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NAME
seccomp - operate on Secure Computing state of the process
SYNOPSIS
#include <linux/seccomp.h>
#include <linux/filter.h>
#include <linux/audit.h>
#include <linux/signal.h>
#include <sys/ptrace.h>
int seccomp(unsigned int operation, unsigned int flags, void *args);
DESCRIPTION
The seccomp() system call operates on the Secure Computing (seccomp) state of the calling
process.
Currently, Linux supports the following operation values:
SECCOMP_SET_MODE_STRICT
The only system calls that the calling thread is permitted to make are read(2),
write(2), _exit(2) (but not exit_group(2)), and sigreturn(2). Other system calls
result in the delivery of a SIGKILL signal. Strict secure computing mode is useful
for number-crunching applications that may need to execute untrusted byte code,
perhaps obtained by reading from a pipe or socket.
Note that although the calling thread can no longer call sigprocmask(2), it can use
sigreturn(2) to block all signals apart from SIGKILL and SIGSTOP. This means that
alarm(2) (for example) is not sufficient for restricting the process's execution
time. Instead, to reliably terminate the process, SIGKILL must be used. This can
be done by using timer_create(2) with SIGEV_SIGNAL and sigev_signo set to SIGKILL,
or by using setrlimit(2) to set the hard limit for RLIMIT_CPU.
This operation is available only if the kernel is configured with CONFIG_SECCOMP
enabled.
The value of flags must be 0, and args must be NULL.
This operation is functionally identical to the call:
prctl(PR_SET_SECCOMP, SECCOMP_MODE_STRICT);
SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER
The system calls allowed are defined by a pointer to a Berkeley Packet Filter (BPF)
passed via args. This argument is a pointer to a struct sock_fprog; it can be
designed to filter arbitrary system calls and system call arguments. If the filter
is invalid, seccomp() fails, returning EINVAL in errno.
If fork(2) or clone(2) is allowed by the filter, any child processes will be
constrained to the same system call filters as the parent. If execve(2) is
allowed, the existing filters will be preserved across a call to execve(2).
In order to use the SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER operation, either the calling thread
must have the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability in its user namespace, or the thread must
already have the no_new_privs bit set. If that bit was not already set by an
ancestor of this thread, the thread must make the following call:
prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1);
Otherwise, the SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER operation fails and returns EACCES in errno.
This requirement ensures that an unprivileged process cannot apply a malicious
filter and then invoke a set-user-ID or other privileged program using execve(2),
thus potentially compromising that program. (Such a malicious filter might, for
example, cause an attempt to use setuid(2) to set the caller's user IDs to nonzero
values to instead return 0 without actually making the system call. Thus, the
program might be tricked into retaining superuser privileges in circumstances where
it is possible to influence it to do dangerous things because it did not actually
drop privileges.)
If prctl(2) or seccomp() is allowed by the attached filter, further filters may be
added. This will increase evaluation time, but allows for further reduction of the
attack surface during execution of a thread.
The SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER operation is available only if the kernel is configured
with CONFIG_SECCOMP_FILTER enabled.
When flags is 0, this operation is functionally identical to the call:
prctl(PR_SET_SECCOMP, SECCOMP_MODE_FILTER, args);
The recognized flags are:
SECCOMP_FILTER_FLAG_TSYNC
When adding a new filter, synchronize all other threads of the calling
process to the same seccomp filter tree. A "filter tree" is the ordered
list of filters attached to a thread. (Attaching identical filters in
separate seccomp() calls results in different filters from this
perspective.)
If any thread cannot synchronize to the same filter tree, the call will not
attach the new seccomp filter, and will fail, returning the first thread ID
found that cannot synchronize. Synchronization will fail if another thread
in the same process is in SECCOMP_MODE_STRICT or if it has attached new
seccomp filters to itself, diverging from the calling thread's filter tree.
SECCOMP_FILTER_FLAG_LOG (since Linux 4.14)
All filter return actions except SECCOMP_RET_ALLOW should be logged. An
administrator may override this filter flag by preventing specific actions
from being logged via the /proc/sys/kernel/seccomp/actions_logged file.
SECCOMP_FILTER_FLAG_SPEC_ALLOW (since Linux 4.17)
Disable Speculative Store Bypass mitigation.
