Provided by: liblapack-doc_3.10.0-2ubuntu1_all
NAME
complexGEcomputational - complex
SYNOPSIS
Functions subroutine cgebak (JOB, SIDE, N, ILO, IHI, SCALE, M, V, LDV, INFO) CGEBAK subroutine cgebal (JOB, N, A, LDA, ILO, IHI, SCALE, INFO) CGEBAL subroutine cgebd2 (M, N, A, LDA, D, E, TAUQ, TAUP, WORK, INFO) CGEBD2 reduces a general matrix to bidiagonal form using an unblocked algorithm. subroutine cgebrd (M, N, A, LDA, D, E, TAUQ, TAUP, WORK, LWORK, INFO) CGEBRD subroutine cgecon (NORM, N, A, LDA, ANORM, RCOND, WORK, RWORK, INFO) CGECON subroutine cgeequ (M, N, A, LDA, R, C, ROWCND, COLCND, AMAX, INFO) CGEEQU subroutine cgeequb (M, N, A, LDA, R, C, ROWCND, COLCND, AMAX, INFO) CGEEQUB subroutine cgehd2 (N, ILO, IHI, A, LDA, TAU, WORK, INFO) CGEHD2 reduces a general square matrix to upper Hessenberg form using an unblocked algorithm. subroutine cgehrd (N, ILO, IHI, A, LDA, TAU, WORK, LWORK, INFO) CGEHRD subroutine cgelq2 (M, N, A, LDA, TAU, WORK, INFO) CGELQ2 computes the LQ factorization of a general rectangular matrix using an unblocked algorithm. subroutine cgelqf (M, N, A, LDA, TAU, WORK, LWORK, INFO) CGELQF subroutine cgemqrt (SIDE, TRANS, M, N, K, NB, V, LDV, T, LDT, C, LDC, WORK, INFO) CGEMQRT subroutine cgeql2 (M, N, A, LDA, TAU, WORK, INFO) CGEQL2 computes the QL factorization of a general rectangular matrix using an unblocked algorithm. subroutine cgeqlf (M, N, A, LDA, TAU, WORK, LWORK, INFO) CGEQLF subroutine cgeqp3 (M, N, A, LDA, JPVT, TAU, WORK, LWORK, RWORK, INFO) CGEQP3 subroutine cgeqr2 (M, N, A, LDA, TAU, WORK, INFO) CGEQR2 computes the QR factorization of a general rectangular matrix using an unblocked algorithm. subroutine cgeqr2p (M, N, A, LDA, TAU, WORK, INFO) CGEQR2P computes the QR factorization of a general rectangular matrix with non- negative diagonal elements using an unblocked algorithm. subroutine cgeqrf (M, N, A, LDA, TAU, WORK, LWORK, INFO) CGEQRF subroutine cgeqrfp (M, N, A, LDA, TAU, WORK, LWORK, INFO) CGEQRFP subroutine cgeqrt (M, N, NB, A, LDA, T, LDT, WORK, INFO) CGEQRT subroutine cgeqrt2 (M, N, A, LDA, T, LDT, INFO) CGEQRT2 computes a QR factorization of a general real or complex matrix using the compact WY representation of Q. recursive subroutine cgeqrt3 (M, N, A, LDA, T, LDT, INFO) CGEQRT3 recursively computes a QR factorization of a general real or complex matrix using the compact WY representation of Q. subroutine cgerfs (TRANS, N, NRHS, A, LDA, AF, LDAF, IPIV, B, LDB, X, LDX, FERR, BERR, WORK, RWORK, INFO) CGERFS subroutine cgerfsx (TRANS, EQUED, N, NRHS, A, LDA, AF, LDAF, IPIV, R, C, B, LDB, X, LDX, RCOND, BERR, N_ERR_BNDS, ERR_BNDS_NORM, ERR_BNDS_COMP, NPARAMS, PARAMS, WORK, RWORK, INFO) CGERFSX subroutine cgerq2 (M, N, A, LDA, TAU, WORK, INFO) CGERQ2 computes the RQ factorization of a general rectangular matrix using an unblocked algorithm. subroutine cgerqf (M, N, A, LDA, TAU, WORK, LWORK, INFO) CGERQF subroutine cgesvj (JOBA, JOBU, JOBV, M, N, A, LDA, SVA, MV, V, LDV, CWORK, LWORK, RWORK, LRWORK, INFO) CGESVJ subroutine cgetf2 (M, N, A, LDA, IPIV, INFO) CGETF2 computes the LU factorization of a general m-by-n matrix using partial pivoting with row interchanges (unblocked algorithm). subroutine cgetrf (M, N, A, LDA, IPIV, INFO) CGETRF recursive subroutine cgetrf2 (M, N, A, LDA, IPIV, INFO) CGETRF2 subroutine cgetri (N, A, LDA, IPIV, WORK, LWORK, INFO) CGETRI subroutine cgetrs (TRANS, N, NRHS, A, LDA, IPIV, B, LDB, INFO) CGETRS subroutine chgeqz (JOB, COMPQ, COMPZ, N, ILO, IHI, H, LDH, T, LDT, ALPHA, BETA, Q, LDQ, Z, LDZ, WORK, LWORK, RWORK, INFO) CHGEQZ subroutine cla_geamv (TRANS, M, N, ALPHA, A, LDA, X, INCX, BETA, Y, INCY) CLA_GEAMV computes a matrix-vector product using a general matrix to calculate error bounds. real function cla_gercond_c (TRANS, N, A, LDA, AF, LDAF, IPIV, C, CAPPLY, INFO, WORK, RWORK) CLA_GERCOND_C computes the infinity norm condition number of op(A)*inv(diag(c)) for general matrices. real function cla_gercond_x (TRANS, N, A, LDA, AF, LDAF, IPIV, X, INFO, WORK, RWORK) CLA_GERCOND_X computes the infinity norm condition number of op(A)*diag(x) for general matrices. subroutine cla_gerfsx_extended (PREC_TYPE, TRANS_TYPE, N, NRHS, A, LDA, AF, LDAF, IPIV, COLEQU, C, B, LDB, Y, LDY, BERR_OUT, N_NORMS, ERRS_N, ERRS_C, RES, AYB, DY, Y_TAIL, RCOND, ITHRESH, RTHRESH, DZ_UB, IGNORE_CWISE, INFO) CLA_GERFSX_EXTENDED real function cla_gerpvgrw (N, NCOLS, A, LDA, AF, LDAF) CLA_GERPVGRW multiplies a square real matrix by a complex matrix. recursive subroutine claqz0 (WANTS, WANTQ, WANTZ, N, ILO, IHI, A, LDA, B, LDB, ALPHA, BETA, Q, LDQ, Z, LDZ, WORK, LWORK, RWORK, REC, INFO) CLAQZ0 subroutine claqz1 (ILQ, ILZ, K, ISTARTM, ISTOPM, IHI, A, LDA, B, LDB, NQ, QSTART, Q, LDQ, NZ, ZSTART, Z, LDZ) CLAQZ1 recursive subroutine claqz2 (ILSCHUR, ILQ, ILZ, N, ILO, IHI, NW, A, LDA, B, LDB, Q, LDQ, Z, LDZ, NS, ND, ALPHA, BETA, QC, LDQC, ZC, LDZC, WORK, LWORK, RWORK, REC, INFO) CLAQZ2 subroutine claqz3 (ILSCHUR, ILQ, ILZ, N, ILO, IHI, NSHIFTS, NBLOCK_DESIRED, ALPHA, BETA, A, LDA, B, LDB, Q, LDQ, Z, LDZ, QC, LDQC, ZC, LDZC, WORK, LWORK, INFO) CLAQZ3 subroutine claunhr_col_getrfnp (M, N, A, LDA, D, INFO) CLAUNHR_COL_GETRFNP recursive subroutine claunhr_col_getrfnp2 (M, N, A, LDA, D, INFO) CLAUNHR_COL_GETRFNP2 subroutine ctgevc (SIDE, HOWMNY, SELECT, N, S, LDS, P, LDP, VL, LDVL, VR, LDVR, MM, M, WORK, RWORK, INFO) CTGEVC subroutine ctgexc (WANTQ, WANTZ, N, A, LDA, B, LDB, Q, LDQ, Z, LDZ, IFST, ILST, INFO) CTGEXC
Detailed Description
This is the group of complex computational functions for GE matrices
Function Documentation
subroutine cgebak (character JOB, character SIDE, integer N, integer ILO, integer IHI, real, dimension( * ) SCALE, integer M, complex, dimension( ldv, * ) V, integer LDV, integer INFO) CGEBAK Purpose: CGEBAK forms the right or left eigenvectors of a complex general matrix by backward transformation on the computed eigenvectors of the balanced matrix output by CGEBAL. Parameters JOB JOB is CHARACTER*1 Specifies the type of backward transformation required: = 'N': do nothing, return immediately; = 'P': do backward transformation for permutation only; = 'S': do backward transformation for scaling only; = 'B': do backward transformations for both permutation and scaling. JOB must be the same as the argument JOB supplied to CGEBAL. SIDE SIDE is CHARACTER*1 = 'R': V contains right eigenvectors; = 'L': V contains left eigenvectors. N N is INTEGER The number of rows of the matrix V. N >= 0. ILO ILO is INTEGER IHI IHI is INTEGER The integers ILO and IHI determined by CGEBAL. 1 <= ILO <= IHI <= N, if N > 0; ILO=1 and IHI=0, if N=0. SCALE SCALE is REAL array, dimension (N) Details of the permutation and scaling factors, as returned by CGEBAL. M M is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix V. M >= 0. V V is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDV,M) On entry, the matrix of right or left eigenvectors to be transformed, as returned by CHSEIN or CTREVC. On exit, V is overwritten by the transformed eigenvectors. LDV LDV is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array V. LDV >= max(1,N). INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value. Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. subroutine cgebal (character JOB, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, integer ILO, integer IHI, real, dimension( * ) SCALE, integer INFO) CGEBAL Purpose: CGEBAL balances a general complex matrix A. This involves, first, permuting A by a similarity transformation to isolate eigenvalues in the first 1 to ILO-1 and last IHI+1 to N elements on the diagonal; and second, applying a diagonal similarity transformation to rows and columns ILO to IHI to make the rows and columns as close in norm as possible. Both steps are optional. Balancing may reduce the 1-norm of the matrix, and improve the accuracy of the computed eigenvalues and/or eigenvectors. Parameters JOB JOB is CHARACTER*1 Specifies the operations to be performed on A: = 'N': none: simply set ILO = 1, IHI = N, SCALE(I) = 1.0 for i = 1,...,N; = 'P': permute only; = 'S': scale only; = 'B': both permute and scale. N N is INTEGER The order of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the input matrix A. On exit, A is overwritten by the balanced matrix. If JOB = 'N', A is not referenced. See Further Details. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,N). ILO ILO is INTEGER IHI IHI is INTEGER ILO and IHI are set to integers such that on exit A(i,j) = 0 if i > j and j = 1,...,ILO-1 or I = IHI+1,...,N. If JOB = 'N' or 'S', ILO = 1 and IHI = N. SCALE SCALE is REAL array, dimension (N) Details of the permutations and scaling factors applied to A. If P(j) is the index of the row and column interchanged with row and column j and D(j) is the scaling factor applied to row and column j, then SCALE(j) = P(j) for j = 1,...,ILO-1 = D(j) for j = ILO,...,IHI = P(j) for j = IHI+1,...,N. The order in which the interchanges are made is N to IHI+1, then 1 to ILO-1. INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit. < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value. Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Further Details: The permutations consist of row and column interchanges which put the matrix in the form ( T1 X Y ) P A P = ( 0 B Z ) ( 0 0 T2 ) where T1 and T2 are upper triangular matrices whose eigenvalues lie along the diagonal. The column indices ILO and IHI mark the starting and ending columns of the submatrix B. Balancing consists of applying a diagonal similarity transformation inv(D) * B * D to make the 1-norms of each row of B and its corresponding column nearly equal. The output matrix is ( T1 X*D Y ) ( 0 inv(D)*B*D inv(D)*Z ). ( 0 0 T2 ) Information about the permutations P and the diagonal matrix D is returned in the vector SCALE. This subroutine is based on the EISPACK routine CBAL. Modified by Tzu-Yi Chen, Computer Science Division, University of California at Berkeley, USA subroutine cgebd2 (integer M, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, real, dimension( * ) D, real, dimension( * ) E, complex, dimension( * ) TAUQ, complex, dimension( * ) TAUP, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, integer INFO) CGEBD2 reduces a general matrix to bidiagonal form using an unblocked algorithm. Purpose: CGEBD2 reduces a complex general m by n matrix A to upper or lower real bidiagonal form B by a unitary transformation: Q**H * A * P = B. If m >= n, B is upper bidiagonal; if m < n, B is lower bidiagonal. Parameters M M is INTEGER The number of rows in the matrix A. M >= 0. N N is INTEGER The number of columns in the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the m by n general matrix to be reduced. On exit, if m >= n, the diagonal and the first superdiagonal are overwritten with the upper bidiagonal matrix B; the elements below the diagonal, with the array TAUQ, represent the unitary matrix Q as a product of elementary reflectors, and the elements above the first superdiagonal, with the array TAUP, represent the unitary matrix P as a product of elementary reflectors; if m < n, the diagonal and the first subdiagonal are overwritten with the lower bidiagonal matrix B; the elements below the first subdiagonal, with the array TAUQ, represent the unitary matrix Q as a product of elementary reflectors, and the elements above the diagonal, with the array TAUP, represent the unitary matrix P as a product of elementary reflectors. See Further Details. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). D D is REAL array, dimension (min(M,N)) The diagonal elements of the bidiagonal matrix B: D(i) = A(i,i). E E is REAL array, dimension (min(M,N)-1) The off-diagonal elements of the bidiagonal matrix B: if m >= n, E(i) = A(i,i+1) for i = 1,2,...,n-1; if m < n, E(i) = A(i+1,i) for i = 1,2,...,m-1. TAUQ TAUQ is COMPLEX array, dimension (min(M,N)) The scalar factors of the elementary reflectors which represent the unitary matrix Q. See Further Details. TAUP TAUP is COMPLEX array, dimension (min(M,N)) The scalar factors of the elementary reflectors which represent the unitary matrix P. See Further Details. WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (max(M,N)) INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value. Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Further Details: The matrices Q and P are represented as products of elementary reflectors: If m >= n, Q = H(1) H(2) . . . H(n) and P = G(1) G(2) . . . G(n-1) Each H(i) and G(i) has the form: H(i) = I - tauq * v * v**H and G(i) = I - taup * u * u**H where tauq and taup are complex scalars, and v and u are complex vectors; v(1:i-1) = 0, v(i) = 1, and v(i+1:m) is stored on exit in A(i+1:m,i); u(1:i) = 0, u(i+1) = 1, and u(i+2:n) is stored on exit in A(i,i+2:n); tauq is stored in TAUQ(i) and taup in TAUP(i). If m < n, Q = H(1) H(2) . . . H(m-1) and P = G(1) G(2) . . . G(m) Each H(i) and G(i) has the form: H(i) = I - tauq * v * v**H and G(i) = I - taup * u * u**H where tauq and taup are complex scalars, v and u are complex vectors; v(1:i) = 0, v(i+1) = 1, and v(i+2:m) is stored on exit in A(i+2:m,i); u(1:i-1) = 0, u(i) = 1, and u(i+1:n) is stored on exit in A(i,i+1:n); tauq is stored in TAUQ(i) and taup in TAUP(i). The contents of A on exit are illustrated by the following examples: m = 6 and n = 5 (m > n): m = 5 and n = 6 (m < n): ( d e u1 u1 u1 ) ( d u1 u1 u1 u1 u1 ) ( v1 d e u2 u2 ) ( e d u2 u2 u2 u2 ) ( v1 v2 d e u3 ) ( v1 e d u3 u3 u3 ) ( v1 v2 v3 d e ) ( v1 v2 e d u4 u4 ) ( v1 v2 v3 v4 d ) ( v1 v2 v3 e d u5 ) ( v1 v2 v3 v4 v5 ) where d and e denote diagonal and off-diagonal elements of B, vi denotes an element of the vector defining H(i), and ui an element of the vector defining G(i). subroutine cgebrd (integer M, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, real, dimension( * ) D, real, dimension( * ) E, complex, dimension( * ) TAUQ, complex, dimension( * ) TAUP, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, integer LWORK, integer INFO) CGEBRD Purpose: CGEBRD reduces a general complex M-by-N matrix A to upper or lower bidiagonal form B by a unitary transformation: Q**H * A * P = B. If m >= n, B is upper bidiagonal; if m < n, B is lower bidiagonal. Parameters M M is INTEGER The number of rows in the matrix A. M >= 0. N N is INTEGER The number of columns in the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the M-by-N general matrix to be reduced. On exit, if m >= n, the diagonal and the first superdiagonal are overwritten with the upper bidiagonal matrix B; the elements below the diagonal, with the array TAUQ, represent the unitary matrix Q as a product of elementary reflectors, and the elements above the first superdiagonal, with the array TAUP, represent the unitary matrix P as a product of elementary reflectors; if m < n, the diagonal and the first subdiagonal are overwritten with the lower bidiagonal matrix B; the elements below the first subdiagonal, with the array TAUQ, represent the unitary matrix Q as a product of elementary reflectors, and the elements above the diagonal, with the array TAUP, represent the unitary matrix P as a product of elementary reflectors. See Further Details. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). D D is REAL array, dimension (min(M,N)) The diagonal elements of the bidiagonal matrix B: D(i) = A(i,i). E E is REAL array, dimension (min(M,N)-1) The off-diagonal elements of the bidiagonal matrix B: if m >= n, E(i) = A(i,i+1) for i = 1,2,...,n-1; if m < n, E(i) = A(i+1,i) for i = 1,2,...,m-1. TAUQ TAUQ is COMPLEX array, dimension (min(M,N)) The scalar factors of the elementary reflectors which represent the unitary matrix Q. See Further Details. TAUP TAUP is COMPLEX array, dimension (min(M,N)) The scalar factors of the elementary reflectors which represent the unitary matrix P. See Further Details. WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK)) On exit, if INFO = 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK. LWORK LWORK is INTEGER The length of the array WORK. LWORK >= max(1,M,N). For optimum performance LWORK >= (M+N)*NB, where NB is the optimal blocksize. If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA. INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit. < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value. Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Further Details: The matrices Q and P are represented as products of elementary reflectors: If m >= n, Q = H(1) H(2) . . . H(n) and P = G(1) G(2) . . . G(n-1) Each H(i) and G(i) has the form: H(i) = I - tauq * v * v**H and G(i) = I - taup * u * u**H where tauq and taup are complex scalars, and v and u are complex vectors; v(1:i-1) = 0, v(i) = 1, and v(i+1:m) is stored on exit in A(i+1:m,i); u(1:i) = 0, u(i+1) = 1, and u(i+2:n) is stored on exit in A(i,i+2:n); tauq is stored in TAUQ(i) and taup in TAUP(i). If m < n, Q = H(1) H(2) . . . H(m-1) and P = G(1) G(2) . . . G(m) Each H(i) and G(i) has the form: H(i) = I - tauq * v * v**H and G(i) = I - taup * u * u**H where tauq and taup are complex scalars, and v and u are complex vectors; v(1:i) = 0, v(i+1) = 1, and v(i+2:m) is stored on exit in A(i+2:m,i); u(1:i-1) = 0, u(i) = 1, and u(i+1:n) is stored on exit in A(i,i+1:n); tauq is stored in TAUQ(i) and taup in TAUP(i). The contents of A on exit are illustrated by the following examples: m = 6 and n = 5 (m > n): m = 5 and n = 6 (m < n): ( d e u1 u1 u1 ) ( d u1 u1 u1 u1 u1 ) ( v1 d e u2 u2 ) ( e d u2 u2 u2 u2 ) ( v1 v2 d e u3 ) ( v1 e d u3 u3 u3 ) ( v1 v2 v3 d e ) ( v1 v2 e d u4 u4 ) ( v1 v2 v3 v4 d ) ( v1 v2 v3 e d u5 ) ( v1 v2 v3 v4 v5 ) where d and e denote diagonal and off-diagonal elements of B, vi denotes an element of the vector defining H(i), and ui an element of the vector defining G(i). subroutine cgecon (character NORM, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, real ANORM, real RCOND, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, real, dimension( * ) RWORK, integer INFO) CGECON Purpose: CGECON estimates the reciprocal of the condition number of a general complex matrix A, in either the 1-norm or the infinity-norm, using the LU factorization computed by CGETRF. An estimate is obtained for norm(inv(A)), and the reciprocal of the condition number is computed as RCOND = 1 / ( norm(A) * norm(inv(A)) ). Parameters NORM NORM is CHARACTER*1 Specifies whether the 1-norm condition number or the infinity-norm condition number is required: = '1' or 'O': 1-norm; = 'I': Infinity-norm. N N is INTEGER The order of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) The factors L and U from the factorization A = P*L*U as computed by CGETRF. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,N). ANORM ANORM is REAL If NORM = '1' or 'O', the 1-norm of the original matrix A. If NORM = 'I', the infinity-norm of the original matrix A. RCOND RCOND is REAL The reciprocal of the condition number of the matrix A, computed as RCOND = 1/(norm(A) * norm(inv(A))). WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (2*N) RWORK RWORK is REAL array, dimension (2*N) INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. subroutine cgeequ (integer M, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, real, dimension( * ) R, real, dimension( * ) C, real ROWCND, real COLCND, real AMAX, integer INFO) CGEEQU Purpose: CGEEQU computes row and column scalings intended to equilibrate an M-by-N matrix A and reduce its condition number. R returns the row scale factors and C the column scale factors, chosen to try to make the largest element in each row and column of the matrix B with elements B(i,j)=R(i)*A(i,j)*C(j) have absolute value 1. R(i) and C(j) are restricted to be between SMLNUM = smallest safe number and BIGNUM = largest safe number. Use of these scaling factors is not guaranteed to reduce the condition number of A but works well in practice. Parameters M M is INTEGER The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0. N N is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) The M-by-N matrix whose equilibration factors are to be computed. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). R R is REAL array, dimension (M) If INFO = 0 or INFO > M, R contains the row scale factors for A. C C is REAL array, dimension (N) If INFO = 0, C contains the column scale factors for A. ROWCND ROWCND is REAL If INFO = 0 or INFO > M, ROWCND contains the ratio of the smallest R(i) to the largest R(i). If ROWCND >= 0.1 and AMAX is neither too large nor too small, it is not worth scaling by R. COLCND COLCND is REAL If INFO = 0, COLCND contains the ratio of the smallest C(i) to the largest C(i). If COLCND >= 0.1, it is not worth scaling by C. AMAX AMAX is REAL Absolute value of largest matrix element. If AMAX is very close to overflow or very close to underflow, the matrix should be scaled. INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value > 0: if INFO = i, and i is <= M: the i-th row of A is exactly zero > M: the (i-M)-th column of A is exactly zero Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. subroutine cgeequb (integer M, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, real, dimension( * ) R, real, dimension( * ) C, real ROWCND, real COLCND, real AMAX, integer INFO) CGEEQUB Purpose: CGEEQUB computes row and column scalings intended to equilibrate an M-by-N matrix A and reduce its condition number. R returns the row scale factors and C the column scale factors, chosen to try to make the largest element in each row and column of the matrix B with elements B(i,j)=R(i)*A(i,j)*C(j) have an absolute value of at most the radix. R(i) and C(j) are restricted to be a power of the radix between SMLNUM = smallest safe number and BIGNUM = largest safe number. Use of these scaling factors is not guaranteed to reduce the condition number of A but works well in practice. This routine differs from CGEEQU by restricting the scaling factors to a power of the radix. Barring over- and underflow, scaling by these factors introduces no additional rounding errors. However, the scaled entries' magnitudes are no longer approximately 1 but lie between sqrt(radix) and 1/sqrt(radix). Parameters M M is INTEGER The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0. N N is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) The M-by-N matrix whose equilibration factors are to be computed. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). R R is REAL array, dimension (M) If INFO = 0 or INFO > M, R contains the row scale factors for A. C C is REAL array, dimension (N) If INFO = 0, C contains the column scale factors for A. ROWCND ROWCND is REAL If INFO = 0 or INFO > M, ROWCND contains the ratio of the smallest R(i) to the largest R(i). If ROWCND >= 0.1 and AMAX is neither too large nor too small, it is not worth scaling by R. COLCND COLCND is REAL If INFO = 0, COLCND contains the ratio of the smallest C(i) to the largest C(i). If COLCND >= 0.1, it is not worth scaling by C. AMAX AMAX is REAL Absolute value of largest matrix element. If AMAX is very close to overflow or very close to underflow, the matrix should be scaled. INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value > 0: if INFO = i, and i is <= M: the i-th row of A is exactly zero > M: the (i-M)-th column of A is exactly zero Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. subroutine cgehd2 (integer N, integer ILO, integer IHI, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex, dimension( * ) TAU, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, integer INFO) CGEHD2 reduces a general square matrix to upper Hessenberg form using an unblocked algorithm. Purpose: CGEHD2 reduces a complex general matrix A to upper Hessenberg form H by a unitary similarity transformation: Q**H * A * Q = H . Parameters N N is INTEGER The order of the matrix A. N >= 0. ILO ILO is INTEGER IHI IHI is INTEGER It is assumed that A is already upper triangular in rows and columns 1:ILO-1 and IHI+1:N. ILO and IHI are normally set by a previous call to CGEBAL; otherwise they should be set to 1 and N respectively. See Further Details. 