.lyx.tex.
-copyfiles
Copy all included files tex2lyx is aware of to the output directory if the output file is located
in a different directory than the input file. This is useful if you want to ensure that no
included file is overwritten (either in roundtrip mode or by a later export from LyX). Please note
that the resulting document may be uncompilable. This happens if it needs files that tex2lyx does
not know about and therefore does not copy to the output directory.
-help Help. Print out usage information and quit.
-version
Print out the version number and build information and quit.
DESCRIPTION
Introduction
tex2lyx will create a LyX file with the specified name (or dir/foo.lyx if no name was given) from the
LaTeX file dir/foo.tex.
Suffixes .tex, .ltx and .latex are supported. If inputfile does not exist and does not have one of these
suffixes, tex2lyx will try to translate inputfile.tex. (This is similar to the behavior of LaTeX.)
The purpose of tex2lyx is to translate well-behaved LaTeX2e into LyX. If your LaTeX file doesn't
compile---or if you do weird things, like redefining standard LaTeX commands---it may choke. LaTeX209
will often be translated correctly, but it's not guaranteed.
tex2lyx lacks a few features. However, its main goals are:
• Get through a well-behaved LaTeX2e file without crashing
• Translate a lot of that file.
• Localize the parts that can't be translated and copy them in TeX mode
It achieves these main goals pretty well on most files.
Usage
Here's a more lengthy description of what you should do to translate a LaTeX document into LyX.
• Run tex2lyx.
tex2lyx will inform you of its progress and give any warnings to stderr, so if you don't want any
output at all, try (in csh) `tex2lyx foo.tex >& /dev/null'. You should NOT redirect standard output
to foo.lyx.
• Run LyX (version 2.1 or later) on the resulting .lyx file.
In theory, most of the file will have been translated, and anything that's untranslatable will be
transferred to TeX code (ERT in LyX-speak). In theory, LyX will be able to read in the file, and to
create printed documents from it, because all that untranslated ERT stuff will be passed directly
back to LaTeX, which LyX uses as a backend. Unfortunately, reality doesn't always reflect theory. If
tex2lyx crashes, or LyX cannot read the generated LyX file, see the BUGS section below.
• Transform things have been inserted as TeX code manually to LyX features, if possible.
As mentioned above, you should be able to print out the LyX file even without doing this. However,
changing a command in TeX code to the corresponding LyX object will allow you to take advantage of
LyX's WYSIWYM editing.
tex2lyx is not guaranteed to create a LyX file which generates exactly the same output as the LaTeX
file, although its goal is to achieve this. tex2lyx will generally err on the side of translating
less to ensure that the resulting output files are accurate, even though this leads to more TeX code
and less WYSIWYM.
• PROOFREAD THE DOCUMENT!!
I'm sure you were planning on doing this anyway, but it's particularly important after translating a
LaTeX document. tex2lyx is better at “macro-translating” (translating the whole document) than
“micro-translating” (translating every little detail). For example, you may see extra spaces or
deleted spaces. Space handling has improved, but it's not perfect.
What tex2lyx Can Handle
tex2lyx understands many LaTeX commands. It will translate:
• regular text, including mini-commands like ~, `', \@, \TeX, as well as accented characters like
\'{a}, and the special cases ?` and !`
• title commands like \author, \date, \title, \thanks and the abstract environment
• heading commands like \section including starred commands (\section*)
• Environments: quote, quotation, and verse; center, flushright, and flushleft
• itemize, enumerate, and description environments, and their \item commands. Also, well-behaved
nested lists
• cross-referencing commands: \ref, \pageref, \label, and \cite
• \footnote and \margin
• font-changing commands including \em, \emph, \textit, and corresponding commands to change family,
size, series, and shape
• \input{foo} (or \input{foo.blah}) and \include{foo}. Plain TeX \input command “\input foo.tex” is
also supported.
• tabular environment, and commands that go inside it like \hline, \cline, and \multicolumn (but see
below)
• float environments table and table*, as well as \caption commands within them
• float environments figure and figure*, as well as graphics inclusion commands \epsf, \epsffile,
\epsfbox, \epsfxsize, \epsfig, \psfig, and \includegraphics. Both the graphics and graphicx forms of
\includegraphics are supported.
• thebibliography environment and \bibitem command, as well as BibTeX's \bibliography and
\bibliographystyle commands
• miscellaneous commands: \hfill, \\, \noindent, \ldots...
• documentclass-specific environments (and some commands) which can be translated to LyX layouts
• arguments to certain untranslatable commands (e.g. \mbox)
Some of this support may not be 100% yet. See below for details
tex2lyx copies math (almost) verbatim from your LaTeX file. Luckily, LyX reads in LaTeX math, so (almost)
any math which is supported by LyX should work just fine.
tex2lyx will copy any preamble commands (i.e., anything before \begin{document}) verbatim. Fancy stuff
you've got in your preamble should thus be conserved in printed documents, although it will not of course
show up in the LyX window. Check Document->Settings->LaTeX Preamble to see the result.
