Provided by: systemd-container_249.11-0ubuntu3.12_amd64 
NAME
portablectl - Attach, detach or inspect portable service images
SYNOPSIS
portablectl [OPTIONS...] {COMMAND} [NAME...]
DESCRIPTION
portablectl may be used to attach, detach or inspect portable service images. It's
primarily a command interfacing with systemd-portabled.service(8).
Portable service images contain an OS file system tree along with systemd(1) unit file
information. A service image may be "attached" to the local system. If attached, a set of
unit files are copied from the image to the host, and extended with RootDirectory= or
RootImage= assignments (in case of service units) pointing to the image file or directory,
ensuring the services will run within the file system context of the image.
Portable service images are an efficient way to bundle multiple related services and other
units together, and transfer them as a whole between systems. When these images are
attached the local system the contained units may run in most ways like regular
system-provided units, either with full privileges or inside strict sandboxing, depending
on the selected configuration.
Specifically portable service images may be of the following kind:
• Directory trees containing an OS, including the top-level directories /usr/, /etc/,
and so on.
• btrfs subvolumes containing OS trees, similar to normal directory trees.
• Binary "raw" disk images containing MBR or GPT partition tables and Linux file system
partitions. (These must be regular files, with the .raw suffix.)
COMMANDS
The following commands are understood:
list
List available portable service images. This will list all portable service images
discovered in the portable image search paths (see below), along with brief metadata
and state information. Note that many of the commands below may both operate on images
inside and outside of the search paths. This command is hence mostly a convenience
option, the commands are generally not restricted to what this list shows.
attach IMAGE [PREFIX...]
Attach a portable service image to the host system. Expects a file system path to a
portable service image file or directory as first argument. If the specified path
contains no slash character ("/") it is understood as image filename that is searched
for in the portable service image search paths (see below). To reference a file in the
current working directory prefix the filename with "./" to avoid this search path
logic.
When a portable service is attached four operations are executed:
1. All unit files of types .service, .socket, .target, .timer and .path which match
the indicated unit file name prefix are copied from the image to the host's
/etc/systemd/system.attached/ directory (or /run/systemd/system.attached/ —
depending whether --runtime is specified, see above), which is included in the
built-in unit search path of the system service manager.
2. For unit files of type .service a drop-in is added to these copies that adds
RootDirectory= or RootImage= settings (see systemd.unit(5) for details), that
ensures these services are run within the file system of the originating portable
service image.
3. A second drop-in is created: the "profile" drop-in, that may contain additional
security settings (and other settings). A number of profiles are available by
default but administrators may define their own ones. See below.
4. If the portable service image file is not already in the search path (see below),
a symbolic link to it is created in /etc/portables/ or /run/portables/, to make
sure it is included in it.
By default all unit files whose names start with a prefix generated from the image's
file name are copied out. Specifically, the prefix is determined from the image file
name with any suffix such as .raw removed, truncated at the first occurrence of an
underscore character ("_"), if there is one. The underscore logic is supposed to be
used to versioning so that the an image file foobar_47.11.raw will result in a unit
file matching prefix of foobar. This prefix is then compared with all unit files names
contained in the image in the usual directories, but only unit file names where the
prefix is followed by "-", "." or "@" are considered. Example: if a portable service
image file is named foobar_47.11.raw then by default all its unit files with names
such as foobar-quux-waldi.service, foobar.service or foobar@.service will be
considered. It's possible to override the matching prefix: all strings listed on the
command line after the image file name are considered prefixes, overriding the
implicit logic where the prefix is derived from the image file name.
By default, after the unit files are attached the service manager's configuration is
reloaded, except when --no-reload is specified (see above). This ensures that the new
units made available to the service manager are seen by it.
If --now and/or --enable are passed, the portable service(s) are immediately started
(blocking operation unless --no-block is passed) and/or enabled after attaching the
image.
detach IMAGE [PREFIX...]
Detaches a portable service image from the host. This undoes the operations executed
by the attach command above, and removes the unit file copies, drop-ins and image
symlink again. This command expects an image name or path as parameter. Note that if a
path is specified only the last component of it (i.e. the file or directory name
itself, not the path to it) is used for finding matching unit files. This is a
convenience feature to allow all arguments passed as attach also to detach.
If --now and/or --enable are passed, the portable service(s) are immediately stopped
(blocking operation) and/or disabled before detaching the image. Prefix(es) are also
accepted, to be used in case the unit names do not match the image name as described
in the attach.
reattach IMAGE [PREFIX...]