SECCOMP_GET_ACTION_AVAIL (since Linux 4.14)
Test to see if an action is supported by the kernel. This operation is helpful to
confirm that the kernel knows of a more recently added filter return action since
the kernel treats all unknown actions as SECCOMP_RET_KILL_PROCESS.
The value of flags must be 0, and args must be a pointer to an unsigned 32-bit
filter return action.
Filters
When adding filters via SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER, args points to a filter program:
struct sock_fprog {
unsigned short len; /* Number of BPF instructions */
struct sock_filter *filter; /* Pointer to array of
BPF instructions */
};
Each program must contain one or more BPF instructions:
struct sock_filter { /* Filter block */
__u16 code; /* Actual filter code */
__u8 jt; /* Jump true */
__u8 jf; /* Jump false */
__u32 k; /* Generic multiuse field */
};
When executing the instructions, the BPF program operates on the system call information
made available (i.e., use the BPF_ABS addressing mode) as a (read-only) buffer of the
following form:
struct seccomp_data {
int nr; /* System call number */
__u32 arch; /* AUDIT_ARCH_* value
(see <linux/audit.h>) */
__u64 instruction_pointer; /* CPU instruction pointer */
__u64 args[6]; /* Up to 6 system call arguments */
};
Because numbering of system calls varies between architectures and some architectures
(e.g., x86-64) allow user-space code to use the calling conventions of multiple
architectures (and the convention being used may vary over the life of a process that uses
execve(2) to execute binaries that employ the different conventions), it is usually
necessary to verify the value of the arch field.
It is strongly recommended to use an allow-list approach whenever possible because such an
approach is more robust and simple. A deny-list will have to be updated whenever a
potentially dangerous system call is added (or a dangerous flag or option if those are
deny-listed), and it is often possible to alter the representation of a value without
altering its meaning, leading to a deny-list bypass. See also Caveats below.
The arch field is not unique for all calling conventions. The x86-64 ABI and the x32 ABI
both use AUDIT_ARCH_X86_64 as arch, and they run on the same processors. Instead, the
mask __X32_SYSCALL_BIT is used on the system call number to tell the two ABIs apart.
This means that in order to create a seccomp-based deny-list for system calls performed
through the x86-64 ABI, it is necessary to not only check that arch equals
AUDIT_ARCH_X86_64, but also to explicitly reject all system calls that contain
__X32_SYSCALL_BIT in nr.
The instruction_pointer field provides the address of the machine-language instruction
that performed the system call. This might be useful in conjunction with the use of
/proc/[pid]/maps to perform checks based on which region (mapping) of the program made the
system call. (Probably, it is wise to lock down the mmap(2) and mprotect(2) system calls
to prevent the program from subverting such checks.)
When checking values from args against a deny-list, keep in mind that arguments are often
silently truncated before being processed, but after the seccomp check. For example, this
happens if the i386 ABI is used on an x86-64 kernel: although the kernel will normally not
look beyond the 32 lowest bits of the arguments, the values of the full 64-bit registers
will be present in the seccomp data. A less surprising example is that if the x86-64 ABI
is used to perform a system call that takes an argument of type int, the more-significant
half of the argument register is ignored by the system call, but visible in the seccomp
data.
A seccomp filter returns a 32-bit value consisting of two parts: the most significant 16
bits (corresponding to the mask defined by the constant SECCOMP_RET_ACTION_FULL) contain
one of the "action" values listed below; the least significant 16-bits (defined by the
constant SECCOMP_RET_DATA) are "data" to be associated with this return value.
If multiple filters exist, they are all executed, in reverse order of their addition to
the filter tree—that is, the most recently installed filter is executed first. (Note that
all filters will be called even if one of the earlier filters returns SECCOMP_RET_KILL.
This is done to simplify the kernel code and to provide a tiny speed-up in the execution
of sets of filters by avoiding a check for this uncommon case.) The return value for the
evaluation of a given system call is the first-seen action value of highest precedence
(along with its accompanying data) returned by execution of all of the filters.