What tex2lyx Can't Handle --- But it's OK
• some spacing commands (\hspace, \pagebreak and \linebreak)
• \centering, \raggedleft, \raggedright
• \verb and verbatim environment. tex2lyx is careful to copy exactly in this case, including comments
and whitespace.
• unknown (e.g., user-defined) environments and commands
tex2lyx copies unknown commands, along with their arguments, verbatim into the LyX file. Also, if it sees
a \begin{foo} where it doesn't recognize the “foo” environment, it will copy verbatim until it sees
\end{foo} (unless you use the -r option). Most of these unknown commands won't cause tex2lyx to break;
they'll merely require you to do some editing once you've loaded the file up in LyX. That should be less
painful than editing either the .tex or the .lyx file using a text editor.
What tex2lyx Handles Badly --- aka BUGS
Since tex2lyx is relatively new, it's got a number of problems. As it matures, these bugs will be
squished.
• “Exact” copying of unknown environments and commands isn't quite exact. This will yield ugly LyX,
but in almost all cases the output will be the same. However, most parts of the file will be copied
perfectly, including whitespace and comments. This includes: the LaTeX preamble, verbatim
environments as well as \verb commands, and skip blocks.
• tex2lyx translates only a subset of the document class options to native features. Other options are
placed in the “options” field in the Document->Settings popup.
More importantly, tex2lyx doesn't translate \newcommands, unknown \usepackage commands and other
unknown code in the preamble. It simply copies that into the LaTeX preamble. If you use special
commands, e.g. to specify the text layout in a way that that is not understood by LyX, tex2lyx won't
recognize it. Note that these settings will be overwritten if you modify the text layout in LyX's
document settings. Better remove these special options from the LaTeX preamble
(Document->Settings->LaTeX Preamble) and use the corresponding LyX document settings, if possible.
• The foil document class has a couple of bugs. tex2lyx may do weird things with optional arguments to
\foilhead commands. Also, it may handle \begin{dinglist} incorrectly (although the stuff in the
environment should translate normally).
All known bugs of tex2lyx can be found on http://www.lyx.org/trac/wiki/BugTrackerHome.
tex2lyx is rather robust. As mentioned above, it may not translate your file perfectly, but the result
should be usable and it shouldn't crash. If you encounter problems---and the problem is not one of those
mentioned above or on http://www.lyx.org/trac/wiki/BugTrackerHome---please report the issue as described
in the section on Bug Reports.
What LyX Can't Handle
LyX itself is missing a couple of features, such that even if tex2lyx translates things perfectly, LyX
may still have trouble reading it. If you really need these features, you can export your final document
as LaTeX, and put them back in. See BUGS for more details on these bugs.
• For a number of commands (such as \\), LyX does not support the optional argument. tex2lyx will
automatically discard the optional arguments with a warning to stdout. LyX also ignores the width
argument for the thebibliography environment.
• LyX support for tables isn't perfect. For complicated tables, use a “skip” block, so that they will
be copied in TeX mode.
• LyX allows figures to have sizes in the units known to TeX, such as in, cm, etc. It also translates
percentages of \textwidth, \textheight, \columnwidth, but no other lengths (e.g. if you wanted to
scale a figure to size \topmargin for some reason). tex2lyx will copy figures with untranslatable
sizes in TeX mode. Again, you might be able to fix that within LyX.
EXAMPLES
tex2lyx -f -r “myenv” foo.tex
The above will create a file foo.lyx from foo.tex, overwriting if necessary. When it finds a
\begin{myenv} ... \end{myenv} block, it will translate the stuff within the block, but copy the \begin
and \end commands in TeX mode.
tex2lyx -n -c “literate-article” foo.tex
The above will change a noweb document into a LyX literate-article document. A user would do this if the
noweb document had documentclass article.
NOTES
Bug Reports
Bugs should be reported to the LyX bug tracker at http://www.lyx.org/trac/wiki/BugTrackerHome.
Additionally, you can post a message to the LyX developers' mailing list. Its address is currently lyx-
devel@lists.lyx.org. If your message bounces, you can check the LyX home page, http://www.lyx.org/. If
you are running tex2lyx on a huge file, please do not send all of the output in your bug report. Just
include the last ten or twenty lines of output, along with the piece of the LaTeX file it crashed on.
Or, even better, attach a small but complete file which causes the same problem as your original file.
Layout Files
tex2lyx reads a LyX layout file to know how to handle LaTeX environments and commands which get
translated to LyX layouts. This file will include all “normal” non-math environments (i.e., including
quote and itemize, but not tabular, minipage, and some other fancy environments), and commands like
\section and \title. If you want to tex2lyx a class that doesn't have an existing layout file, then
you'll have to create a layout file. But you have to do this anyway, in order to LyX the file, since LyX
depends on layout files to know how to display and process its files. Check the LyX documentation for
help with this task (which can be hard or easy, depending on the class you want to create a layout file
for.) If your class is quite similar to a class that has a layout file, then consider using the -c
option.