1 <= ILO <= IHI <= max(1,N). A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the n by n general matrix to be reduced. On exit, the upper triangle and the first subdiagonal of A are overwritten with the upper Hessenberg matrix H, and the elements below the first subdiagonal, with the array TAU, represent the unitary matrix Q as a product of elementary reflectors. See Further Details. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,N). TAU TAU is COMPLEX array, dimension (N-1) The scalar factors of the elementary reflectors (see Further Details). WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (N) INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value. Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Further Details: The matrix Q is represented as a product of (ihi-ilo) elementary reflectors Q = H(ilo) H(ilo+1) . . . H(ihi-1). Each H(i) has the form H(i) = I - tau * v * v**H where tau is a complex scalar, and v is a complex vector with v(1:i) = 0, v(i+1) = 1 and v(ihi+1:n) = 0; v(i+2:ihi) is stored on exit in A(i+2:ihi,i), and tau in TAU(i). The contents of A are illustrated by the following example, with n = 7, ilo = 2 and ihi = 6: on entry, on exit, ( a a a a a a a ) ( a a h h h h a ) ( a a a a a a ) ( a h h h h a ) ( a a a a a a ) ( h h h h h h ) ( a a a a a a ) ( v2 h h h h h ) ( a a a a a a ) ( v2 v3 h h h h ) ( a a a a a a ) ( v2 v3 v4 h h h ) ( a ) ( a ) where a denotes an element of the original matrix A, h denotes a modified element of the upper Hessenberg matrix H, and vi denotes an element of the vector defining H(i). subroutine cgehrd (integer N, integer ILO, integer IHI, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex, dimension( * ) TAU, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, integer LWORK, integer INFO) CGEHRD Purpose: CGEHRD reduces a complex general matrix A to upper Hessenberg form H by an unitary similarity transformation: Q**H * A * Q = H . Parameters N N is INTEGER The order of the matrix A. N >= 0. ILO ILO is INTEGER IHI IHI is INTEGER It is assumed that A is already upper triangular in rows and columns 1:ILO-1 and IHI+1:N. ILO and IHI are normally set by a previous call to CGEBAL; otherwise they should be set to 1 and N respectively. See Further Details. 1 <= ILO <= IHI <= N, if N > 0; ILO=1 and IHI=0, if N=0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the N-by-N general matrix to be reduced. On exit, the upper triangle and the first subdiagonal of A are overwritten with the upper Hessenberg matrix H, and the elements below the first subdiagonal, with the array TAU, represent the unitary matrix Q as a product of elementary reflectors. See Further Details. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,N). TAU TAU is COMPLEX array, dimension (N-1) The scalar factors of the elementary reflectors (see Further Details). Elements 1:ILO-1 and IHI:N-1 of TAU are set to zero. WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (LWORK) On exit, if INFO = 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK. LWORK LWORK is INTEGER The length of the array WORK. LWORK >= max(1,N). For good performance, LWORK should generally be larger. If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA. INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value. Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Further Details: The matrix Q is represented as a product of (ihi-ilo) elementary reflectors Q = H(ilo) H(ilo+1) . . . H(ihi-1). Each H(i) has the form H(i) = I - tau * v * v**H where tau is a complex scalar, and v is a complex vector with v(1:i) = 0, v(i+1) = 1 and v(ihi+1:n) = 0; v(i+2:ihi) is stored on exit in A(i+2:ihi,i), and tau in TAU(i). The contents of A are illustrated by the following example, with n = 7, ilo = 2 and ihi = 6: on entry, on exit, ( a a a a a a a ) ( a a h h h h a ) ( a a a a a a ) ( a h h h h a ) ( a a a a a a ) ( h h h h h h ) ( a a a a a a ) ( v2 h h h h h ) ( a a a a a a ) ( v2 v3 h h h h ) ( a a a a a a ) ( v2 v3 v4 h h h ) ( a ) ( a ) where a denotes an element of the original matrix A, h denotes a modified element of the upper Hessenberg matrix H, and vi denotes an element of the vector defining H(i). This file is a slight modification of LAPACK-3.0's CGEHRD subroutine incorporating improvements proposed by Quintana-Orti and Van de Geijn (2006). (See CLAHR2.) subroutine cgelq2 (integer M, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex, dimension( * ) TAU, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, integer INFO) CGELQ2 computes the LQ factorization of a general rectangular matrix using an unblocked algorithm. Purpose: CGELQ2 computes an LQ factorization of a complex m-by-n matrix A: A = ( L 0 ) * Q where: Q is a n-by-n orthogonal matrix; L is a lower-triangular m-by-m matrix; 0 is a m-by-(n-m) zero matrix, if m < n. Parameters M M is INTEGER The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0. N N is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the m by n matrix A. On exit, the elements on and below the diagonal of the array contain the m by min(m,n) lower trapezoidal matrix L (L is lower triangular if m <= n); the elements above the diagonal, with the array TAU, represent the unitary matrix Q as a product of elementary reflectors (see Further Details). LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). TAU TAU is COMPLEX array, dimension (min(M,N)) The scalar factors of the elementary reflectors (see Further Details). WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (M) INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Further Details: The matrix Q is represented as a product of elementary reflectors Q = H(k)**H . . . H(2)**H H(1)**H, where k = min(m,n). Each H(i) has the form H(i) = I - tau * v * v**H where tau is a complex scalar, and v is a complex vector with v(1:i-1) = 0 and v(i) = 1; conjg(v(i+1:n)) is stored on exit in A(i,i+1:n), and tau in TAU(i). subroutine cgelqf (integer M, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex, dimension( * ) TAU, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, integer LWORK, integer INFO) CGELQF Purpose: CGELQF computes an LQ factorization of a complex M-by-N matrix A: A = ( L 0 ) * Q where: Q is a N-by-N orthogonal matrix; L is a lower-triangular M-by-M matrix; 0 is a M-by-(N-M) zero matrix, if M < N. Parameters M M is INTEGER The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0. N N is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the M-by-N matrix A. On exit, the elements on and below the diagonal of the array contain the m-by-min(m,n) lower trapezoidal matrix L (L is lower triangular if m <= n); the elements above the diagonal, with the array TAU, represent the unitary matrix Q as a product of elementary reflectors (see Further Details). LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). TAU TAU is COMPLEX array, dimension (min(M,N)) The scalar factors of the elementary reflectors (see Further Details). WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK)) On exit, if INFO = 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK. LWORK LWORK is INTEGER The dimension of the array WORK. LWORK >= max(1,M). For optimum performance LWORK >= M*NB, where NB is the optimal blocksize. If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA. INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Further Details: The matrix Q is represented as a product of elementary reflectors Q = H(k)**H . . . H(2)**H H(1)**H, where k = min(m,n). Each H(i) has the form H(i) = I - tau * v * v**H where tau is a complex scalar, and v is a complex vector with v(1:i-1) = 0 and v(i) = 1; conjg(v(i+1:n)) is stored on exit in A(i,i+1:n), and tau in TAU(i). subroutine cgemqrt (character SIDE, character TRANS, integer M, integer N, integer K, integer NB, complex, dimension( ldv, * ) V, integer LDV, complex, dimension( ldt, * ) T, integer LDT, complex, dimension( ldc, * ) C, integer LDC, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, integer INFO) CGEMQRT Purpose: CGEMQRT overwrites the general complex