Detaches an existing portable service image from the host, and immediately attaches it
again. This is useful in case the image was replaced. Running units are not stopped
during the process. Partial matching, to allow for different versions in the image
name, is allowed: only the part before the first "_" character has to match. If the
new image doesn't exist, the existing one will not be detached. The parameters follow
the same syntax as the attach command.
If --now and/or --enable are passed, the portable service(s) are immediately stopped
if removed, started and/or enabled if added, or restarted if updated. Prefixes are
also accepted, in the same way as described in the attach case.
inspect IMAGE [PREFIX...]
Extracts various metadata from a portable service image and presents it to the caller.
Specifically, the os-release(5) file of the image is retrieved as well as all matching
unit files. By default a short summary showing the most relevant metadata in
combination with a list of matching unit files is shown (that is the unit files attach
would install to the host system). If combined with --cat (see above), the os-release
data and the units files' contents is displayed unprocessed. This command is useful to
determine whether an image qualifies as portable service image, and which unit files
are included. This command expects the path to the image as parameter, optionally
followed by a list of unit file prefixes to consider, similar to the attach command
described above.
is-attached IMAGE
Determines whether the specified image is currently attached or not. Unless combined
with the --quiet switch this will show a short state identifier for the image.
Specifically:
Table 1. Image attachment states
┌─────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────┐
│State │ Description │
├─────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│detached │ The image is currently not │
│ │ attached. │
├─────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│attached │ The image is currently attached, │
│ │ i.e. its unit files have been │
│ │ made available to the host │
│ │ system. │
├─────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│attached-runtime │ Like attached, but the unit │
│ │ files have been made available │
│ │ transiently only, i.e. the │
│ │ attach command has been invoked │
│ │ with the --runtime option. │
├─────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│enabled │ The image is currently attached, │
│ │ and at least one unit file │
│ │ associated with it has been │
│ │ enabled. │
├─────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│enabled-runtime │ Like enabled, but the unit files │
│ │ have been made available │
│ │ transiently only, i.e. the │
│ │ attach command has been invoked │
│ │ with the --runtime option. │
├─────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│running │ The image is currently attached, │
│ │ and at least one unit file │
│ │ associated with it is running. │
├─────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│running-runtime │ The image is currently attached │
│ │ transiently, and at least one │
│ │ unit file associated with it is │
│ │ running. │
└─────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────┘
read-only IMAGE [BOOL]
Marks or (unmarks) a portable service image read-only. Takes an image name, followed
by a boolean as arguments. If the boolean is omitted, positive is implied, i.e. the
image is marked read-only.
remove IMAGE...
Removes one or more portable service images. Note that this command will only remove
the specified image path itself — it refers to a symbolic link then the symbolic link
is removed and not the image it points to.
set-limit [IMAGE] BYTES
Sets the maximum size in bytes that a specific portable service image, or all images,
may grow up to on disk (disk quota). Takes either one or two parameters. The first,
optional parameter refers to a portable service image name. If specified, the size
limit of the specified image is changed. If omitted, the overall size limit of the sum
of all images stored locally is changed. The final argument specifies the size limit
in bytes, possibly suffixed by the usual K, M, G, T units. If the size limit shall be
disabled, specify "-" as size.
Note that per-image size limits are only supported on btrfs file systems. Also,
depending on BindPaths= settings in the portable service's unit files directories from
the host might be visible in the image environment during runtime which are not
affected by this setting, as only the image itself is counted against this limit.
OPTIONS
The following options are understood:
-q, --quiet
Suppresses additional informational output while running.
-p PROFILE, --profile=PROFILE
When attaching an image, select the profile to use. By default the "default" profile
is used. For details about profiles, see below.
--copy=
When attaching an image, select whether to prefer copying or symlinking of files
installed into the host system. Takes one of "copy" (to prefer copying of files),
"symlink" (to prefer creation of symbolic links) or "auto" for an intermediary mode
where security profile drop-ins are symlinked while unit files are copied. Note that
this option expresses a preference only, in cases where symbolic links cannot be
created — for example when the image operated on is a raw disk image, and hence not
directly referentiable from the host file system — copying of files is used
unconditionally.
--runtime
When specified the unit and drop-in files are placed in /run/systemd/system.attached/
instead of /etc/systemd/system.attached/. Images attached with this option set hence
remain attached only until the next reboot, while they are normally attached
persistently.
