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NAME
git-shortlog - Summarize 'git log' output
SYNOPSIS
git shortlog [<options>] [<revision range>] [[--] <path>...]
git log --pretty=short | git shortlog [<options>]
DESCRIPTION
Summarizes git log output in a format suitable for inclusion in release announcements.
Each commit will be grouped by author and title.
Additionally, "[PATCH]" will be stripped from the commit description.
If no revisions are passed on the command line and either standard input is not a terminal
or there is no current branch, git shortlog will output a summary of the log read from
standard input, without reference to the current repository.
OPTIONS
-n, --numbered
Sort output according to the number of commits per author instead of author alphabetic
order.
-s, --summary
Suppress commit description and provide a commit count summary only.
-e, --email
Show the email address of each author.
--format[=<format>]
Instead of the commit subject, use some other information to describe each commit.
<format> can be any string accepted by the --format option of git log, such as * [%h]
%s. (See the "PRETTY FORMATS" section of git-log(1).)
Each pretty-printed commit will be rewrapped before it is shown.
--group=<type>
Group commits based on <type>. If no --group option is specified, the default is
author. <type> is one of:
• author, commits are grouped by author
• committer, commits are grouped by committer (the same as -c)
• trailer:<field>, the <field> is interpreted as a case-insensitive commit message
trailer (see git-interpret-trailers(1)). For example, if your project uses
Reviewed-by trailers, you might want to see who has been reviewing with git
shortlog -ns --group=trailer:reviewed-by.
Note that commits that do not include the trailer will not be counted. Likewise,
commits with multiple trailers (e.g., multiple signoffs) may be counted more than
once (but only once per unique trailer value in that commit).
Shortlog will attempt to parse each trailer value as a name <email> identity. If
successful, the mailmap is applied and the email is omitted unless the --email
option is specified. If the value cannot be parsed as an identity, it will be
taken literally and completely.
If --group is specified multiple times, commits are counted under each value (but
again, only once per unique value in that commit). For example, git shortlog
--group=author --group=trailer:co-authored-by counts both authors and co-authors.
-c, --committer
This is an alias for --group=committer.
-w[<width>[,<indent1>[,<indent2>]]]
Linewrap the output by wrapping each line at width. The first line of each entry is
indented by indent1 spaces, and the second and subsequent lines are indented by
indent2 spaces. width, indent1, and indent2 default to 76, 6 and 9 respectively.
If width is 0 (zero) then indent the lines of the output without wrapping them.
<revision range>
Show only commits in the specified revision range. When no <revision range> is
specified, it defaults to HEAD (i.e. the whole history leading to the current commit).
origin..HEAD specifies all the commits reachable from the current commit (i.e. HEAD),
but not from origin. For a complete list of ways to spell <revision range>, see the
"Specifying Ranges" section of gitrevisions(7).
[--] <path>...
Consider only commits that are enough to explain how the files that match the
specified paths came to be.
Paths may need to be prefixed with -- to separate them from options or the revision
range, when confusion arises.
Commit Limiting
Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the special notations
explained in the description, additional commit limiting may be applied.
Using more options generally further limits the output (e.g. --since=<date1> limits to
commits newer than <date1>, and using it with --grep=<pattern> further limits to commits
whose log message has a line that matches <pattern>), unless otherwise noted.
Note that these are applied before commit ordering and formatting options, such as
--reverse.
-<number>, -n <number>, --max-count=<number>
Limit the number of commits to output.
--skip=<number>
Skip number commits before starting to show the commit output.
--since=<date>, --after=<date>
Show commits more recent than a specific date.
--until=<date>, --before=<date>
Show commits older than a specific date.
--author=<pattern>, --committer=<pattern>
Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer header lines that match the
specified pattern (regular expression). With more than one --author=<pattern>, commits
whose author matches any of the given patterns are chosen (similarly for multiple
--committer=<pattern>).
--grep-reflog=<pattern>
Limit the commits output to ones with reflog entries that match the specified pattern
(regular expression). With more than one --grep-reflog, commits whose reflog message
matches any of the given patterns are chosen. It is an error to use this option unless
--walk-reflogs is in use.
--grep=<pattern>
Limit the commits output to ones with log message that matches the specified pattern
(regular expression). With more than one --grep=<pattern>, commits whose message
matches any of the given patterns are chosen (but see --all-match).
When --notes is in effect, the message from the notes is matched as if it were part of
the log message.
