Provided by: bind9-dnsutils_9.18.28-0ubuntu0.22.04.1_amd64 
NAME
nsupdate - dynamic DNS update utility
SYNOPSIS
nsupdate [-d] [-D] [-i] [-L level] [ [-g] | [-o] | [-l] | [-y [hmac:]keyname:secret] | [-k
keyfile] ] [-t timeout] [-u udptimeout] [-r udpretries] [-v] [-T] [-P] [-V] [ [-4] | [-6]
] [filename]
DESCRIPTION
nsupdate is used to submit Dynamic DNS Update requests, as defined in RFC 2136, to a name
server. This allows resource records to be added or removed from a zone without manually
editing the zone file. A single update request can contain requests to add or remove more
than one resource record.
Zones that are under dynamic control via nsupdate or a DHCP server should not be edited by
hand. Manual edits could conflict with dynamic updates and cause data to be lost.
The resource records that are dynamically added or removed with nsupdate must be in the
same zone. Requests are sent to the zone's primary server, which is identified by the
MNAME field of the zone's SOA record.
Transaction signatures can be used to authenticate the Dynamic DNS updates. These use the
TSIG resource record type described in RFC 2845, the SIG(0) record described in RFC 2535
and RFC 2931, or GSS-TSIG as described in RFC 3645.
TSIG relies on a shared secret that should only be known to nsupdate and the name server.
For instance, suitable key and server statements are added to /etc/bind/named.conf so that
the name server can associate the appropriate secret key and algorithm with the IP address
of the client application that is using TSIG authentication. ddns-confgen can generate
suitable configuration fragments. nsupdate uses the -y or -k options to provide the TSIG
shared secret; these options are mutually exclusive.
SIG(0) uses public key cryptography. To use a SIG(0) key, the public key must be stored in
a KEY record in a zone served by the name server.
GSS-TSIG uses Kerberos credentials. Standard GSS-TSIG mode is switched on with the -g
flag. A non-standards-compliant variant of GSS-TSIG used by Windows 2000 can be switched
on with the -o flag.
OPTIONS
-4 This option sets use of IPv4 only.
-6 This option sets use of IPv6 only.
-C Overrides the default resolv.conf file. This is only intended for testing.
-d This option sets debug mode, which provides tracing information about the update
requests that are made and the replies received from the name server.
-D This option sets extra debug mode.
-g This option enables standard GSS-TSIG mode.
-i This option forces interactive mode, even when standard input is not a terminal.
-k keyfile
This option indicates the file containing the TSIG authentication key. Keyfiles may
be in two formats: a single file containing a named.conf-format key statement,
which may be generated automatically by ddns-confgen; or a pair of files whose
names are of the format K{name}.+157.+{random}.key and
K{name}.+157.+{random}.private, which can be generated by dnssec-keygen. The -k
option can also be used to specify a SIG(0) key used to authenticate Dynamic DNS
update requests. In this case, the key specified is not an HMAC-MD5 key.
-l This option sets local-host only mode, which sets the server address to localhost
(disabling the server so that the server address cannot be overridden). Connections
to the local server use a TSIG key found in /run/session.key, which is
automatically generated by named if any local primary zone has set update-policy to
local. The location of this key file can be overridden with the -k option.
-L level
This option sets the logging debug level. If zero, logging is disabled.
-o This option enables a non-standards-compliant variant of GSS-TSIG used by Windows
2000.
-p port
This option sets the port to use for connections to a name server. The default is
53.
-P This option prints the list of private BIND-specific resource record types whose
format is understood by nsupdate. See also the -T option.
-r udpretries
This option sets the number of UDP retries. The default is 3. If zero, only one
update request is made.
-t timeout
This option sets the maximum time an update request can take before it is aborted.
The default is 300 seconds. If zero, the timeout is disabled for TCP mode. For UDP
mode, the option -u takes precedence over this option, unless the option -u is set
to zero, in which case the interval is computed from the -t timeout interval and
the number of UDP retries. For UDP mode, the timeout can not be disabled, and will
be rounded up to 1 second in case if both -t and -u are set to zero.
-T This option prints the list of IANA standard resource record types whose format is
understood by nsupdate. nsupdate exits after the lists are printed. The -T option
can be combined with the -P option.
Other types can be entered using TYPEXXXXX where XXXXX is the decimal value of the
type with no leading zeros. The rdata, if present, is parsed using the UNKNOWN
rdata format, (<backslash> <hash> <space> <length> <space> <hexstring>).
-u udptimeout
This option sets the UDP retry interval. The default is 3 seconds. If zero, the
interval is computed from the timeout interval and number of UDP retries.
-v This option specifies that TCP should be used even for small update requests. By
default, nsupdate uses UDP to send update requests to the name server unless they
are too large to fit in a UDP request, in which case TCP is used. TCP may be
preferable when a batch of update requests is made.
-V This option prints the version number and exits.
-y [hmac:]keyname:secret
This option sets the literal TSIG authentication key. keyname is the name of the
key, and secret is the base64 encoded shared secret. hmac is the name of the key
algorithm; valid choices are hmac-md5, hmac-sha1, hmac-sha224, hmac-sha256,
hmac-sha384, or hmac-sha512. If hmac is not specified, the default is hmac-md5, or
if MD5 was disabled, hmac-sha256.
NOTE: Use of the -y option is discouraged because the shared secret is supplied as
a command-line argument in clear text. This may be visible in the output from ps1
or in a history file maintained by the user's shell.
INPUT FORMAT
nsupdate reads input from filename or standard input. Each command is supplied on exactly
one line of input. Some commands are for administrative purposes; others are either update
instructions or prerequisite checks on the contents of the zone. These checks set
conditions that some name or set of resource records (RRset) either exists or is absent
from the zone. These conditions must be met if the entire update request is to succeed.