--no-reload
Don't reload the service manager after attaching or detaching a portable service
image. Normally the service manager is reloaded to ensure it is aware of added or
removed unit files.
--cat
When inspecting portable service images, show the (unprocessed) contents of the
metadata files pulled from the image, instead of brief summaries. Specifically, this
will show the os-release(5) and unit file contents of the image.
--enable
Immediately enable/disable the portable service after attaching/detaching.
--now
Immediately start/stop/restart the portable service after attaching/before
detaching/after upgrading.
--no-block
Don't block waiting for attach --now to complete.
--extension=PATH
Add an additional image PATH as an overlay on top of IMAGE when attaching/detaching.
This argument can be specified multiple times, in which case the order in which images
are laid down follows the rules specified in systemd.exec(5) for the ExtensionImages=
directive.
Note that the same extensions have to be specified, in the same order, when attaching
and detaching.
-H, --host=
Execute the operation remotely. Specify a hostname, or a username and hostname
separated by "@", to connect to. The hostname may optionally be suffixed by a port ssh
is listening on, separated by ":", and then a container name, separated by "/", which
connects directly to a specific container on the specified host. This will use SSH to
talk to the remote machine manager instance. Container names may be enumerated with
machinectl -H HOST. Put IPv6 addresses in brackets.
-M, --machine=
Execute operation on a local container. Specify a container name to connect to,
optionally prefixed by a user name to connect as and a separating "@" character. If
the special string ".host" is used in place of the container name, a connection to the
local system is made (which is useful to connect to a specific user's user bus:
"--user --machine=lennart@.host"). If the "@" syntax is not used, the connection is
made as root user. If the "@" syntax is used either the left hand side or the right
hand side may be omitted (but not both) in which case the local user name and ".host"
are implied.
--no-pager
Do not pipe output into a pager.
--no-legend
Do not print the legend, i.e. column headers and the footer with hints.
--no-ask-password
Do not query the user for authentication for privileged operations.
-h, --help
Print a short help text and exit.
--version
Print a short version string and exit.
FILES AND DIRECTORIES
Portable service images are preferably stored in /var/lib/portables/, but are also
searched for in /etc/portables/, /run/systemd/portables/, /usr/local/lib/portables/ and
/usr/lib/portables/. It's recommended not to place image files directly in /etc/portables/
or /run/systemd/portables/ (as these are generally not suitable for storing large or
non-textual data), but use these directories only for linking images located elsewhere
into the image search path.
When a portable service image is attached, matching unit files are copied onto the host
into the /etc/systemd/system.attached/ and /run/systemd/system.attached/ directories. When
an image is detached, the unit files are removed again from these directories.
PROFILES
When portable service images are attached a "profile" drop-in is linked in, which may be
used to enforce additional security (and other) restrictions locally. Four profile
drop-ins are defined by default, and shipped in /usr/lib/systemd/portable/profile/.
Additional, local profiles may be defined by placing them in
/etc/systemd/portable/profile/. The default profiles are:
Table 2. Profiles
┌──────────┬──────────────────────────────────┐
│Name │ Description │
├──────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│default │ This is the default profile if │
│ │ no other profile name is set via │
│ │ the --profile= (see above). It's │
│ │ fairly restrictive, but should │
│ │ be useful for common, │
│ │ unprivileged system workloads. │
│ │ This includes write access to │
│ │ the logging framework, as well │
│ │ as IPC access to the D-Bus │
│ │ system. │
├──────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│nonetwork │ Very similar to default, but │
│ │ networking is turned off for any │
│ │ services of the portable service │
│ │ image. │
├──────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│strict │ A profile with very strict │
│ │ settings. This profile excludes │
│ │ IPC (D-Bus) and network access. │
├──────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│trusted │ A profile with very relaxed │
│ │ settings. In this profile the │
│ │ services run with full │
│ │ privileges. │
└──────────┴──────────────────────────────────┘
For details on these profiles and their effects see their precise definitions, e.g.
/usr/lib/systemd/portable/profile/default/service.conf and similar.
EXIT STATUS
On success, 0 is returned, a non-zero failure code otherwise.
ENVIRONMENT
$SYSTEMD_LOG_LEVEL
The maximum log level of emitted messages (messages with a higher log level, i.e. less
important ones, will be suppressed). Either one of (in order of decreasing importance)
emerg, alert, crit, err, warning, notice, info, debug, or an integer in the range
0...7. See syslog(3) for more information.