Syntax Files
tex2lyx always reads at least one syntax file, called the default syntax file. tex2lyx will read your
personal syntax file if it exists; otherwise it will read the system-wide file. tex2lyx will read
additional syntax files if you specify them with the -s option. (These extra files should have the same
format as the default file, but will tend to be shorter, since they only have to specify extra commands
not found in the default file.) A syntax file tells tex2lyx a few things.
First, it describes the syntax of each command, that is, how many required arguments and how many
optional arguments the command takes. Knowing this makes it easier for tex2lyx to copy (in TeX mode)
commands that it doesn't know how to translate. The syntax file simply has a command, followed by braces
or brackets describing its arguments in the correct order. For example, a syntax file entry \bibitem[]{}
means that the \bibitem command takes an optional argument followed by a required one, while the entry
\bf means that the \bf command takes no arguments at all. When tex2lyx encounters a token that it
doesn't know how to translate into LyX, it will copy the token---along with the correct number of
arguments---exactly. If the token is not in the syntax file, then tex2lyx just copies as many arguments
as it finds. This means that it may copy too much. But since the user can specify additional syntax
files, that shouldn't happen often.
Some commands that cannot be translated to LyX, like \mbox, have as one of their arguments regular LaTeX
text. If the string “translate” is put into an argument of an (untranslatable) command in the syntax
file, then tex2lyx will translate that argument instead of copying it verbatim. So, for example, the
default syntax file has \raisebox{}[][]{translate}. This means that the \raisebox command and the first
argument (and optional arguments if they exist) are copied in TeX mode, but the last argument (which may
contain math, complicated LaTeX, other untranslatable commands, etc.) will be translated into LyX. You
can't use “translate” on optional arguments.
User-defined syntax files are allowed to define new commands and their syntax, or override the number of
arguments for a command given in the default syntax file. (E.g., if you're using a style that gives an
extra argument to some command...) However, this will only be useful for commands copied in TeX mode.
Commands which are actually translated by tex2lyx (like \item) have their argument syntax hard-coded. The
hard-coded commands are identified in the default syntax file.
Second, the syntax file describes any “regular environments”. Usually, an entire unknown environment
will be copied in TeX mode. If you define a regular environment “foo”, though, then only the \begin{foo}
and \end{foo} commands will be copied in TeX mode; the text within the environment will be treated (i.e.,
translated) by tex2lyx as regular LaTeX, rather than being copied into TeX mode. Don't try to declare
“tabbing” and “picture” as regular environments, as the text within those environments will confuse
tex2lyx; use this capability for new environments you create that have plain text or math or simple
commands in them. You also can't declare unknown math environments (like equation*) as regular
environments, either, since the LyX math editor won't understand them. The names of regular environments
appear, whitespace-separated, between \begin{tex2lyxre} and \end{tex2lyxre} statements in the syntax
file. (If you have a regular environment which you won't use very often, you can use the -r option rather
than writing a syntax file.)
WARNINGS
Always keep a copy of your original LaTeX files either under a different name or in a different
directory. There are a couple ways in which using LyX could lead to overwriting the original LaTeX file.
If you import foo.tex to create foo.lyx, then edit foo.lyx and want to re-export it, note that it will
overwrite the original foo.tex. (LyX will ask you if you want to overwrite it.)
ENVIRONMENT
LYX_DIR_23x
can be used to specify which system directory to use.
The system directory is determined by searching for the file "chkconfig.ltx". Directories are searched in
this order:
1) -sysdir command line parameter
2) LYX_DIR_23x environment variable
3) Maybe <path of binary>/TOP_SRCDIR/lib
4) <path of binary>/../share/<name of binary>/
5) hardcoded lyx_dir (at build time: /usr/share/lyx)
LYX_USERDIR_23x
can be used to specify which user directory to use.
The user directory is, in order of precedence:
1) -userdir command line parameter
2) LYX_USERDIR_23x environment variable
3) $HOME/.<name of binary> if no explicit setting is made
FILES
If LIBDIR is the system-wide LyX directory and MY_LYXDIR is your personal LyX directory, then the
following files are read by tex2lyx:
MY_LYXDIR/layouts/*.layout
User's personal layout files for document classes
MY_LYXDIR/syntax.default
User's personal syntax file
MY_LYXDIR/encodings
User's personal encoding definition file
LIBDIR/layouts/*.layout
System-wide layout files for document classes
LIBDIR/lib/syntax.default
System-wide LaTeX syntax file
LIBDIR/lib/encodings
System-wide encoding definition file
SEE ALSO
lyx(1), latex(1)
AUTHORS
tex2lyx is Copyright (c) 2003ff. by the LyX Team (lyx-devel@lists.lyx.org)