Ubuntu Manpage: ioctl_userfaultfd - create a file descriptor for handling page faults in user space

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NAME

       ioctl_userfaultfd - create a file descriptor for handling page faults in user space

SYNOPSIS

       #include <sys/ioctl.h>

       int ioctl(int fd, int cmd, ...);

DESCRIPTION

Various ioctl(2) operations can be performed on a userfaultfd object (created by a call to
userfaultfd(2)) using calls of the form:

ioctl(fd, cmd, argp);
In the above, fd is a file descriptor referring to a userfaultfd object, cmd is one of the commands
listed below, and argp is a pointer to a data structure that is specific to cmd.

The various ioctl(2) operations are described below. The UFFDIO_API, UFFDIO_REGISTER, and
UFFDIO_UNREGISTER operations are used to configure userfaultfd behavior. These operations allow the
caller to choose what features will be enabled and what kinds of events will be delivered to the
application. The remaining operations are range operations. These operations enable the calling
application to resolve page-fault events.

UFFDIO_API
(Since Linux 4.3.) Enable operation of the userfaultfd and perform API handshake.

The argp argument is a pointer to a uffdio_api structure, defined as:

struct uffdio_api {
__u64 api; /* Requested API version (input) */
__u64 features; /* Requested features (input/output) */
__u64 ioctls; /* Available ioctl() operations (output) */
};

The api field denotes the API version requested by the application.

The kernel verifies that it can support the requested API version, and sets the features and ioctls
fields to bit masks representing all the available features and the generic ioctl(2) operations
available.

For Linux kernel versions before 4.11, the features field must be initialized to zero before the call to
UFFDIO_API, and zero (i.e., no feature bits) is placed in the features field by the kernel upon return
from ioctl(2).

Starting from Linux 4.11, the features field can be used to ask whether particular features are supported
and explicitly enable userfaultfd features that are disabled by default. The kernel always reports all
the available features in the features field.

To enable userfaultfd features the application should set a bit corresponding to each feature it wants to
enable in the features field. If the kernel supports all the requested features it will enable them.
Otherwise it will zero out the returned uffdio_api structure and return EINVAL.

The following feature bits may be set:

UFFD_FEATURE_EVENT_FORK (since Linux 4.11)
When this feature is enabled, the userfaultfd objects associated with a parent process are
duplicated into the child process during fork(2) and a UFFD_EVENT_FORK event is delivered to the
userfaultfd monitor

UFFD_FEATURE_EVENT_REMAP (since Linux 4.11)
If this feature is enabled, when the faulting process invokes mremap(2), the userfaultfd monitor
will receive an event of type UFFD_EVENT_REMAP.

UFFD_FEATURE_EVENT_REMOVE (since Linux 4.11)
If this feature is enabled, when the faulting process calls madvise(2) with the MADV_DONTNEED or
MADV_REMOVE advice value to free a virtual memory area the userfaultfd monitor will receive an
event of type UFFD_EVENT_REMOVE.

UFFD_FEATURE_EVENT_UNMAP (since Linux 4.11)
If this feature is enabled, when the faulting process unmaps virtual memory either explicitly with
munmap(2), or implicitly during either mmap(2) or mremap(2). the userfaultfd monitor will receive
an event of type UFFD_EVENT_UNMAP.

UFFD_FEATURE_MISSING_HUGETLBFS (since Linux 4.11)
If this feature bit is set, the kernel supports registering userfaultfd ranges on hugetlbfs
virtual memory areas

UFFD_FEATURE_MISSING_SHMEM (since Linux 4.11)
If this feature bit is set, the kernel supports registering userfaultfd ranges on shared memory
areas. This includes all kernel shared memory APIs: System V shared memory, tmpfs(5), shared
mappings of /dev/zero, mmap(2) with the MAP_SHARED flag set, memfd_create(2), and so on.

UFFD_FEATURE_SIGBUS (since Linux 4.14)
If this feature bit is set, no page-fault events (UFFD_EVENT_PAGEFAULT) will be delivered.
Instead, a SIGBUS signal will be sent to the faulting process. Applications using this feature
will not require the use of a userfaultfd monitor for processing memory accesses to the regions
registered with userfaultfd.

