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NAME

       xcalc - scientific calculator for X

SYNOPSIS

       xcalc [-stipple] [-rpn] [-toolkitoption...]

DESCRIPTION

       xcalc is a scientific calculator desktop accessory that can emulate a TI-30 or an HP-10C.

OPTIONS

       xcalc accepts all of the standard toolkit command line options along with two additional options:

       -stipple
               This  option  indicates  that the background of the calculator should be drawn using a stipple of
               the foreground and background colors.  On monochrome displays improves the appearance.

       -rpn    This option indicates that Reverse Polish Notation should be used.  In this mode  the  calculator
               will look and behave like an HP-10C.  Without this flag, it will emulate a TI-30.

OPERATION

       Pointer  Usage:  Operations  may be performed with pointer button 1, or in some cases, with the keyboard.
       Many common calculator operations have keyboard accelerators.  To quit, press pointer button 3 on the  AC
       key of the TI calculator, or the ON key of the HP calculator.

       Calculator  Key  Usage  (TI  mode): The numbered keys, the +/- key, and the +, -, *, /, and = keys all do
       exactly what you would expect them to.  It should be noted that the operators obey the standard rules  of
       precedence.   Thus, entering "3+4*5=" results in "23", not "35".  The parentheses can be used to override
       this.  For example, "(1+2+3)*(4+5+6)=" results in "6*15=90".

       The entire number in the calculator display  can  be  selected,  in  order  to  paste  the  result  of  a
       calculation into text.

       The  action  procedures  associated  with  each  function  are  given below.  These are useful if you are
       interested in defining a custom calculator.  The action used for all digit keys is digit(n), where  n  is
       the corresponding digit, 0..9.

       1/x       Replaces  the number in the display with its reciprocal.  The corresponding action procedure is
                 reciprocal().

       x^2       Squares the number in the display.  The corresponding action procedure is square().

       SQRT      Takes the square root of the number in the display.   The  corresponding  action  procedure  is
                 squareRoot().

       CE/C      When  pressed once, clears the number in the display without clearing the state of the machine.
                 Allows you to re-enter a number if you make a mistake.  Pressing it  twice  clears  the  state,
                 also.  The corresponding action procedure for TI mode is clear().

       AC        Clears the display, the state, and the memory.  Pressing it with the third pointer button turns
                 off the calculator, in that it exits the program.  The action procedure to clear the  state  is
                 off(); to quit, quit().

       INV       Invert  function.   See  the  individual  function  keys for details.  The corresponding action
                 procedure is inverse().

       sin       Computes the sine of the number in the display, as interpreted by the  current  DRG  mode  (see
                 DRG,  below).   If  inverted,  it  computes the arcsine.  The corresponding action procedure is
                 sine().

       cos       Computes the cosine, or  arccosine  when  inverted.   The  corresponding  action  procedure  is
                 cosine().

       tan       Computes  the  tangent,  or  arctangent  when  inverted.  The corresponding action procedure is
                 tangent().

       DRG       Changes the DRG mode, as indicated by 'DEG', 'RAD', or 'GRAD' at the bottom of  the  calculator
                 ``liquid  crystal''  display.   When  in  'DEG' mode, numbers in the display are taken as being
                 degrees.  In 'RAD' mode, numbers are in radians, and in 'GRAD'  mode,  numbers  are  in  grads.
                 When  inverted,  the  DRG key has a feature of converting degrees to radians to grads and vice-
                 versa.  Example:  put the calculator into 'DEG' mode, and enter  "45  INV  DRG".   The  display
                 should  now  show  something  along  the  lines  of ".785398", which is 45 degrees converted to
                 radians.  The corresponding action procedure is degree().

       e         The constant 'e'.  (2.7182818...).  The corresponding action procedure is e().

       EE        Used for entering exponential numbers.  For example, to get "-2.3E-4" you'd enter "2 . 3 +/- EE
                 4 +/-".  The corresponding action procedure is scientific().

       log       Calculates  the log (base 10) of the number in the display.  When inverted, it raises "10.0" to
                 the number in the display.  For example, entering "3 INV log" should  result  in  "1000".   The
                 corresponding action procedure is logarithm().

       ln        Calculates  the log (base e) of the number in the display.  When inverted, it raises "e" to the
                 number in the display.  For example, entering "e ln" should result in "1".   The  corresponding
                 action procedure is naturalLog().

       y^x       Raises the number on the left to the power of the number on the right.  For example "2 y^x 3 ="
                 results in "8", which is 2^3.  For a further example, "(1+2+3) y^x (1+2) =" equals  "6  y^x  3"
                 which equals "216".  The corresponding action procedure is power().

       not       Performs a bitwise not.  The corresponding action procedure is not().

       and       Performs a bitwise and.  The corresponding action procedure is and().

       or        Performs a bitwise or.  The corresponding action procedure is or().

       xor       Performs a bitwise exclusive or.  The corresponding action procedure is xor().

       trunc     Truncates  the  number  in  the  display  to an integer.  The corresponding action procedure is
                 trunc().