--all-match
Limit the commits output to ones that match all given --grep, instead of ones that
match at least one.
--invert-grep
Limit the commits output to ones with log message that do not match the pattern
specified with --grep=<pattern>.
-i, --regexp-ignore-case
Match the regular expression limiting patterns without regard to letter case.
--basic-regexp
Consider the limiting patterns to be basic regular expressions; this is the default.
-E, --extended-regexp
Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions instead of the
default basic regular expressions.
-F, --fixed-strings
Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don’t interpret pattern as a
regular expression).
-P, --perl-regexp
Consider the limiting patterns to be Perl-compatible regular expressions.
Support for these types of regular expressions is an optional compile-time dependency.
If Git wasn’t compiled with support for them providing this option will cause it to
die.
--remove-empty
Stop when a given path disappears from the tree.
--merges
Print only merge commits. This is exactly the same as --min-parents=2.
--no-merges
Do not print commits with more than one parent. This is exactly the same as
--max-parents=1.
--min-parents=<number>, --max-parents=<number>, --no-min-parents, --no-max-parents
Show only commits which have at least (or at most) that many parent commits. In
particular, --max-parents=1 is the same as --no-merges, --min-parents=2 is the same as
--merges. --max-parents=0 gives all root commits and --min-parents=3 all octopus
merges.
--no-min-parents and --no-max-parents reset these limits (to no limit) again.
Equivalent forms are --min-parents=0 (any commit has 0 or more parents) and
--max-parents=-1 (negative numbers denote no upper limit).
--first-parent
Follow only the first parent commit upon seeing a merge commit. This option can give a
better overview when viewing the evolution of a particular topic branch, because
merges into a topic branch tend to be only about adjusting to updated upstream from
time to time, and this option allows you to ignore the individual commits brought in
to your history by such a merge.
--not
Reverses the meaning of the ^ prefix (or lack thereof) for all following revision
specifiers, up to the next --not.
--all
Pretend as if all the refs in refs/, along with HEAD, are listed on the command line
as <commit>.
--branches[=<pattern>]
Pretend as if all the refs in refs/heads are listed on the command line as <commit>.
If <pattern> is given, limit branches to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern
lacks ?, *, or [, /* at the end is implied.
--tags[=<pattern>]
Pretend as if all the refs in refs/tags are listed on the command line as <commit>. If
<pattern> is given, limit tags to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks ?,
*, or [, /* at the end is implied.
--remotes[=<pattern>]
Pretend as if all the refs in refs/remotes are listed on the command line as <commit>.
If <pattern> is given, limit remote-tracking branches to ones matching given shell
glob. If pattern lacks ?, *, or [, /* at the end is implied.
--glob=<glob-pattern>
Pretend as if all the refs matching shell glob <glob-pattern> are listed on the
command line as <commit>. Leading refs/, is automatically prepended if missing. If
pattern lacks ?, *, or [, /* at the end is implied.
--exclude=<glob-pattern>
Do not include refs matching <glob-pattern> that the next --all, --branches, --tags,
--remotes, or --glob would otherwise consider. Repetitions of this option accumulate
exclusion patterns up to the next --all, --branches, --tags, --remotes, or --glob
option (other options or arguments do not clear accumulated patterns).
The patterns given should not begin with refs/heads, refs/tags, or refs/remotes when
applied to --branches, --tags, or --remotes, respectively, and they must begin with
refs/ when applied to --glob or --all. If a trailing /* is intended, it must be given
explicitly.
--reflog
Pretend as if all objects mentioned by reflogs are listed on the command line as
<commit>.
--alternate-refs
Pretend as if all objects mentioned as ref tips of alternate repositories were listed
on the command line. An alternate repository is any repository whose object directory
is specified in objects/info/alternates. The set of included objects may be modified
by core.alternateRefsCommand, etc. See git-config(1).
--single-worktree
By default, all working trees will be examined by the following options when there are
more than one (see git-worktree(1)): --all, --reflog and --indexed-objects. This
option forces them to examine the current working tree only.
--ignore-missing
Upon seeing an invalid object name in the input, pretend as if the bad input was not
given.
--bisect
Pretend as if the bad bisection ref refs/bisect/bad was listed and as if it was
followed by --not and the good bisection refs refs/bisect/good-* on the command line.
--stdin
In addition to the <commit> listed on the command line, read them from the standard
input. If a -- separator is seen, stop reading commits and start reading paths to
limit the result.
