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NAME
gitcli - Git command-line interface and conventions
SYNOPSIS
gitcli
DESCRIPTION
This manual describes the convention used throughout Git CLI.
Many commands take revisions (most often "commits", but sometimes "tree-ish", depending on
the context and command) and paths as their arguments. Here are the rules:
• Revisions come first and then paths. E.g. in git diff v1.0 v2.0 arch/x86
include/asm-x86, v1.0 and v2.0 are revisions and arch/x86 and include/asm-x86 are
paths.
• When an argument can be misunderstood as either a revision or a path, they can be
disambiguated by placing -- between them. E.g. git diff -- HEAD is, "I have a file
called HEAD in my work tree. Please show changes between the version I staged in the
index and what I have in the work tree for that file", not "show difference between
the HEAD commit and the work tree as a whole". You can say git diff HEAD -- to ask for
the latter.
• Without disambiguating --, Git makes a reasonable guess, but errors out and asking you
to disambiguate when ambiguous. E.g. if you have a file called HEAD in your work tree,
git diff HEAD is ambiguous, and you have to say either git diff HEAD -- or git diff --
HEAD to disambiguate.
• Because -- disambiguates revisions and paths in some commands, it cannot be used for
those commands to separate options and revisions. You can use --end-of-options for
this (it also works for commands that do not distinguish between revisions in paths,
in which case it is simply an alias for --).
When writing a script that is expected to handle random user-input, it is a good
practice to make it explicit which arguments are which by placing disambiguating -- at
appropriate places.
• Many commands allow wildcards in paths, but you need to protect them from getting
globbed by the shell. These two mean different things:
$ git restore *.c
$ git restore \*.c
The former lets your shell expand the fileglob, and you are asking the dot-C files in
your working tree to be overwritten with the version in the index. The latter passes
the *.c to Git, and you are asking the paths in the index that match the pattern to be
checked out to your working tree. After running git add hello.c; rm hello.c, you will
not see hello.c in your working tree with the former, but with the latter you will.
• Just as the filesystem . (period) refers to the current directory, using a . as a
repository name in Git (a dot-repository) is a relative path and means your current
repository.
Here are the rules regarding the "flags" that you should follow when you are scripting
Git:
• it’s preferred to use the non-dashed form of Git commands, which means that you should
prefer git foo to git-foo.
• splitting short options to separate words (prefer git foo -a -b to git foo -ab, the
latter may not even work).
• when a command-line option takes an argument, use the stuck form. In other words,
write git foo -oArg instead of git foo -o Arg for short options, and git foo
--long-opt=Arg instead of git foo --long-opt Arg for long options. An option that
takes optional option-argument must be written in the stuck form.
• when you give a revision parameter to a command, make sure the parameter is not
ambiguous with a name of a file in the work tree. E.g. do not write git log -1 HEAD
but write git log -1 HEAD --; the former will not work if you happen to have a file
called HEAD in the work tree.
• many commands allow a long option --option to be abbreviated only to their unique
prefix (e.g. if there is no other option whose name begins with opt, you may be able
to spell --opt to invoke the --option flag), but you should fully spell them out when
writing your scripts; later versions of Git may introduce a new option whose name
shares the same prefix, e.g. --optimize, to make a short prefix that used to be
unique no longer unique.
ENHANCED OPTION PARSER
From the Git 1.5.4 series and further, many Git commands (not all of them at the time of
the writing though) come with an enhanced option parser.
Here is a list of the facilities provided by this option parser.
Magic Options
Commands which have the enhanced option parser activated all understand a couple of magic
command-line options:
-h
gives a pretty printed usage of the command.
$ git describe -h
usage: git describe [<options>] <commit-ish>*
or: git describe [<options>] --dirty
--contains find the tag that comes after the commit
--debug debug search strategy on stderr
--all use any ref
--tags use any tag, even unannotated
--long always use long format
--abbrev[=<n>] use <n> digits to display SHA-1s
--help-all
Some Git commands take options that are only used for plumbing or that are deprecated,
and such options are hidden from the default usage. This option gives the full list of
options.
Negating options
Options with long option names can be negated by prefixing --no-. For example, git branch
has the option --track which is on by default. You can use --no-track to override that
behaviour. The same goes for --color and --no-color.
Aggregating short options
Commands that support the enhanced option parser allow you to aggregate short options.
This means that you can for example use git rm -rf or git clean -fdx.
Abbreviating long options
Commands that support the enhanced option parser accepts unique prefix of a long option as
if it is fully spelled out, but use this with a caution. For example, git commit --amen
behaves as if you typed git commit --amend, but that is true only until a later version of
Git introduces another option that shares the same prefix, e.g. git commit --amenity
option.
Separating argument from the option
You can write the mandatory option parameter to an option as a separate word on the
command line. That means that all the following uses work:
$ git foo --long-opt=Arg
$ git foo --long-opt Arg
$ git foo -oArg
$ git foo -o Arg
However, this is NOT allowed for switches with an optional value, where the stuck form
must be used:
$ git describe --abbrev HEAD # correct
$ git describe --abbrev=10 HEAD # correct
$ git describe --abbrev 10 HEAD # NOT WHAT YOU MEANT
NOTES ON FREQUENTLY CONFUSED OPTIONS
Many commands that can work on files in the working tree and/or in the index can take
--cached and/or --index options. Sometimes people incorrectly think that, because the
index was originally called cache, these two are synonyms. They are not — these two
options mean very different things.
• The --cached option is used to ask a command that usually works on files in the
working tree to only work with the index. For example, git grep, when used without a
commit to specify from which commit to look for strings in, usually works on files in
the working tree, but with the --cached option, it looks for strings in the index.
• The --index option is used to ask a command that usually works on files in the working
tree to also affect the index. For example, git stash apply usually merges changes
recorded in a stash entry to the working tree, but with the --index option, it also
merges changes to the index as well.
git apply command can be used with --cached and --index (but not at the same time).
Usually the command only affects the files in the working tree, but with --index, it
patches both the files and their index entries, and with --cached, it modifies only the
index entries.
See also https://lore.kernel.org/git/7v64clg5u9.fsf@assigned-by-dhcp.cox.net/ and
https://lore.kernel.org/git/7vy7ej9g38.fsf@gitster.siamese.dyndns.org/ for further
information.
Some other commands that also work on files in the working tree and/or in the index can
take --staged and/or --worktree.
• --staged is exactly like --cached, which is used to ask a command to only work on the
index, not the working tree.
• --worktree is the opposite, to ask a command to work on the working tree only, not the
index.
• The two options can be specified together to ask a command to work on both the index
and the working tree.
GIT
Part of the git(1) suite