       PI        The constant 'pi'.  (3.1415927....)  The corresponding action procedure is pi().

       x!        Computes the factorial of the number in the display.  The number in  the  display  must  be  an
                 integer  in  the  range  0-500,  though, depending on your math library, it might overflow long
                 before that.  The corresponding action procedure is factorial().

       (         Left parenthesis.  The corresponding action procedure for TI calculators is leftParen().

       )         Right parenthesis.  The corresponding action procedure for TI calculators is rightParen().

       base      Changes the number base, as indicated by 'DEC', 'HEX, or 'OCT' at the bottom of the  calculator
                 display.   When in 'DEC' mode, numbers in the display are taken as being decimal (base 10).  In
                 'HEX' mode, numbers are in hexadecimal (base 16), and in 'OCT' mode, numbers are in octal (base
                 8).  The corresponding action procedure is base().

       shl       Performs  an  arithmetic  bitwise shift left,  For example, entering "1 shl 2" should result in
                 "4".  The corresponding action procedure is shl().

       shr       Performs an arithmetic bitwise shift right,  For example, entering "8 shr 1" should  result  in
                 "4".  The corresponding action procedure is shr().

       mod       Performs the modulo operation, which calculates the remainder when dividing the first number by
                 the second.  For example, entering "14 mod 8" should result in "6".  The  corresponding  action
                 procedure is mod().

       /         Division.  The corresponding action procedure is divide().

       *         Multiplication.  The corresponding action procedure is multiply().

       -         Subtraction.  The corresponding action procedure is subtract().

       +         Addition.  The corresponding action procedure is add().

       =         Perform calculation.  The TI-specific action procedure is equal().

       STO       Copies the number in the display to the memory location.  The corresponding action procedure is
                 store().

       RCL       Copies the number from the memory location to the display.  The corresponding action  procedure
                 is recall().

       SUM       Adds  the number in the display to the number in the memory location.  The corresponding action
                 procedure is sum().

       EXC       Swaps the number in the display with the number in  the  memory  location.   The  corresponding
                 action procedure for the TI calculator is exchange().

       +/-       Negate; change sign.  The corresponding action procedure is negate().

       .         Decimal point.  The action procedure is decimal().

       Calculator  Key  Usage  (RPN  mode): The number keys, CHS (change sign), +, -, *, /, and ENTR keys all do
       exactly what you would expect them to do.  Many of the remaining keys are the same as in  TI  mode.   The
       differences are detailed below.  The action procedure for the ENTR key is enter().

       <-        This  is  a  backspace  key that can be used if you make a mistake while entering a number.  It
                 will erase digits from the display.  (See BUGS).  Inverse backspace will clear the X  register.
                 The corresponding action procedure is back().

       ON        Clears the display, the state, and the memory.  Pressing it with the third pointer button turns
                 off the calculator, in that it exits the program.  To clear state, the action procedure is off;
                 to quit, quit().

       INV       Inverts  the  meaning  of the function keys.  This would be the  f key on an HP calculator, but
                 xcalc does not display multiple legends on each key.  See  the  individual  function  keys  for
                 details.

       10^x      Raises  "10.0"  to  the  number  in the top of the stack.  When inverted, it calculates the log
                 (base 10) of the number in the display.  The corresponding action procedure is tenpower().

       e^x       Raises "e" to the number in the top of the stack.  When inverted, it calculates the  log  (base
                 e) of the number in the display.  The action procedure is epower().

       STO       Copies the number in the top of the stack to a memory location.  There are 10 memory locations.
                 The desired memory is specified by following this key with a digit key.

       RCL       Pushes the number from the specified memory location onto the stack.

       SUM       Adds the number on top of the stack to the number in the specified memory location.

       x:y       Exchanges the numbers in the top two stack positions, the X and Y registers.  The corresponding
                 action procedure is XexchangeY().

       R v       Rolls  the stack downward.  When inverted, it rolls the stack upward.  The corresponding action
                 procedure is roll().

       blank     These keys were used for programming functions on the HP-10C.  Their functionality has not been
                 duplicated in xcalc.