The returned ioctls field can contain the following bits:

1 << _UFFDIO_API
The UFFDIO_API operation is supported.

1 << _UFFDIO_REGISTER
The UFFDIO_REGISTER operation is supported.

1 << _UFFDIO_UNREGISTER
The UFFDIO_UNREGISTER operation is supported.

This ioctl(2) operation returns 0 on success. On error, -1 is returned and errno is set to indicate the
cause of the error. Possible errors include:

EFAULT argp refers to an address that is outside the calling process's accessible address space.

EINVAL The userfaultfd has already been enabled by a previous UFFDIO_API operation.

EINVAL The API version requested in the api field is not supported by this kernel, or the features field
passed to the kernel includes feature bits that are not supported by the current kernel version.

UFFDIO_REGISTER
(Since Linux 4.3.) Register a memory address range with the userfaultfd object. The pages in the range
must be "compatible".

Up to Linux kernel 4.11, only private anonymous ranges are compatible for registering with
UFFDIO_REGISTER.

Since Linux 4.11, hugetlbfs and shared memory ranges are also compatible with UFFDIO_REGISTER.

The argp argument is a pointer to a uffdio_register structure, defined as:

struct uffdio_range {
__u64 start; /* Start of range */
__u64 len; /* Length of range (bytes) */
};

struct uffdio_register {
struct uffdio_range range;
__u64 mode; /* Desired mode of operation (input) */
__u64 ioctls; /* Available ioctl() operations (output) */
};

The range field defines a memory range starting at start and continuing for len bytes that should be
handled by the userfaultfd.

The mode field defines the mode of operation desired for this memory region. The following values may be
bitwise ORed to set the userfaultfd mode for the specified range:

UFFDIO_REGISTER_MODE_MISSING
Track page faults on missing pages.

UFFDIO_REGISTER_MODE_WP
Track page faults on write-protected pages.

Currently, the only supported mode is UFFDIO_REGISTER_MODE_MISSING.

If the operation is successful, the kernel modifies the ioctls bit-mask field to indicate which ioctl(2)
operations are available for the specified range. This returned bit mask is as for UFFDIO_API.

This ioctl(2) operation returns 0 on success. On error, -1 is returned and errno is set to indicate the
cause of the error. Possible errors include:

EBUSY A mapping in the specified range is registered with another userfaultfd object.

EFAULT argp refers to an address that is outside the calling process's accessible address space.

EINVAL An invalid or unsupported bit was specified in the mode field; or the mode field was zero.

EINVAL There is no mapping in the specified address range.

EINVAL range.start or range.len is not a multiple of the system page size; or, range.len is zero; or
these fields are otherwise invalid.

EINVAL There as an incompatible mapping in the specified address range.

UFFDIO_UNREGISTER
(Since Linux 4.3.) Unregister a memory address range from userfaultfd. The pages in the range must be
"compatible" (see the description of UFFDIO_REGISTER.)

The address range to unregister is specified in the uffdio_range structure pointed to by argp.

This ioctl(2) operation returns 0 on success. On error, -1 is returned and errno is set to indicate the
cause of the error. Possible errors include:

EINVAL Either the start or the len field of the ufdio_range structure was not a multiple of the system
page size; or the len field was zero; or these fields were otherwise invalid.

EINVAL There as an incompatible mapping in the specified address range.

EINVAL There was no mapping in the specified address range.

UFFDIO_COPY
(Since Linux 4.3.) Atomically copy a continuous memory chunk into the userfault registered range and
optionally wake up the blocked thread. The source and destination addresses and the number of bytes to
copy are specified by the src, dst, and len fields of the uffdio_copy structure pointed to by argp:

struct uffdio_copy {
__u64 dst; /* Destination of copy */
__u64 src; /* Source of copy */
__u64 len; /* Number of bytes to copy */
__u64 mode; /* Flags controlling behavior of copy */
__s64 copy; /* Number of bytes copied, or negated error */
};

The following value may be bitwise ORed in mode to change the behavior of the UFFDIO_COPY operation:

UFFDIO_COPY_MODE_DONTWAKE
Do not wake up the thread that waits for page-fault resolution

The copy field is used by the kernel to return the number of bytes that was actually copied, or an error
(a negated errno-style value). If the value returned in copy doesn't match the value that was specified
in len, the operation fails with the error EAGAIN. The copy field is output-only; it is not read by the
UFFDIO_COPY operation.