--cherry-mark
Like --cherry-pick (see below) but mark equivalent commits with = rather than omitting
them, and inequivalent ones with +.
--cherry-pick
Omit any commit that introduces the same change as another commit on the “other side”
when the set of commits are limited with symmetric difference.
For example, if you have two branches, A and B, a usual way to list all commits on
only one side of them is with --left-right (see the example below in the description
of the --left-right option). However, it shows the commits that were cherry-picked
from the other branch (for example, “3rd on b” may be cherry-picked from branch A).
With this option, such pairs of commits are excluded from the output.
--left-only, --right-only
List only commits on the respective side of a symmetric difference, i.e. only those
which would be marked < resp. > by --left-right.
For example, --cherry-pick --right-only A...B omits those commits from B which are in
A or are patch-equivalent to a commit in A. In other words, this lists the + commits
from git cherry A B. More precisely, --cherry-pick --right-only --no-merges gives the
exact list.
--cherry
A synonym for --right-only --cherry-mark --no-merges; useful to limit the output to
the commits on our side and mark those that have been applied to the other side of a
forked history with git log --cherry upstream...mybranch, similar to git cherry
upstream mybranch.
-g, --walk-reflogs
Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk reflog entries from the most recent
one to older ones. When this option is used you cannot specify commits to exclude
(that is, ^commit, commit1..commit2, and commit1...commit2 notations cannot be used).
With --pretty format other than oneline and reference (for obvious reasons), this
causes the output to have two extra lines of information taken from the reflog. The
reflog designator in the output may be shown as ref@{Nth} (where Nth is the
reverse-chronological index in the reflog) or as ref@{timestamp} (with the timestamp
for that entry), depending on a few rules:
1. If the starting point is specified as ref@{Nth}, show the index format.
2. If the starting point was specified as ref@{now}, show the timestamp format.
3. If neither was used, but --date was given on the command line, show the timestamp
in the format requested by --date.
4. Otherwise, show the index format.
Under --pretty=oneline, the commit message is prefixed with this information on the
same line. This option cannot be combined with --reverse. See also git-reflog(1).
Under --pretty=reference, this information will not be shown at all.
--merge
After a failed merge, show refs that touch files having a conflict and don’t exist on
all heads to merge.
--boundary
Output excluded boundary commits. Boundary commits are prefixed with -.
History Simplification
Sometimes you are only interested in parts of the history, for example the commits
modifying a particular <path>. But there are two parts of History Simplification, one part
is selecting the commits and the other is how to do it, as there are various strategies to
simplify the history.
The following options select the commits to be shown:
<paths>
Commits modifying the given <paths> are selected.
--simplify-by-decoration
Commits that are referred by some branch or tag are selected.
Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history.
The following options affect the way the simplification is performed:
Default mode
Simplifies the history to the simplest history explaining the final state of the tree.
Simplest because it prunes some side branches if the end result is the same (i.e.
merging branches with the same content)
--show-pulls
Include all commits from the default mode, but also any merge commits that are not
TREESAME to the first parent but are TREESAME to a later parent. This mode is helpful
for showing the merge commits that "first introduced" a change to a branch.
--full-history
Same as the default mode, but does not prune some history.
--dense
Only the selected commits are shown, plus some to have a meaningful history.
--sparse
All commits in the simplified history are shown.
--simplify-merges
Additional option to --full-history to remove some needless merges from the resulting
history, as there are no selected commits contributing to this merge.
--ancestry-path
When given a range of commits to display (e.g. commit1..commit2 or commit2 ^commit1),
only display commits that exist directly on the ancestry chain between the commit1 and
commit2, i.e. commits that are both descendants of commit1, and ancestors of commit2.
A more detailed explanation follows.
Suppose you specified foo as the <paths>. We shall call commits that modify foo !TREESAME,
and the rest TREESAME. (In a diff filtered for foo, they look different and equal,
respectively.)
In the following, we will always refer to the same example history to illustrate the
differences between simplification settings. We assume that you are filtering for a file
foo in this commit graph:
.-A---M---N---O---P---Q
/ / / / / /
I B C D E Y
\ / / / / /
`-------------' X
The horizontal line of history A---Q is taken to be the first parent of each merge. The
commits are:
• I is the initial commit, in which foo exists with contents “asdf”, and a file quux
exists with contents “quux”. Initial commits are compared to an empty tree, so I is
!TREESAME.
• In A, foo contains just “foo”.
