Provided by: sndiod_1.5.0-3_amd64 
NAME
sndiod — audio/MIDI server
SYNOPSIS
sndiod [-d] [-a flag] [-b nframes] [-C min:max] [-c min:max] [-e enc] [-f device] [-j flag] [-L addr]
[-m mode] [-q port] [-r rate] [-s name] [-t mode] [-U unit] [-v volume] [-w flag] [-z nframes]
DESCRIPTION
The sndiod daemon is an intermediate layer between audio or MIDI programs and the hardware. It performs
the necessary audio processing to allow any program to work on any supported hardware. By default,
sndiod accepts connections from programs running on the same system only; it initializes only when
programs are using its services, allowing sndiod to consume a negligible amount of system resources the
rest of the time. Systems with no audio hardware can use sndiod to keep hot-pluggable devices usable by
default at virtually no cost.
sndiod operates as follows: it exposes at least one sub-device that any number of audio programs can
connect to and use as if it was audio hardware. During playback, sndiod receives audio data concurrently
from all programs, mixes it and sends the result to the hardware device. Similarly, during recording it
duplicates audio data recorded from the device and sends it to all programs. Since audio data flows
through the sndiod process, it has the opportunity to process audio data on the fly:
• Change the sound encoding to overcome incompatibilities between software and hardware.
• Route the sound from one channel to another, join stereo or split mono.
• Control the per-application playback volume as well as the master volume.
• Monitor the sound being played, allowing one program to record what other programs play.
Processing is configured on a per sub-device basis, meaning that the sound of all programs connected to
the same sub-device will be processed according to the same configuration. Multiple sub-devices can be
defined, allowing multiple configurations to coexist. The user selects the configuration a given program
will use by selecting the sub-device the program uses.
sndiod exposes MIDI thru boxes (hubs), allowing programs to send MIDI messages to each other or to
hardware MIDI ports in a uniform way.
Finally, sndiod exposes a control MIDI port usable for:
• Volume control.
• Common clock source for audio and MIDI programs.
• Start, stop and relocate groups of audio programs.
The options are as follows:
-a flag
Control whether sndiod opens the audio device or the MIDI port only when needed or keeps it open
all the time. If the flag is on then the audio device or MIDI port is kept open all the time,
ensuring no other program can steal it. If the flag is off, then it's automatically closed,
allowing other programs to have direct access to the audio device, or the device to be
disconnected. The default is off.
-b nframes
The buffer size of the audio device in frames. A frame consists of one sample for each channel
in the stream. This is the number of frames that will be buffered before being played and thus
controls the playback latency. The default is 7680 or twice the block size (-z), if the block
size is set.
-C min:max, -c min:max
The range of channel numbers for recording and playback directions, respectively any client is
allowed to use. This is a subset of the audio device channels. The default is 0:1, i.e. stereo.
-d Enable debugging to standard error, and do not disassociate from the controlling terminal. Can
be specified multiple times to further increase log verbosity.
-e enc Attempt to configure the device to use this encoding. The default is s16. Encoding names use
the following scheme: signedness (s or u) followed by the precision in bits, the byte-order (le
or be), the number of bytes per sample, and the alignment (msb or lsb). Only the signedness and
the precision are mandatory. Examples: u8, s16le, s24le3, s24le4lsb.
-f device
Add this sndio(7) audio device to devices used for playing and/or recording. Preceding per-
device options (-aberwz) apply to this device. Sub-devices (-s) that are applied after will be
attached to this device. Device mode and parameters are determined from sub-devices attached to
it.
-j flag
Control whether program channels are joined or expanded if the number of channels requested by a
program is not equal to the device number of channels. If the flag is off then client channels
are routed to the corresponding device channel, possibly discarding channels not present in the
device. If the flag is on, then a single client channel may be sent on multiple device channels,
or multiple client channels may be sent to a single device channel. For instance, this feature
could be used for mono to stereo conversions. The default is on.
-L addr
Specify a local network address sndiod should listen on; sndiod will listen on TCP port 11025+n,
where n is the unit number specified with -U. Without this option, sndiod listens on the
Unix-domain socket only, and is not reachable from any network. If the option argument is ‘-’
then sndiod will accept connections from any address. As the communication is not secure, this
option is only suitable for local networks where all hosts and users are trusted.
-m mode
Set the sub-device mode. Valid modes are play, rec, and mon, corresponding to playback,
recording and monitoring. A monitoring stream is a fake recording stream corresponding to the
mix of all playback streams. Multiple modes can be specified, separated by commas, but the same
sub-device cannot be used for both recording and monitoring. The default is play,rec (i.e. full-
duplex).
-q port
Expose the given MIDI port. This allows multiple programs to share the port.
-r rate
Attempt to force the device to use this sample rate in Hertz. The default is 48000.
-s name
Add name to the list of sub-devices to expose. This allows clients to use sndiod instead of the
physical audio device for audio input and output in order to share the physical device with other
clients. Defining multiple sub-devices allows splitting a physical audio device into sub-devices
having different properties (e.g. channel ranges). The given name corresponds to the “option”
part of the sndio(7) device name string.
-t mode
Select the way clients are controlled by MIDI Machine Control (MMC) messages received by sndiod.
If the mode is off (the default), then programs are not affected by MMC messages. If the mode is
slave, then programs are started synchronously by MMC start messages; additionally, the server
clock is exposed as MIDI Time Code (MTC) messages allowing MTC-capable software or hardware to be
synchronized to audio programs.
-U unit
Unit number. Each sndiod server instance has an unique unit number, used in sndio(7) device
names. The default is 0.