       Finally, there are two additional action procedures: bell(), which rings the bell; and selection(), which
       performs a cut on the entire number in the calculator's ``liquid crystal'' display.

ACCELERATORS

       Accelerators are shortcuts for entering commands.  xcalc provides some sample keyboard accelerators; also
       users  can  customize  accelerators.   The  numeric  keypad  accelerators  provided  by  xcalc  should be
       intuitively correct.  The accelerators defined by xcalc on the main keyboard are given below:

       TI Key   HP Key   Keyboard Accelerator   TI Function    HP Function
       ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
       SQRT     SQRT     r                      squareRoot()   squareRoot()
       AC       ON       space                  clear()        clear()
       AC       <-       Delete                 clear()        back()
       AC       <-       Backspace              clear()        back()
       AC       <-       Control-H              clear()        back()
       AC                Clear                  clear()
       AC       ON       q                      quit()         quit()
       AC       ON       Control-C              quit()         quit()

       INV      i        i                      inverse()      inverse()
       sin      s        s                      sine()         sine()
       cos      c        c                      cosine()       cosine()
       tan      t        t                      tangent()      tangent()
       DRG      DRG      d                      degree()       degree()

       e                 e                      e()
       ln       ln       l                      naturalLog()   naturalLog()
       y^x      y^x      ^                      power()        power()

       PI       PI       p                      pi()           pi()
       x!       x!       !                      factorial()    factorial()
       (                 (                      leftParen()
       )                 )                      rightParen()

       /        /        /                      divide()       divide()
       *        *        *                      multiply()     multiply()
       -        -        -                      subtract()     subtract()
       +        +        +                      add()          add()
       =                 =                      equal()

       0..9     0..9     0..9                   digit()        digit()
       +/-      CHS      n                      negate()       negate()

                x:y      x                                     XexchangeY()
                ENTR     Return                                enter()
                ENTR     Linefeed                              enter()

CUSTOMIZATION

       The application class name is XCalc.

       xcalc has an enormous application defaults file which specifies the position, label, and function of each
       key  on  the  calculator.   It  also gives translations to serve as keyboard accelerators.  Because these
       resources are not specified in the source code, you can create  a  customized  calculator  by  writing  a
       private application defaults file, using the Athena Command and Form widget resources to specify the size
       and position of buttons, the label for each button, and the function of each button.

       The foreground and background colors of each calculator key can be individually specified.   For  the  TI
       calculator, a classical color resource specification might be:

       XCalc.ti.Command.background:          gray50
       XCalc.ti.Command.foreground:          white

       For each of buttons 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40, specify:
       XCalc.ti.button20.background:         black
       XCalc.ti.button20.foreground:         white

       For each of buttons 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, and 39:
       XCalc.ti.button22.background:         white
       XCalc.ti.button22.foreground:         black

WIDGET HIERARCHY

       In order to specify resources, it is useful to know the hierarchy of the widgets which compose xcalc.  In
       the notation below, indentation indicates hierarchical structure.  The widget class name is given  first,
       followed by the widget instance name.
       XCalc xcalc
               Form  ti  or  hp    (the name depends on the mode)
                       Form  bevel
                               Form  screen
                                       Label  M
                                       Toggle  LCD
                                       Label  INV
                                       Label  DEG
                                       Label  RAD
                                       Label  GRAD
                                       Label  P
                       Command  button1
                       Command  button2
                       Command  button3
       and so on, ...
                       Command  button38
                       Command  button39
                       Command  button40

APPLICATION RESOURCES

       rpn (Class Rpn)
               Specifies that the rpn mode should be used.  The default is TI mode.

       stipple (Class Stipple)
               Indicates that the background should be stippled.  The default is ``on'' for monochrome displays,
               and ``off'' for color displays.

       cursor (Class Cursor)
               The name of the symbol used to represent the pointer.  The default is ``hand2''.

COLORS

       If you would like xcalc to use its ti colors, include the following in the #ifdef COLOR  section  of  the
       file you read with xrdb:

       *customization:                 -color

       This  will  cause xcalc to pick up the colors in the app-defaults color customization file: /etc/X11/app-
       defaults/XCalc-color.

SEE ALSO

       X(7), xrdb(1), the Athena Widget Set

BUGS

       HP mode is not completely debugged.  In particular, the stack is not handled properly after errors.

COPYRIGHT

       Copyright 1994 X Consortium
       See X(7) for a full statement of rights and permissions.

AUTHORS

       John Bradley, University of Pennsylvania
       Mark Rosenstein, MIT Project Athena
       Donna Converse, MIT X Consortium