• B contains the same change as A. Its merge M is trivial and hence TREESAME to all
parents.
• C does not change foo, but its merge N changes it to “foobar”, so it is not TREESAME
to any parent.
• D sets foo to “baz”. Its merge O combines the strings from N and D to “foobarbaz”;
i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent.
• E changes quux to “xyzzy”, and its merge P combines the strings to “quux xyzzy”. P is
TREESAME to O, but not to E.
• X is an independent root commit that added a new file side, and Y modified it. Y is
TREESAME to X. Its merge Q added side to P, and Q is TREESAME to P, but not to Y.
rev-list walks backwards through history, including or excluding commits based on whether
--full-history and/or parent rewriting (via --parents or --children) are used. The
following settings are available.
Default mode
Commits are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent (though this can be
changed, see --sparse below). If the commit was a merge, and it was TREESAME to one
parent, follow only that parent. (Even if there are several TREESAME parents, follow
only one of them.) Otherwise, follow all parents.
This results in:
.-A---N---O
/ / /
I---------D
Note how the rule to only follow the TREESAME parent, if one is available, removed B
from consideration entirely. C was considered via N, but is TREESAME. Root commits
are compared to an empty tree, so I is !TREESAME.
Parent/child relations are only visible with --parents, but that does not affect the
commits selected in default mode, so we have shown the parent lines.
--full-history without parent rewriting
This mode differs from the default in one point: always follow all parents of a merge,
even if it is TREESAME to one of them. Even if more than one side of the merge has
commits that are included, this does not imply that the merge itself is! In the
example, we get
I A B N D O P Q
M was excluded because it is TREESAME to both parents. E, C and B were all walked,
but only B was !TREESAME, so the others do not appear.
Note that without parent rewriting, it is not really possible to talk about the
parent/child relationships between the commits, so we show them disconnected.
--full-history with parent rewriting
Ordinary commits are only included if they are !TREESAME (though this can be changed,
see --sparse below).
Merges are always included. However, their parent list is rewritten: Along each
parent, prune away commits that are not included themselves. This results in
.-A---M---N---O---P---Q
/ / / / /
I B / D /
\ / / / /
`-------------'
Compare to --full-history without rewriting above. Note that E was pruned away because
it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was rewritten to contain E's parent I. The
same happened for C and N, and X, Y and Q.
In addition to the above settings, you can change whether TREESAME affects inclusion:
--dense
Commits that are walked are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent.
--sparse
All commits that are walked are included.
Note that without --full-history, this still simplifies merges: if one of the parents
is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the other sides of the merge are never
walked.
--simplify-merges
First, build a history graph in the same way that --full-history with parent rewriting
does (see above).
Then simplify each commit C to its replacement C' in the final history according to
the following rules:
• Set C' to C.
• Replace each parent P of C' with its simplification P'. In the process, drop
parents that are ancestors of other parents or that are root commits TREESAME to
an empty tree, and remove duplicates, but take care to never drop all parents that
we are TREESAME to.
• If after this parent rewriting, C' is a root or merge commit (has zero or >1
parents), a boundary commit, or !TREESAME, it remains. Otherwise, it is replaced
with its only parent.
The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to --full-history with parent
rewriting. The example turns into:
.-A---M---N---O
/ / /
I B D
\ / /
`---------'
Note the major differences in N, P, and Q over --full-history:
• N's parent list had I removed, because it is an ancestor of the other parent M.
Still, N remained because it is !TREESAME.
• P's parent list similarly had I removed. P was then removed completely, because
it had one parent and is TREESAME.
• Q's parent list had Y simplified to X. X was then removed, because it was a
TREESAME root. Q was then removed completely, because it had one parent and is
TREESAME.
There is another simplification mode available:
--ancestry-path
Limit the displayed commits to those directly on the ancestry chain between the “from”
and “to” commits in the given commit range. I.e. only display commits that are
ancestor of the “to” commit and descendants of the “from” commit.
As an example use case, consider the following commit history:
D---E-------F
/ \ \
B---C---G---H---I---J
/ \
A-------K---------------L--M
A regular D..M computes the set of commits that are ancestors of M, but excludes the
ones that are ancestors of D. This is useful to see what happened to the history
leading to M since D, in the sense that “what does M have that did not exist in D”.
The result in this example would be all the commits, except A and B (and D itself, of
course).