This ioctl(2) operation returns 0 on success. In this case, the entire area was copied. On error, -1 is
returned and errno is set to indicate the cause of the error. Possible errors include:

EAGAIN The number of bytes copied (i.e., the value returned in the copy field) does not equal the value
that was specified in the len field.

EINVAL Either dst or len was not a multiple of the system page size, or the range specified by src and
len or dst and len was invalid.

EINVAL An invalid bit was specified in the mode field.

ENOENT (since Linux 4.11)
The faulting process has changed its virtual memory layout simultaneously with an outstanding
UFFDIO_COPY operation.

ENOSPC (from Linux 4.11 until Linux 4.13)
The faulting process has exited at the time of a UFFDIO_COPY operation.

ESRCH (since Linux 4.13)
The faulting process has exited at the time of a UFFDIO_COPY operation.

UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE
(Since Linux 4.3.) Zero out a memory range registered with userfaultfd.

The requested range is specified by the range field of the uffdio_zeropage structure pointed to by argp:

struct uffdio_zeropage {
struct uffdio_range range;
__u64 mode; /* Flags controlling behavior of copy */
__s64 zeropage; /* Number of bytes zeroed, or negated error */
};

The following value may be bitwise ORed in mode to change the behavior of the UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE operation:

UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE_MODE_DONTWAKE
Do not wake up the thread that waits for page-fault resolution.

The zeropage field is used by the kernel to return the number of bytes that was actually zeroed, or an
error in the same manner as UFFDIO_COPY. If the value returned in the zeropage field doesn't match the
value that was specified in range.len, the operation fails with the error EAGAIN. The zeropage field is
output-only; it is not read by the UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE operation.

This ioctl(2) operation returns 0 on success. In this case, the entire area was zeroed. On error, -1 is
returned and errno is set to indicate the cause of the error. Possible errors include:

EAGAIN The number of bytes zeroed (i.e., the value returned in the zeropage field) does not equal the
value that was specified in the range.len field.

EINVAL Either range.start or range.len was not a multiple of the system page size; or range.len was zero;
or the range specified was invalid.

EINVAL An invalid bit was specified in the mode field.

ESRCH (since Linux 4.13)
The faulting process has exited at the time of a UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE operation.

UFFDIO_WAKE
(Since Linux 4.3.) Wake up the thread waiting for page-fault resolution on a specified memory address
range.

The UFFDIO_WAKE operation is used in conjunction with UFFDIO_COPY and UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE operations that
have the UFFDIO_COPY_MODE_DONTWAKE or UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE_MODE_DONTWAKE bit set in the mode field. The
userfault monitor can perform several UFFDIO_COPY and UFFDIO_ZEROPAGE operations in a batch and then
explicitly wake up the faulting thread using UFFDIO_WAKE.

The argp argument is a pointer to a uffdio_range structure (shown above) that specifies the address
range.

This ioctl(2) operation returns 0 on success. On error, -1 is returned and errno is set to indicate the
cause of the error. Possible errors include:

EINVAL The start or the len field of the ufdio_range structure was not a multiple of the system page
size; or len was zero; or the specified range was otherwise invalid.

RETURN VALUE

       See descriptions of the individual operations, above.

ERRORS

       See descriptions of the individual operations, above.  In addition,  the  following  general  errors  can
       occur for all of the operations described above:

       EFAULT argp does not point to a valid memory address.

       EINVAL (For  all operations except UFFDIO_API.)  The userfaultfd object has not yet been enabled (via the
              UFFDIO_API operation).

CONFORMING TO

       These ioctl(2) operations are Linux-specific.

BUGS

       In order to detect available userfault features and enable some subset of those features the  userfaultfd
       file  descriptor  must  be closed after the first UFFDIO_API operation that queries features availability
       and reopened before the second UFFDIO_API operation that actually enables the desired features.

EXAMPLES

       See userfaultfd(2).

COLOPHON

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       information   about   reporting   bugs,   and   the  latest  version  of  this  page,  can  be  found  at
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NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

RETURN VALUE

ERRORS

CONFORMING TO

BUGS

EXAMPLES

SEE ALSO

COLOPHON