Updates are rejected if the tests for the prerequisite conditions fail.
Every update request consists of zero or more prerequisites and zero or more updates. This
allows a suitably authenticated update request to proceed if some specified resource
records are either present or missing from the zone. A blank input line (or the send
command) causes the accumulated commands to be sent as one Dynamic DNS update request to
the name server.
The command formats and their meanings are as follows:
server servername port
This command sends all dynamic update requests to the name server servername. When
no server statement is provided, nsupdate sends updates to the primary server of
the correct zone. The MNAME field of that zone's SOA record identify the primary
server for that zone. port is the port number on servername where the dynamic
update requests are sent. If no port number is specified, the default DNS port
number of 53 is used.
NOTE:
This command has no effect when GSS-TSIG is in use.
local address port
This command sends all dynamic update requests using the local address. When no
local statement is provided, nsupdate sends updates using an address and port
chosen by the system. port can also be used to force requests to come from a
specific port. If no port number is specified, the system assigns one.
zone zonename
This command specifies that all updates are to be made to the zone zonename. If no
zone statement is provided, nsupdate attempts to determine the correct zone to
update based on the rest of the input.
class classname
This command specifies the default class. If no class is specified, the default
class is IN.
ttl seconds
This command specifies the default time-to-live, in seconds, for records to be
added. The value none clears the default TTL.
key hmac:keyname secret
This command specifies that all updates are to be TSIG-signed using the
keyname-secret pair. If hmac is specified, it sets the signing algorithm in use.
The default is hmac-md5; if MD5 was disabled, the default is hmac-sha256. The key
command overrides any key specified on the command line via -y or -k.
gsstsig
This command uses GSS-TSIG to sign the updates. This is equivalent to specifying -g
on the command line.
oldgsstsig
This command uses the Windows 2000 version of GSS-TSIG to sign the updates. This is
equivalent to specifying -o on the command line.
realm [realm_name]
When using GSS-TSIG, this command specifies the use of realm_name rather than the
default realm in krb5.conf. If no realm is specified, the saved realm is cleared.
check-names [boolean]
This command turns on or off check-names processing on records to be added.
Check-names has no effect on prerequisites or records to be deleted. By default
check-names processing is on. If check-names processing fails, the record is not
added to the UPDATE message.
prereq nxdomain domain-name
This command requires that no resource record of any type exist with the name
domain-name.
prereq yxdomain domain-name
This command requires that domain-name exist (as at least one resource record, of
any type).
prereq nxrrset domain-name class type
This command requires that no resource record exist of the specified type, class,
and domain-name. If class is omitted, IN (Internet) is assumed.
prereq yxrrset domain-name class type
This command requires that a resource record of the specified type, class and
domain-name exist. If class is omitted, IN (internet) is assumed.
prereq yxrrset domain-name class type data
With this command, the data from each set of prerequisites of this form sharing a
common type, class, and domain-name are combined to form a set of RRs. This set of
RRs must exactly match the set of RRs existing in the zone at the given type,
class, and domain-name. The data are written in the standard text representation of
the resource record's RDATA.
update delete domain-name ttl class type data
This command deletes any resource records named domain-name. If type and data are
provided, only matching resource records are removed. The Internet class is
assumed if class is not supplied. The ttl is ignored, and is only allowed for
compatibility.
update add domain-name ttl class type data
This command adds a new resource record with the specified ttl, class, and data.
show This command displays the current message, containing all of the prerequisites and
updates specified since the last send.
send This command sends the current message. This is equivalent to entering a blank
line.
answer This command displays the answer.
debug This command turns on debugging.
version
This command prints the version number.
help This command prints a list of commands.
Lines beginning with a semicolon (;) are comments and are ignored.
EXAMPLES
The examples below show how nsupdate can be used to insert and delete resource records
from the example.com zone. Notice that the input in each example contains a trailing blank
line, so that a group of commands is sent as one dynamic update request to the primary
name server for example.com.
# nsupdate
> update delete oldhost.example.com A
> update add newhost.example.com 86400 A 172.16.1.1
> send
Any A records for oldhost.example.com are deleted, and an A record for newhost.example.com
with IP address 172.16.1.1 is added. The newly added record has a TTL of 1 day (86400
seconds).
# nsupdate
> prereq nxdomain nickname.example.com
> update add nickname.example.com 86400 CNAME somehost.example.com
> send
The prerequisite condition tells the name server to verify that there are no resource
records of any type for nickname.example.com. If there are, the update request fails. If
this name does not exist, a CNAME for it is added. This ensures that when the CNAME is
added, it cannot conflict with the long-standing rule in RFC 1034 that a name must not
exist as any other record type if it exists as a CNAME. (The rule has been updated for
DNSSEC in RFC 2535 to allow CNAMEs to have RRSIG, DNSKEY, and NSEC records.)
FILES
/etc/resolv.conf
Used to identify the default name server
/run/session.key
Sets the default TSIG key for use in local-only mode
K{name}.+157.+{random}.key
Base-64 encoding of the HMAC-MD5 key created by dnssec-keygen.
K{name}.+157.+{random}.private
Base-64 encoding of the HMAC-MD5 key created by dnssec-keygen.
SEE ALSO
RFC 2136, RFC 3007, RFC 2104, RFC 2845, RFC 1034, RFC 2535, RFC 2931, named(8),
dnssec-keygen(8), tsig-keygen(8).
BUGS
The TSIG key is redundantly stored in two separate files. This is a consequence of
nsupdate using the DST library for its cryptographic operations, and may change in future
releases.
AUTHOR
Internet Systems Consortium
COPYRIGHT
2024, Internet Systems Consortium