When we want to find out what commits in M are contaminated with the bug introduced by
D and need fixing, however, we might want to view only the subset of D..M that are
actually descendants of D, i.e. excluding C and K. This is exactly what the
--ancestry-path option does. Applied to the D..M range, it results in:
E-------F
\ \
G---H---I---J
\
L--M
Before discussing another option, --show-pulls, we need to create a new example history.
A common problem users face when looking at simplified history is that a commit they know
changed a file somehow does not appear in the file’s simplified history. Let’s demonstrate
a new example and show how options such as --full-history and --simplify-merges works in
that case:
.-A---M-----C--N---O---P
/ / \ \ \/ / /
I B \ R-'`-Z' /
\ / \/ /
\ / /\ /
`---X--' `---Y--'
For this example, suppose I created file.txt which was modified by A, B, and X in
different ways. The single-parent commits C, Z, and Y do not change file.txt. The merge
commit M was created by resolving the merge conflict to include both changes from A and B
and hence is not TREESAME to either. The merge commit R, however, was created by ignoring
the contents of file.txt at M and taking only the contents of file.txt at X. Hence, R is
TREESAME to X but not M. Finally, the natural merge resolution to create N is to take the
contents of file.txt at R, so N is TREESAME to R but not C. The merge commits O and P are
TREESAME to their first parents, but not to their second parents, Z and Y respectively.
When using the default mode, N and R both have a TREESAME parent, so those edges are
walked and the others are ignored. The resulting history graph is:
I---X
When using --full-history, Git walks every edge. This will discover the commits A and B
and the merge M, but also will reveal the merge commits O and P. With parent rewriting,
the resulting graph is:
.-A---M--------N---O---P
/ / \ \ \/ / /
I B \ R-'`--' /
\ / \/ /
\ / /\ /
`---X--' `------'
Here, the merge commits O and P contribute extra noise, as they did not actually
contribute a change to file.txt. They only merged a topic that was based on an older
version of file.txt. This is a common issue in repositories using a workflow where many
contributors work in parallel and merge their topic branches along a single trunk: manu
unrelated merges appear in the --full-history results.
When using the --simplify-merges option, the commits O and P disappear from the results.
This is because the rewritten second parents of O and P are reachable from their first
parents. Those edges are removed and then the commits look like single-parent commits that
are TREESAME to their parent. This also happens to the commit N, resulting in a history
view as follows:
.-A---M--.
/ / \
I B R
\ / /
\ / /
`---X--'
In this view, we see all of the important single-parent changes from A, B, and X. We also
see the carefully-resolved merge M and the not-so-carefully-resolved merge R. This is
usually enough information to determine why the commits A and B "disappeared" from history
in the default view. However, there are a few issues with this approach.
The first issue is performance. Unlike any previous option, the --simplify-merges option
requires walking the entire commit history before returning a single result. This can make
the option difficult to use for very large repositories.
The second issue is one of auditing. When many contributors are working on the same
repository, it is important which merge commits introduced a change into an important
branch. The problematic merge R above is not likely to be the merge commit that was used
to merge into an important branch. Instead, the merge N was used to merge R and X into the
important branch. This commit may have information about why the change X came to override
the changes from A and B in its commit message.
--show-pulls
In addition to the commits shown in the default history, show each merge commit that
is not TREESAME to its first parent but is TREESAME to a later parent.
When a merge commit is included by --show-pulls, the merge is treated as if it
"pulled" the change from another branch. When using --show-pulls on this example (and
no other options) the resulting graph is:
I---X---R---N
Here, the merge commits R and N are included because they pulled the commits X and R
into the base branch, respectively. These merges are the reason the commits A and B do
not appear in the default history.
When --show-pulls is paired with --simplify-merges, the graph includes all of the
necessary information:
.-A---M--. N
/ / \ /
I B R
\ / /
\ / /
`---X--'
Notice that since M is reachable from R, the edge from N to M was simplified away.
However, N still appears in the history as an important commit because it "pulled" the
change R into the main branch.
The --simplify-by-decoration option allows you to view only the big picture of the
topology of the history, by omitting commits that are not referenced by tags. Commits are
marked as !TREESAME (in other words, kept after history simplification rules described
above) if (1) they are referenced by tags, or (2) they change the contents of the paths
given on the command line. All other commits are marked as TREESAME (subject to be
simplified away).
MAPPING AUTHORS
See gitmailmap(5).
Note that if git shortlog is run outside of a repository (to process log contents on
standard input), it will look for a .mailmap file in the current directory.
GIT
Part of the git(1) suite