In decreasing order of precedence, the action values that may be returned by a seccomp
filter are:
SECCOMP_RET_KILL_PROCESS (since Linux 4.14)
This value results in immediate termination of the process, with a core dump. The
system call is not executed. By contrast with SECCOMP_RET_KILL_THREAD below, all
threads in the thread group are terminated. (For a discussion of thread groups,
see the description of the CLONE_THREAD flag in clone(2).)
The process terminates as though killed by a SIGSYS signal. Even if a signal
handler has been registered for SIGSYS, the handler will be ignored in this case
and the process always terminates. To a parent process that is waiting on this
process (using waitpid(2) or similar), the returned wstatus will indicate that its
child was terminated as though by a SIGSYS signal.
SECCOMP_RET_KILL_THREAD (or SECCOMP_RET_KILL)
This value results in immediate termination of the thread that made the system
call. The system call is not executed. Other threads in the same thread group
will continue to execute.
The thread terminates as though killed by a SIGSYS signal. See
SECCOMP_RET_KILL_PROCESS above.
Before Linux 4.11, any process terminated in this way would not trigger a coredump
(even though SIGSYS is documented in signal(7) as having a default action of
termination with a core dump). Since Linux 4.11, a single-threaded process will
dump core if terminated in this way.
With the addition of SECCOMP_RET_KILL_PROCESS in Linux 4.14,
SECCOMP_RET_KILL_THREAD was added as a synonym for SECCOMP_RET_KILL, in order to
more clearly distinguish the two actions.
SECCOMP_RET_TRAP
This value results in the kernel sending a thread-directed SIGSYS signal to the
triggering thread. (The system call is not executed.) Various fields will be set
in the siginfo_t structure (see sigaction(2)) associated with signal:
* si_signo will contain SIGSYS.
* si_call_addr will show the address of the system call instruction.
* si_syscall and si_arch will indicate which system call was attempted.
* si_code will contain SYS_SECCOMP.
* si_errno will contain the SECCOMP_RET_DATA portion of the filter return value.
The program counter will be as though the system call happened (i.e., the program
counter will not point to the system call instruction). The return value register
will contain an architecture-dependent value; if resuming execution, set it to
something appropriate for the system call. (The architecture dependency is because
replacing it with ENOSYS could overwrite some useful information.)
SECCOMP_RET_ERRNO
This value results in the SECCOMP_RET_DATA portion of the filter's return value
being passed to user space as the errno value without executing the system call.
SECCOMP_RET_TRACE
When returned, this value will cause the kernel to attempt to notify a
ptrace(2)-based tracer prior to executing the system call. If there is no tracer
present, the system call is not executed and returns a failure status with errno
set to ENOSYS.
A tracer will be notified if it requests PTRACE_O_TRACESECCOMP using
ptrace(PTRACE_SETOPTIONS). The tracer will be notified of a PTRACE_EVENT_SECCOMP
and the SECCOMP_RET_DATA portion of the filter's return value will be available to
the tracer via PTRACE_GETEVENTMSG.
The tracer can skip the system call by changing the system call number to -1.
Alternatively, the tracer can change the system call requested by changing the
system call to a valid system call number. If the tracer asks to skip the system
call, then the system call will appear to return the value that the tracer puts in
the return value register.
Before kernel 4.8, the seccomp check will not be run again after the tracer is
notified. (This means that, on older kernels, seccomp-based sandboxes must not
allow use of ptrace(2)—even of other sandboxed processes—without extreme care;
ptracers can use this mechanism to escape from the seccomp sandbox.)
SECCOMP_RET_LOG (since Linux 4.14)
This value results in the system call being executed after the filter return action
is logged. An administrator may override the logging of this action via the
/proc/sys/kernel/seccomp/actions_logged file.
SECCOMP_RET_ALLOW
This value results in the system call being executed.
If an action value other than one of the above is specified, then the filter action is
treated as either SECCOMP_RET_KILL_PROCESS (since Linux 4.14) or SECCOMP_RET_KILL_THREAD
(in Linux 4.13 and earlier).
/proc interfaces
The files in the directory /proc/sys/kernel/seccomp provide additional seccomp information
and configuration:
actions_avail (since Linux 4.14)
A read-only ordered list of seccomp filter return actions in string form. The
ordering, from left-to-right, is in decreasing order of precedence. The list
represents the set of seccomp filter return actions supported by the kernel.
actions_logged (since Linux 4.14)
A read-write ordered list of seccomp filter return actions that are allowed to be
logged. Writes to the file do not need to be in ordered form but reads from the
file will be ordered in the same way as the actions_avail file.