$SYSTEMD_LOG_COLOR
A boolean. If true, messages written to the tty will be colored according to priority.
This setting is only useful when messages are written directly to the terminal,
because journalctl(1) and other tools that display logs will color messages based on
the log level on their own.
$SYSTEMD_LOG_TIME
A boolean. If true, console log messages will be prefixed with a timestamp.
This setting is only useful when messages are written directly to the terminal or a
file, because journalctl(1) and other tools that display logs will attach timestamps
based on the entry metadata on their own.
$SYSTEMD_LOG_LOCATION
A boolean. If true, messages will be prefixed with a filename and line number in the
source code where the message originates.
Note that the log location is often attached as metadata to journal entries anyway.
Including it directly in the message text can nevertheless be convenient when
debugging programs.
$SYSTEMD_LOG_TID
A boolean. If true, messages will be prefixed with the current numerical thread ID
(TID).
Note that the this information is attached as metadata to journal entries anyway.
Including it directly in the message text can nevertheless be convenient when
debugging programs.
$SYSTEMD_LOG_TARGET
The destination for log messages. One of console (log to the attached tty),
console-prefixed (log to the attached tty but with prefixes encoding the log level and
"facility", see syslog(3), kmsg (log to the kernel circular log buffer), journal (log
to the journal), journal-or-kmsg (log to the journal if available, and to kmsg
otherwise), auto (determine the appropriate log target automatically, the default),
null (disable log output).
$SYSTEMD_PAGER
Pager to use when --no-pager is not given; overrides $PAGER. If neither $SYSTEMD_PAGER
nor $PAGER are set, a set of well-known pager implementations are tried in turn,
including less(1) and more(1), until one is found. If no pager implementation is
discovered no pager is invoked. Setting this environment variable to an empty string
or the value "cat" is equivalent to passing --no-pager.
$SYSTEMD_LESS
Override the options passed to less (by default "FRSXMK").
Users might want to change two options in particular:
K
This option instructs the pager to exit immediately when Ctrl+C is pressed. To
allow less to handle Ctrl+C itself to switch back to the pager command prompt,
unset this option.
If the value of $SYSTEMD_LESS does not include "K", and the pager that is invoked
is less, Ctrl+C will be ignored by the executable, and needs to be handled by the
pager.
X
This option instructs the pager to not send termcap initialization and
deinitialization strings to the terminal. It is set by default to allow command
output to remain visible in the terminal even after the pager exits. Nevertheless,
this prevents some pager functionality from working, in particular paged output
cannot be scrolled with the mouse.
See less(1) for more discussion.
$SYSTEMD_LESSCHARSET
Override the charset passed to less (by default "utf-8", if the invoking terminal is
determined to be UTF-8 compatible).
$SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE
Takes a boolean argument. When true, the "secure" mode of the pager is enabled; if
false, disabled. If $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE is not set at all, secure mode is enabled if
the effective UID is not the same as the owner of the login session, see geteuid(2)
and sd_pid_get_owner_uid(3). In secure mode, LESSSECURE=1 will be set when invoking
the pager, and the pager shall disable commands that open or create new files or start
new subprocesses. When $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE is not set at all, pagers which are not
known to implement secure mode will not be used. (Currently only less(1) implements
secure mode.)
Note: when commands are invoked with elevated privileges, for example under sudo(8) or
pkexec(1), care must be taken to ensure that unintended interactive features are not
enabled. "Secure" mode for the pager may be enabled automatically as describe above.
Setting SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE=0 or not removing it from the inherited environment allows
the user to invoke arbitrary commands. Note that if the $SYSTEMD_PAGER or $PAGER
variables are to be honoured, $SYSTEMD_PAGERSECURE must be set too. It might be
reasonable to completely disable the pager using --no-pager instead.
$SYSTEMD_COLORS
Takes a boolean argument. When true, systemd and related utilities will use colors in
their output, otherwise the output will be monochrome. Additionally, the variable can
take one of the following special values: "16", "256" to restrict the use of colors to
the base 16 or 256 ANSI colors, respectively. This can be specified to override the
automatic decision based on $TERM and what the console is connected to.
$SYSTEMD_URLIFY
The value must be a boolean. Controls whether clickable links should be generated in
the output for terminal emulators supporting this. This can be specified to override
the decision that systemd makes based on $TERM and other conditions.
SEE ALSO
systemd(1), org.freedesktop.portable1(5), systemd-portabled.service(8)