-v volume
Software volume attenuation of playback. The value must be between 1 and 127, corresponding to
-42dB and -0dB attenuation in 1/3dB steps. Clients inherit this parameter. Reducing the volume
in advance allows a client's volume to stay independent from the number of clients as long as
their number is small enough. 18 volume units (i.e. -6dB attenuation) allows the number of
playback programs to be doubled. The default is 118 i.e. -3dB.
-w flag
Control sndiod behaviour when the maximum volume of the hardware is reached and a new program
starts playing. This happens only when volumes are not properly set using the -v option. If the
flag is on, then the master volume is automatically adjusted to avoid clipping. Using off makes
sense in the rare situation where all programs lower their volumes. The default is on.
-z nframes
The audio device block size in frames. This is the number of frames between audio clock ticks,
i.e. the clock resolution. If a sub-device is created with the -t option, and MTC is used for
synchronization, the clock resolution must be 96, 100 or 120 ticks per second for maximum
accuracy. For instance, 100 ticks per second at 48000Hz corresponds to a 480 frame block size.
The default is 960 or half of the buffer size (-b), if the buffer size is set.
On the command line, per-device parameters (-aberwz) must precede the device definition (-f), and per-
sub-device parameters (-Ccjmtvx) must precede the sub-device definition (-s). Sub-device definitions
(-s) must follow the definition of the device (-f) to which they are attached.
If no audio devices (-f) are specified, settings are applied as if the default device is specified. If
no sub-devices (-s) are specified for a device, a default sub-device is created attached to it. If a
device (-f) is defined twice, both definitions are merged: parameters of the first one are used but sub-
devices (-s) of both definitions are created. The default sndio(7) device used by sndiod is rsnd/0, and
the default sub-device exposed by sndiod is snd/0.
If sndiod is sent SIGHUP, SIGINT or SIGTERM, it terminates.
By default, when the program cannot accept recorded data fast enough or cannot provide data to play fast
enough, the program is paused, i.e. samples that cannot be written are discarded and samples that cannot
be read are replaced by silence. If a sub-device is created with the -t option, then recorded samples
are discarded, but the same amount of silence will be written once the program is unblocked, in order to
reach the right position in time. Similarly silence is played, but the same amount of samples will be
discarded once the program is unblocked. This ensures proper synchronization between programs.
MIDI CONTROL
sndiod creates a MIDI port with the same name as the exposed audio sub-device to which MIDI programs can
connect. sndiod exposes the audio device clock and allows audio device properties to be controlled
through MIDI.
A MIDI channel is assigned to each stream, and the volume is changed using the standard volume controller
(number 7). Similarly, when the audio client changes its volume, the same MIDI controller message is
sent out; it can be used for instance for monitoring or as feedback for motorized faders.
The master volume can be changed using the standard master volume system exclusive message.
Streams created with the -t option are controlled by the following MMC messages:
relocate This message is ignored by audio sndiod clients, but the given time position is sent
to MIDI ports as an MTC “full frame” message forcing all MTC-slaves to relocate to the
given position (see below).
start Put all streams in starting mode. In this mode, sndiod waits for all streams to
become ready to start, and then starts them synchronously. Once started, new streams
can be created (sndiod) but they will be blocked until the next stop-to-start
transition.
stop Put all streams in stopped mode (the default). In this mode, any stream attempting to
start playback or recording is paused. Client streams that are already started are
not affected until they stop and try to start again.
Streams created with the -t option export the sndiod device clock using MTC, allowing non-audio software
or hardware to be synchronized to the audio stream. Maximum accuracy is achieved when the number of
blocks per second is equal to one of the standard MTC clock rates (96, 100 and 120Hz). The following
sample rates (-r) and block sizes (-z) are recommended:
• 44100Hz, 441 frames (MTC rate is 100Hz)
• 48000Hz, 400 frames (MTC rate is 120Hz)
• 48000Hz, 480 frames (MTC rate is 100Hz)
• 48000Hz, 500 frames (MTC rate is 96Hz)
For instance, the following command will create two devices: the default snd/0 and a MIDI-controlled
snd/0.mmc:
$ sndiod -r 48000 -z 400 -s default -t slave -s mmc
Streams connected to snd/0 behave normally, while streams connected to snd/0.mmc wait for the MMC start
signal and start synchronously. Regardless of which device a stream is connected to, its playback volume
knob is exposed.
EXAMPLES
Start server using default parameters, creating an additional sub-device for output to channels 2:3 only
(rear speakers on most cards), exposing the snd/0 and snd/0.rear devices:
$ sndiod -s default -c 2:3 -s rear
Start server creating the default sub-device with low volume and an additional sub-device for high volume
output, exposing the snd/0 and snd/0.max devices:
$ sndiod -v 65 -s default -v 127 -s max
Start server configuring the audio device to use a 48kHz sample frequency, 240-frame block size, and
2-block buffers. The corresponding latency is 10ms, which is the time it takes the sound to propagate
3.5 meters.
$ sndiod -r 48000 -b 480 -z 240
SEE ALSO
sndio(7)
BUGS
Resampling is low quality; down-sampling especially should be avoided when recording.
Processing is done using 16-bit arithmetic, thus samples with more than 16 bits are rounded. 16 bits
(i.e. 97dB dynamic) are largely enough for most applications though. Processing precision can be
increased to 24-bit at compilation time though.
If -a off is used, sndiod creates sub-devices to expose first and then opens the audio hardware on
demand. Technically, this allows sndiod to attempt to use one of the sub-devices it exposes as an audio
device, creating a deadlock. There's nothing to prevent the user from shooting himself in the foot by
creating such a deadlock.
Debian $Mdocdate$ SNDIOD(8)