It is important to note that the value of actions_logged does not prevent certain
filter return actions from being logged when the audit subsystem is configured to
audit a task. If the action is not found in the actions_logged file, the final
decision on whether to audit the action for that task is ultimately left up to the
audit subsystem to decide for all filter return actions other than
SECCOMP_RET_ALLOW.
The "allow" string is not accepted in the actions_logged file as it is not possible
to log SECCOMP_RET_ALLOW actions. Attempting to write "allow" to the file will
fail with the error EINVAL.
Audit logging of seccomp actions
Since Linux 4.14, the kernel provides the facility to log the actions returned by seccomp
filters in the audit log. The kernel makes the decision to log an action based on the
action type, whether or not the action is present in the actions_logged file, and whether
kernel auditing is enabled (e.g., via the kernel boot option audit=1). The rules are as
follows:
* If the action is SECCOMP_RET_ALLOW, the action is not logged.
* Otherwise, if the action is either SECCOMP_RET_KILL_PROCESS or SECCOMP_RET_KILL_THREAD,
and that action appears in the actions_logged file, the action is logged.
* Otherwise, if the filter has requested logging (the SECCOMP_FILTER_FLAG_LOG flag) and
the action appears in the actions_logged file, the action is logged.
* Otherwise, if kernel auditing is enabled and the process is being audited (autrace(8)),
the action is logged.
* Otherwise, the action is not logged.
RETURN VALUE
On success, seccomp() returns 0. On error, if SECCOMP_FILTER_FLAG_TSYNC was used, the
return value is the ID of the thread that caused the synchronization failure. (This ID is
a kernel thread ID of the type returned by clone(2) and gettid(2).) On other errors, -1
is returned, and errno is set to indicate the cause of the error.
ERRORS
seccomp() can fail for the following reasons:
EACCES The caller did not have the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability in its user namespace, or had
not set no_new_privs before using SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER.
EFAULT args was not a valid address.
EINVAL operation is unknown or is not supported by this kernel version or configuration.
EINVAL The specified flags are invalid for the given operation.
EINVAL operation included BPF_ABS, but the specified offset was not aligned to a 32-bit
boundary or exceeded sizeof(struct seccomp_data).
EINVAL A secure computing mode has already been set, and operation differs from the
existing setting.
EINVAL operation specified SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER, but the filter program pointed to by
args was not valid or the length of the filter program was zero or exceeded
BPF_MAXINSNS (4096) instructions.
ENOMEM Out of memory.
ENOMEM The total length of all filter programs attached to the calling thread would exceed
MAX_INSNS_PER_PATH (32768) instructions. Note that for the purposes of calculating
this limit, each already existing filter program incurs an overhead penalty of 4
instructions.
EOPNOTSUPP
operation specified SECCOMP_GET_ACTION_AVAIL, but the kernel does not support the
filter return action specified by args.
ESRCH Another thread caused a failure during thread sync, but its ID could not be
determined.
VERSIONS
The seccomp() system call first appeared in Linux 3.17.
CONFORMING TO
The seccomp() system call is a nonstandard Linux extension.
NOTES
Rather than hand-coding seccomp filters as shown in the example below, you may prefer to
employ the libseccomp library, which provides a front-end for generating seccomp filters.
The Seccomp field of the /proc/[pid]/status file provides a method of viewing the seccomp
mode of a process; see proc(5).
seccomp() provides a superset of the functionality provided by the prctl(2) PR_SET_SECCOMP
operation (which does not support flags).
Since Linux 4.4, the ptrace(2) PTRACE_SECCOMP_GET_FILTER operation can be used to dump a
process's seccomp filters.
Architecture support for seccomp BPF
Architecture support for seccomp BPF filtering is available on the following
architectures:
* x86-64, i386, x32 (since Linux 3.5)
* ARM (since Linux 3.8)
* s390 (since Linux 3.8)
* MIPS (since Linux 3.16)
* ARM-64 (since Linux 3.19)
* PowerPC (since Linux 4.3)
* Tile (since Linux 4.3)
* PA-RISC (since Linux 4.6)
Caveats
There are various subtleties to consider when applying seccomp filters to a program,
including the following:
* Some traditional system calls have user-space implementations in the vdso(7) on many
architectures. Notable examples include clock_gettime(2), gettimeofday(2), and
time(2). On such architectures, seccomp filtering for these system calls will have no
effect. (However, there are cases where the vdso(7) implementations may fall back to
invoking the true system call, in which case seccomp filters would see the system
call.)
* Seccomp filtering is based on system call numbers. However, applications typically do
not directly invoke system calls, but instead call wrapper functions in the C library
which in turn invoke the system calls. Consequently, one must be aware of the
following:
• The glibc wrappers for some traditional system calls may actually employ system
calls with different names in the kernel. For example, the exit(2) wrapper function
actually employs the exit_group(2) system call, and the fork(2) wrapper function
actually calls clone(2).
• The behavior of wrapper functions may vary across architectures, according to the
range of system calls provided on those architectures. In other words, the same
wrapper function may invoke different system calls on different architectures.
• Finally, the behavior of wrapper functions can change across glibc versions. For
example, in older versions, the glibc wrapper function for open(2) invoked the
system call of the same name, but starting in glibc 2.26, the implementation
switched to calling openat(2) on all architectures.
The consequence of the above points is that it may be necessary to filter for a system
call other than might be expected. Various manual pages in Section 2 provide helpful
details about the differences between wrapper functions and the underlying system calls in
subsections entitled C library/kernel differences.
Furthermore, note that the application of seccomp filters even risks causing bugs in an
application, when the filters cause unexpected failures for legitimate operations that the
application might need to perform. Such bugs may not easily be discovered when testing
the seccomp filters if the bugs occur in rarely used application code paths.
Seccomp-specific BPF details
Note the following BPF details specific to seccomp filters:
* The BPF_H and BPF_B size modifiers are not supported: all operations must load and
store (4-byte) words (BPF_W).
* To access the contents of the seccomp_data buffer, use the BPF_ABS addressing mode
modifier.
* The BPF_LEN addressing mode modifier yields an immediate mode operand whose value is
the size of the seccomp_data buffer.
EXAMPLE
The program below accepts four or more arguments. The first three arguments are a system
call number, a numeric architecture identifier, and an error number. The program uses
these values to construct a BPF filter that is used at run time to perform the following
checks:
[1] If the program is not running on the specified architecture, the BPF filter causes
system calls to fail with the error ENOSYS.
[2] If the program attempts to execute the system call with the specified number, the BPF
filter causes the system call to fail, with errno being set to the specified error
number.
The remaining command-line arguments specify the pathname and additional arguments of a
program that the example program should attempt to execute using execv(3) (a library
function that employs the execve(2) system call). Some example runs of the program are
shown below.
First, we display the architecture that we are running on (x86-64) and then construct a
shell function that looks up system call numbers on this architecture:
$ uname -m
x86_64
$ syscall_nr() {
cat /usr/src/linux/arch/x86/syscalls/syscall_64.tbl | \
awk '$2 != "x32" && $3 == "'$1'" { print $1 }'
}
When the BPF filter rejects a system call (case [2] above), it causes the system call to
fail with the error number specified on the command line. In the experiments shown here,
we'll use error number 99:
$ errno 99
EADDRNOTAVAIL 99 Cannot assign requested address
In the following example, we attempt to run the command whoami(1), but the BPF filter
rejects the execve(2) system call, so that the command is not even executed:
$ syscall_nr execve
59
$ ./a.out
Usage: ./a.out <syscall_nr> <arch> <errno> <prog> [<args>]
Hint for <arch>: AUDIT_ARCH_I386: 0x40000003
AUDIT_ARCH_X86_64: 0xC000003E
$ ./a.out 59 0xC000003E 99 /bin/whoami
execv: Cannot assign requested address
In the next example, the BPF filter rejects the write(2) system call, so that, although it
is successfully started, the whoami(1) command is not able to write output:
$ syscall_nr write
1
$ ./a.out 1 0xC000003E 99 /bin/whoami
In the final example, the BPF filter rejects a system call that is not used by the
whoami(1) command, so it is able to successfully execute and produce output:
$ syscall_nr preadv
295
$ ./a.out 295 0xC000003E 99 /bin/whoami
cecilia
Program source
#include <errno.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <linux/audit.h>
#include <linux/filter.h>
#include <linux/seccomp.h>
#include <sys/prctl.h>
#define X32_SYSCALL_BIT 0x40000000
static int
install_filter(int syscall_nr, int t_arch, int f_errno)
{
unsigned int upper_nr_limit = 0xffffffff;
/* Assume that AUDIT_ARCH_X86_64 means the normal x86-64 ABI
(in the x32 ABI, all system calls have bit 30 set in the
'nr' field, meaning the numbers are >= X32_SYSCALL_BIT) */
if (t_arch == AUDIT_ARCH_X86_64)
upper_nr_limit = X32_SYSCALL_BIT - 1;
struct sock_filter filter[] = {
/* [0] Load architecture from 'seccomp_data' buffer into
accumulator */
BPF_STMT(BPF_LD | BPF_W | BPF_ABS,
(offsetof(struct seccomp_data, arch))),
/* [1] Jump forward 5 instructions if architecture does not
match 't_arch' */
BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP | BPF_JEQ | BPF_K, t_arch, 0, 5),
/* [2] Load system call number from 'seccomp_data' buffer into
accumulator */
BPF_STMT(BPF_LD | BPF_W | BPF_ABS,
(offsetof(struct seccomp_data, nr))),
/* [3] Check ABI - only needed for x86-64 in deny-list use
cases. Use BPF_JGT instead of checking against the bit
mask to avoid having to reload the syscall number. */
BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP | BPF_JGT | BPF_K, upper_nr_limit, 3, 0),
/* [4] Jump forward 1 instruction if system call number
does not match 'syscall_nr' */
BPF_JUMP(BPF_JMP | BPF_JEQ | BPF_K, syscall_nr, 0, 1),
/* [5] Matching architecture and system call: don't execute
the system call, and return 'f_errno' in 'errno' */
BPF_STMT(BPF_RET | BPF_K,
SECCOMP_RET_ERRNO | (f_errno & SECCOMP_RET_DATA)),
/* [6] Destination of system call number mismatch: allow other
system calls */
BPF_STMT(BPF_RET | BPF_K, SECCOMP_RET_ALLOW),
/* [7] Destination of architecture mismatch: kill task */
BPF_STMT(BPF_RET | BPF_K, SECCOMP_RET_KILL),
};
struct sock_fprog prog = {
.len = (unsigned short) (sizeof(filter) / sizeof(filter[0])),
.filter = filter,
};
if (seccomp(SECCOMP_SET_MODE_FILTER, 0, &prog)) {
perror("seccomp");
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
int
main(int argc, char **argv)
{
if (argc < 5) {
fprintf(stderr, "Usage: "
"%s <syscall_nr> <arch> <errno> <prog> [<args>]\n"
"Hint for <arch>: AUDIT_ARCH_I386: 0x%X\n"
" AUDIT_ARCH_X86_64: 0x%X\n"
"\n", argv[0], AUDIT_ARCH_I386, AUDIT_ARCH_X86_64);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (prctl(PR_SET_NO_NEW_PRIVS, 1, 0, 0, 0)) {
perror("prctl");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (install_filter(strtol(argv[1], NULL, 0),
strtol(argv[2], NULL, 0),
strtol(argv[3], NULL, 0)))
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
execv(argv[4], &argv[4]);
perror("execv");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
SEE ALSO
bpfc(1), strace(1), bpf(2), prctl(2), ptrace(2), sigaction(2), proc(5), signal(7),
socket(7)
Various pages from the libseccomp library, including: scmp_sys_resolver(1),
seccomp_init(3), seccomp_load(3), seccomp_rule_add(3), and seccomp_export_bpf(3).
The kernel source files Documentation/networking/filter.txt and
Documentation/userspace-api/seccomp_filter.rst (or Documentation/prctl/seccomp_filter.txt
before Linux 4.13).
McCanne, S. and Jacobson, V. (1992) The BSD Packet Filter: A New Architecture for User-
level Packet Capture, Proceedings of the USENIX Winter 1993 Conference
⟨http://www.tcpdump.org/papers/bpf-usenix93.pdf⟩
COLOPHON
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