M-by-N matrix C with SIDE = 'L' SIDE = 'R' TRANS = 'N': Q C C Q TRANS = 'C': Q**H C C Q**H where Q is a complex orthogonal matrix defined as the product of K elementary reflectors: Q = H(1) H(2) . . . H(K) = I - V T V**H generated using the compact WY representation as returned by CGEQRT. Q is of order M if SIDE = 'L' and of order N if SIDE = 'R'. Parameters SIDE SIDE is CHARACTER*1 = 'L': apply Q or Q**H from the Left; = 'R': apply Q or Q**H from the Right. TRANS TRANS is CHARACTER*1 = 'N': No transpose, apply Q; = 'C': Conjugate transpose, apply Q**H. M M is INTEGER The number of rows of the matrix C. M >= 0. N N is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix C. N >= 0. K K is INTEGER The number of elementary reflectors whose product defines the matrix Q. If SIDE = 'L', M >= K >= 0; if SIDE = 'R', N >= K >= 0. NB NB is INTEGER The block size used for the storage of T. K >= NB >= 1. This must be the same value of NB used to generate T in CGEQRT. V V is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDV,K) The i-th column must contain the vector which defines the elementary reflector H(i), for i = 1,2,...,k, as returned by CGEQRT in the first K columns of its array argument A. LDV LDV is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array V. If SIDE = 'L', LDA >= max(1,M); if SIDE = 'R', LDA >= max(1,N). T T is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDT,K) The upper triangular factors of the block reflectors as returned by CGEQRT, stored as a NB-by-N matrix. LDT LDT is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array T. LDT >= NB. C C is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDC,N) On entry, the M-by-N matrix C. On exit, C is overwritten by Q C, Q**H C, C Q**H or C Q. LDC LDC is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array C. LDC >= max(1,M). WORK WORK is COMPLEX array. The dimension of WORK is N*NB if SIDE = 'L', or M*NB if SIDE = 'R'. INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. subroutine cgeql2 (integer M, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex, dimension( * ) TAU, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, integer INFO) CGEQL2 computes the QL factorization of a general rectangular matrix using an unblocked algorithm. Purpose: CGEQL2 computes a QL factorization of a complex m by n matrix A: A = Q * L. Parameters M M is INTEGER The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0. N N is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the m by n matrix A. On exit, if m >= n, the lower triangle of the subarray A(m-n+1:m,1:n) contains the n by n lower triangular matrix L; if m <= n, the elements on and below the (n-m)-th superdiagonal contain the m by n lower trapezoidal matrix L; the remaining elements, with the array TAU, represent the unitary matrix Q as a product of elementary reflectors (see Further Details). LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). TAU TAU is COMPLEX array, dimension (min(M,N)) The scalar factors of the elementary reflectors (see Further Details). WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (N) INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Further Details: The matrix Q is represented as a product of elementary reflectors Q = H(k) . . . H(2) H(1), where k = min(m,n). Each H(i) has the form H(i) = I - tau * v * v**H where tau is a complex scalar, and v is a complex vector with v(m-k+i+1:m) = 0 and v(m-k+i) = 1; v(1:m-k+i-1) is stored on exit in A(1:m-k+i-1,n-k+i), and tau in TAU(i). subroutine cgeqlf (integer M, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex, dimension( * ) TAU, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, integer LWORK, integer INFO) CGEQLF Purpose: CGEQLF computes a QL factorization of a complex M-by-N matrix A: A = Q * L. Parameters M M is INTEGER The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0. N N is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the M-by-N matrix A. On exit, if m >= n, the lower triangle of the subarray A(m-n+1:m,1:n) contains the N-by-N lower triangular matrix L; if m <= n, the elements on and below the (n-m)-th superdiagonal contain the M-by-N lower trapezoidal matrix L; the remaining elements, with the array TAU, represent the unitary matrix Q as a product of elementary reflectors (see Further Details). LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). TAU TAU is COMPLEX array, dimension (min(M,N)) The scalar factors of the elementary reflectors (see Further Details). WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK)) On exit, if INFO = 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK. LWORK LWORK is INTEGER The dimension of the array WORK. LWORK >= max(1,N). For optimum performance LWORK >= N*NB, where NB is the optimal blocksize. If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA. INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Further Details: The matrix Q is represented as a product of elementary reflectors Q = H(k) . . . H(2) H(1), where k = min(m,n). Each H(i) has the form H(i) = I - tau * v * v**H where tau is a complex scalar, and v is a complex vector with v(m-k+i+1:m) = 0 and v(m-k+i) = 1; v(1:m-k+i-1) is stored on exit in A(1:m-k+i-1,n-k+i), and tau in TAU(i). subroutine cgeqp3 (integer M, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, integer, dimension( * ) JPVT, complex, dimension( * ) TAU, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, integer LWORK, real, dimension( * ) RWORK, integer INFO) CGEQP3 Purpose: CGEQP3 computes a QR factorization with column pivoting of a matrix A: A*P = Q*R using Level 3 BLAS. Parameters M M is INTEGER The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0. N N is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the M-by-N matrix A. On exit, the upper triangle of the array contains the min(M,N)-by-N upper trapezoidal matrix R; the elements below the diagonal, together with the array TAU, represent the unitary matrix Q as a product of min(M,N) elementary reflectors. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). JPVT JPVT is INTEGER array, dimension (N) On entry, if JPVT(J).ne.0, the J-th column of A is permuted to the front of A*P (a leading column); if JPVT(J)=0, the J-th column of A is a free column. On exit, if JPVT(J)=K, then the J-th column of A*P was the the K-th column of A. TAU TAU is COMPLEX array, dimension (min(M,N)) The scalar factors of the elementary reflectors. WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK)) On exit, if INFO=0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK. LWORK LWORK is INTEGER The dimension of the array WORK. LWORK >= N+1. For optimal performance LWORK >= ( N+1 )*NB, where NB is the optimal blocksize. If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA. RWORK RWORK is REAL array, dimension (2*N) INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit. < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value. Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Further Details: The matrix Q is represented as a product of elementary reflectors Q = H(1) H(2) . . . H(k), where k = min(m,n). Each H(i) has the form H(i) = I - tau * v * v**H where tau is a complex scalar, and v is a real/complex vector with v(1:i-1) = 0 and v(i) = 1; v(i+1:m) is stored on exit in A(i+1:m,i), and tau in TAU(i). Contributors: G. Quintana-Orti, Depto. de Informatica, Universidad Jaime I, Spain X. Sun, Computer Science Dept., Duke University, USA subroutine cgeqr2 (integer M, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex, dimension( * ) TAU, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, integer INFO) CGEQR2 computes the QR factorization of a general rectangular matrix using an unblocked algorithm. Purpose: CGEQR2 computes a QR factorization of a complex m-by-n matrix A: A = Q * ( R ), ( 0 ) where: Q is a m-by-m orthogonal matrix; R is an upper-triangular n-by-n matrix; 0 is a (m-n)-by-n zero matrix, if m > n. Parameters M M is INTEGER The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0. N N is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the m by n matrix A. On exit, the elements on and above the diagonal of the array contain the min(m,n) by n upper trapezoidal matrix R (R is upper triangular if m >= n); the elements below the diagonal, with the array TAU, represent the unitary matrix Q as a product of elementary reflectors (see Further Details). LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). TAU TAU is COMPLEX array, dimension (min(M,N)) The scalar factors of the elementary reflectors (see Further Details). WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (N) INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Further Details: The matrix Q is represented as a product of elementary reflectors Q = H(1) H(2) . . . H(k), where k = min(m,n). Each H(i) has the form H(i) = I - tau * v * v**H where tau is a complex scalar, and v is a complex vector with v(1:i-1) = 0 and v(i) = 1; v(i+1:m) is stored on exit in A(i+1:m,i), and tau in TAU(i). subroutine cgeqr2p (integer M, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex, dimension( * ) TAU, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, integer INFO) CGEQR2P computes the QR factorization of a general rectangular matrix with non-negative diagonal elements using an unblocked algorithm. Purpose: CGEQR2P computes a QR factorization of a complex m-by-n matrix A: A = Q * ( R ), ( 0 ) where: Q is a m-by-m orthogonal matrix; R is an upper-triangular n-by-n matrix with nonnegative diagonal entries; 0 is a (m-n)-by-n zero matrix, if m > n. Parameters M M is INTEGER The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0. N N is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the m by n matrix A. On exit, the elements on and above the diagonal of the array contain the min(m,n) by n upper trapezoidal matrix R (R is upper triangular if m >= n). The diagonal entries of R are real and nonnegative; the elements below the diagonal, with the array TAU, represent the unitary matrix Q as a product of elementary reflectors (see Further Details). LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). TAU TAU is COMPLEX array, dimension (min(M,N)) The scalar factors of the elementary reflectors (see Further Details). WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (N) INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Further Details: The matrix Q is represented as a product of elementary reflectors Q = H(1) H(2) . . . H(k), where k = min(m,n). Each H(i) has the form H(i) = I - tau * v * v**H where tau is a complex scalar, and v is a complex vector with v(1:i-1) = 0 and v(i) = 1; v(i+1:m) is stored on exit in A(i+1:m,i), and tau in TAU(i). See Lapack Working Note 203 for details subroutine cgeqrf (integer M, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex, dimension( * ) TAU, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, integer LWORK, integer INFO) CGEQRF Purpose: CGEQRF computes a QR factorization of a complex M-by-N matrix A: A = Q * ( R ), ( 0 ) where: Q is a M-by-M orthogonal matrix; R is an upper-triangular N-by-N matrix; 0 is a (M-N)-by-N zero matrix, if M > N. Parameters M M is INTEGER The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0. N N is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the M-by-N matrix A. On exit, the elements on and above the diagonal of the array contain the min(M,N)-by-N upper trapezoidal matrix R (R is upper triangular if m >= n); the elements below the diagonal, with the array TAU, represent the unitary matrix Q as a product of min(m,n) elementary reflectors (see Further Details). LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). TAU TAU is COMPLEX array, dimension (min(M,N)) The scalar factors of the elementary reflectors (see Further Details). WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK)) On exit, if INFO = 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK. LWORK LWORK is INTEGER The dimension of the array WORK. LWORK >= max(1,N). For optimum performance LWORK >= N*NB, where NB is the optimal blocksize. If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA. INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Further Details: The matrix Q is represented as a product of elementary reflectors Q = H(1) H(2) . . . H(k), where k = min(m,n). Each H(i) has the form H(i) = I - tau * v * v**H where tau is a complex scalar, and v is a complex vector with v(1:i-1) = 0 and v(i) = 1; v(i+1:m) is stored on exit in A(i+1:m,i), and tau in TAU(i). subroutine cgeqrfp (integer M, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex, dimension( * ) TAU, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, integer LWORK, integer INFO) CGEQRFP Purpose: CGEQR2P computes a QR factorization of a complex M-by-N matrix A: A = Q * ( R ), ( 0 ) where: Q is a M-by-M orthogonal matrix; R is an upper-triangular N-by-N matrix with nonnegative diagonal entries; 0 is a (M-N)-by-N zero matrix, if M > N. Parameters M M is INTEGER The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0. N N is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the M-by-N matrix A. On exit, the elements on and above the diagonal of the array contain the min(M,N)-by-N upper trapezoidal matrix R (R is upper triangular if m >= n). The diagonal entries of R are real and nonnegative; the elements below the diagonal, with the array TAU, represent the unitary matrix Q as a product of min(m,n) elementary reflectors (see Further Details). LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). TAU TAU is COMPLEX array, dimension (min(M,N)) The scalar factors of the elementary reflectors (see Further Details). WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK)) On exit, if INFO = 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK. LWORK LWORK is INTEGER The dimension of the array WORK. LWORK >= max(1,N). For optimum performance LWORK >= N*NB, where NB is the optimal blocksize. If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA. INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Further Details: The matrix Q is represented as a product of elementary reflectors Q = H(1) H(2) . . . H(k), where k = min(m,n). Each H(i) has the form H(i) = I - tau * v * v**H where tau is a complex scalar, and v is a complex vector with v(1:i-1) = 0 and v(i) = 1; v(i+1:m) is stored on exit in A(i+1:m,i), and tau in TAU(i). See Lapack Working Note 203 for details subroutine cgeqrt (integer M, integer N, integer NB, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex, dimension( ldt, * ) T, integer LDT, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, integer INFO) CGEQRT Purpose: CGEQRT computes a blocked QR factorization of a complex M-by-N matrix A using the compact WY representation of Q. Parameters M M is INTEGER The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0. N N is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0. NB NB is INTEGER The block size to be used in the blocked QR. MIN(M,N) >= NB >= 1. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the M-by-N matrix A. On exit, the elements on and above the diagonal of the array contain the min(M,N)-by-N upper trapezoidal matrix R (R is upper triangular if M >= N); the elements below the diagonal are the columns of V. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). T T is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDT,MIN(M,N)) The upper triangular block reflectors stored in compact form as a sequence of upper triangular blocks. See below for further details. LDT LDT is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array T. LDT >= NB. WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (NB*N) INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Further Details: The matrix V stores the elementary reflectors H(i) in the i-th column below the diagonal. For example, if M=5 and N=3, the matrix V is V = ( 1 ) ( v1 1 ) ( v1 v2 1 ) ( v1 v2 v3 ) ( v1 v2 v3 ) where the vi's represent the vectors which define H(i), which are returned in the matrix A. The 1's along the diagonal of V are not stored in A. Let K=MIN(M,N). The number of blocks is B = ceiling(K/NB), where each block is of order NB except for the last block, which is of order IB = K - (B-1)*NB. For each of the B blocks, a upper triangular block reflector factor is computed: T1, T2, ..., TB. The NB-by-NB (and IB-by-IB for the last block) T's are stored in the NB-by-K matrix T as T = (T1 T2 ... TB). subroutine cgeqrt2 (integer M, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex, dimension( ldt, * ) T, integer LDT, integer INFO) CGEQRT2 computes a QR factorization of a general real or complex matrix using the compact WY representation of Q. Purpose: CGEQRT2 computes a QR factorization of a complex M-by-N matrix A, using the compact WY representation of Q. Parameters M M is INTEGER The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= N. N N is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the complex M-by-N matrix A. On exit, the elements on and above the diagonal contain the N-by-N upper triangular matrix R; the elements below the diagonal are the columns of V. See below for further details. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). T T is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDT,N) The N-by-N upper triangular factor of the block reflector. The elements on and above the diagonal contain the block reflector T; the elements below the diagonal are not used. See below for further details. LDT LDT is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array T. LDT >= max(1,N). INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Further Details: The matrix V stores the elementary reflectors H(i) in the i-th column below the diagonal. For example, if M=5 and N=3, the matrix V is V = ( 1 ) ( v1 1 ) ( v1 v2 1 ) ( v1 v2 v3 ) ( v1 v2 v3 ) where the vi's represent the vectors which define H(i), which are returned in the matrix A. The 1's along the diagonal of V are not stored in A. The block reflector H is then given by H = I - V * T * V**H where V**H is the conjugate transpose of V. recursive subroutine cgeqrt3 (integer M, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex, dimension( ldt, * ) T, integer LDT, integer INFO) CGEQRT3 recursively computes a QR factorization of a general real or complex matrix using the compact WY representation of Q. Purpose: CGEQRT3 recursively computes a QR factorization of a complex M-by-N matrix A, using the compact WY representation of Q. Based on the algorithm of Elmroth and Gustavson, IBM J. Res. Develop. Vol 44 No. 4 July 2000. Parameters M M is INTEGER The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= N. N N is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the complex M-by-N matrix A. On exit, the elements on and above the diagonal contain the N-by-N upper triangular matrix R; the elements below the diagonal are the columns of V. See below for further details. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). T T is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDT,N) The N-by-N upper triangular factor of the block reflector. The elements on and above the diagonal contain the block reflector T; the elements below the diagonal are not used. See below for further details. LDT LDT is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array T. LDT >= max(1,N). INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Further Details: The matrix V stores the elementary reflectors H(i) in the i-th column below the diagonal. For example, if M=5 and N=3, the matrix V is V = ( 1 ) ( v1 1 ) ( v1 v2 1 ) ( v1 v2 v3 ) ( v1 v2 v3 ) where the vi's represent the vectors which define H(i), which are returned in the matrix A. The 1's along the diagonal of V are not stored in A. The block reflector H is then given by H = I - V * T * V**H where V**H is the conjugate transpose of V. For details of the algorithm, see Elmroth and Gustavson (cited above). subroutine cgerfs (character TRANS, integer N, integer NRHS, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex, dimension( ldaf, * ) AF, integer LDAF, integer, dimension( * ) IPIV, complex, dimension( ldb, * ) B, integer LDB, complex, dimension( ldx, * ) X, integer LDX, real, dimension( * ) FERR, real, dimension( * ) BERR, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, real, dimension( * ) RWORK, integer INFO) CGERFS Purpose: CGERFS improves the computed solution to a system of linear equations and provides error bounds and backward error estimates for the solution. Parameters TRANS TRANS is CHARACTER*1 Specifies the form of the system of equations: = 'N': A * X = B (No transpose) = 'T': A**T * X = B (Transpose) = 'C': A**H * X = B (Conjugate transpose) N N is INTEGER The order of the matrix A. N >= 0. NRHS NRHS is INTEGER The number of right hand sides, i.e., the number of columns of the matrices B and X. NRHS >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) The original N-by-N matrix A. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,N). AF AF is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDAF,N) The factors L and U from the factorization A = P*L*U as computed by CGETRF. LDAF LDAF is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array AF. LDAF >= max(1,N). IPIV IPIV is INTEGER array, dimension (N) The pivot indices from CGETRF; for 1<=i<=N, row i of the matrix was interchanged with row IPIV(i). B B is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDB,NRHS) The right hand side matrix B. LDB LDB is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array B. LDB >= max(1,N). X X is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDX,NRHS) On entry, the solution matrix X, as computed by CGETRS. On exit, the improved solution matrix X. LDX LDX is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array X. LDX >= max(1,N). FERR FERR is REAL array, dimension (NRHS) The estimated forward error bound for each solution vector X(j) (the j-th column of the solution matrix X). If XTRUE is the true solution corresponding to X(j), FERR(j) is an estimated upper bound for the magnitude of the largest element in (X(j) - XTRUE) divided by the magnitude of the largest element in X(j). The estimate is as reliable as the estimate for RCOND, and is almost always a slight overestimate of the true error. BERR BERR is REAL array, dimension (NRHS) The componentwise relative backward error of each solution vector X(j) (i.e., the smallest relative change in any element of A or B that makes X(j) an exact solution). WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (2*N) RWORK RWORK is REAL array, dimension (N) INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value Internal Parameters: ITMAX is the maximum number of steps of iterative refinement. Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. subroutine cgerfsx (character TRANS, character EQUED, integer N, integer NRHS, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex, dimension( ldaf, * ) AF, integer LDAF, integer, dimension( * ) IPIV, real, dimension( * ) R, real, dimension( * ) C, complex, dimension( ldb, * ) B, integer LDB, complex, dimension( ldx , * ) X, integer LDX, real RCOND, real, dimension( * ) BERR, integer N_ERR_BNDS, real, dimension( nrhs, * ) ERR_BNDS_NORM, real, dimension( nrhs, * ) ERR_BNDS_COMP, integer NPARAMS, real, dimension( * ) PARAMS, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, real, dimension( * ) RWORK, integer INFO) CGERFSX Purpose: CGERFSX improves the computed solution to a system of linear equations and provides error bounds and backward error estimates for the solution. In addition to normwise error bound, the code provides maximum componentwise error bound if possible. See comments for ERR_BNDS_NORM and ERR_BNDS_COMP for details of the error bounds. The original system of linear equations may have been equilibrated before calling this routine, as described by arguments EQUED, R and C below. In this case, the solution and error bounds returned are for the original unequilibrated system. Some optional parameters are bundled in the PARAMS array. These settings determine how refinement is performed, but often the defaults are acceptable. If the defaults are acceptable, users can pass NPARAMS = 0 which prevents the source code from accessing the PARAMS argument. Parameters TRANS TRANS is CHARACTER*1 Specifies the form of the system of equations: = 'N': A * X = B (No transpose) = 'T': A**T * X = B (Transpose) = 'C': A**H * X = B (Conjugate transpose) EQUED EQUED is CHARACTER*1 Specifies the form of equilibration that was done to A before calling this routine. This is needed to compute the solution and error bounds correctly. = 'N': No equilibration = 'R': Row equilibration, i.e., A has been premultiplied by diag(R). = 'C': Column equilibration, i.e., A has been postmultiplied by diag(C). = 'B': Both row and column equilibration, i.e., A has been replaced by diag(R) * A * diag(C). The right hand side B has been changed accordingly. N N is INTEGER The order of the matrix A. N >= 0. NRHS NRHS is INTEGER The number of right hand sides, i.e., the number of columns of the matrices B and X. NRHS >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) The original N-by-N matrix A. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,N). AF AF is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDAF,N) The factors L and U from the factorization A = P*L*U as computed by CGETRF. LDAF LDAF is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array AF. LDAF >= max(1,N). IPIV IPIV is INTEGER array, dimension (N) The pivot indices from CGETRF; for 1<=i<=N, row i of the matrix was interchanged with row IPIV(i). R R is REAL array, dimension (N) The row scale factors for A. If EQUED = 'R' or 'B', A is multiplied on the left by diag(R); if EQUED = 'N' or 'C', R is not accessed. If R is accessed, each element of R should be a power of the radix to ensure a reliable solution and error estimates. Scaling by powers of the radix does not cause rounding errors unless the result underflows or overflows. Rounding errors during scaling lead to refining with a matrix that is not equivalent to the input matrix, producing error estimates that may not be reliable. C C is REAL array, dimension (N) The column scale factors for A. If EQUED = 'C' or 'B', A is multiplied on the right by diag(C); if EQUED = 'N' or 'R', C is not accessed. If C is accessed, each element of C should be a power of the radix to ensure a reliable solution and error estimates. Scaling by powers of the radix does not cause rounding errors unless the result underflows or overflows. Rounding errors during scaling lead to refining with a matrix that is not equivalent to the input matrix, producing error estimates that may not be reliable. B B is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDB,NRHS) The right hand side matrix B. LDB LDB is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array B. LDB >= max(1,N). X X is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDX,NRHS) On entry, the solution matrix X, as computed by CGETRS. On exit, the improved solution matrix X. LDX LDX is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array X. LDX >= max(1,N). RCOND RCOND is REAL Reciprocal scaled condition number. This is an estimate of the reciprocal Skeel condition number of the matrix A after equilibration (if done). If this is less than the machine precision (in particular, if it is zero), the matrix is singular to working precision. Note that the error may still be small even if this number is very small and the matrix appears ill- conditioned. BERR BERR is REAL array, dimension (NRHS) Componentwise relative backward error. This is the componentwise relative backward error of each solution vector X(j) (i.e., the smallest relative change in any element of A or B that makes X(j) an exact solution). N_ERR_BNDS N_ERR_BNDS is INTEGER Number of error bounds to return for each right hand side and each type (normwise or componentwise). See ERR_BNDS_NORM and ERR_BNDS_COMP below. ERR_BNDS_NORM ERR_BNDS_NORM is REAL array, dimension (NRHS, N_ERR_BNDS) For each right-hand side, this array contains information about various error bounds and condition numbers corresponding to the normwise relative error, which is defined as follows: Normwise relative error in the ith solution vector: max_j (abs(XTRUE(j,i) - X(j,i))) ------------------------------ max_j abs(X(j,i)) The array is indexed by the type of error information as described below. There currently are up to three pieces of information returned. The first index in ERR_BNDS_NORM(i,:) corresponds to the ith right-hand side. The second index in ERR_BNDS_NORM(:,err) contains the following three fields: err = 1 "Trust/don't trust" boolean. Trust the answer if the reciprocal condition number is less than the threshold sqrt(n) * slamch('Epsilon'). err = 2 "Guaranteed" error bound: The estimated forward error, almost certainly within a factor of 10 of the true error so long as the next entry is greater than the threshold sqrt(n) * slamch('Epsilon'). This error bound should only be trusted if the previous boolean is true. err = 3 Reciprocal condition number: Estimated normwise reciprocal condition number. Compared with the threshold sqrt(n) * slamch('Epsilon') to determine if the error estimate is "guaranteed". These reciprocal condition numbers are 1 / (norm(Z^{-1},inf) * norm(Z,inf)) for some appropriately scaled matrix Z. Let Z = S*A, where S scales each row by a power of the radix so all absolute row sums of Z are approximately 1. See Lapack Working Note 165 for further details and extra cautions. ERR_BNDS_COMP ERR_BNDS_COMP is REAL array, dimension (NRHS, N_ERR_BNDS) For each right-hand side, this array contains information about various error bounds and condition numbers corresponding to the componentwise relative error, which is defined as follows: Componentwise relative error in the ith solution vector: abs(XTRUE(j,i) - X(j,i)) max_j ---------------------- abs(X(j,i)) The array is indexed by the right-hand side i (on which the componentwise relative error depends), and the type of error information as described below. There currently are up to three pieces of information returned for each right-hand side. If componentwise accuracy is not requested (PARAMS(3) = 0.0), then ERR_BNDS_COMP is not accessed. If N_ERR_BNDS < 3, then at most the first (:,N_ERR_BNDS) entries are returned. The first index in ERR_BNDS_COMP(i,:) corresponds to the ith right-hand side. The second index in ERR_BNDS_COMP(:,err) contains the following three fields: err = 1 "Trust/don't trust" boolean. Trust the answer if the reciprocal condition number is less than the threshold sqrt(n) * slamch('Epsilon'). err = 2 "Guaranteed" error bound: The estimated forward error, almost certainly within a factor of 10 of the true error so long as the next entry is greater than the threshold sqrt(n) * slamch('Epsilon'). This error bound should only be trusted if the previous boolean is true. err = 3 Reciprocal condition number: Estimated componentwise reciprocal condition number. Compared with the threshold sqrt(n) * slamch('Epsilon') to determine if the error estimate is "guaranteed". These reciprocal condition numbers are 1 / (norm(Z^{-1},inf) * norm(Z,inf)) for some appropriately scaled matrix Z. Let Z = S*(A*diag(x)), where x is the solution for the current right-hand side and S scales each row of A*diag(x) by a power of the radix so all absolute row sums of Z are approximately 1. See Lapack Working Note 165 for further details and extra cautions. NPARAMS NPARAMS is INTEGER Specifies the number of parameters set in PARAMS. If <= 0, the PARAMS array is never referenced and default values are used. PARAMS PARAMS is REAL array, dimension NPARAMS Specifies algorithm parameters. If an entry is < 0.0, then that entry will be filled with default value used for that parameter. Only positions up to NPARAMS are accessed; defaults are used for higher-numbered parameters. PARAMS(LA_LINRX_ITREF_I = 1) : Whether to perform iterative refinement or not. Default: 1.0 = 0.0: No refinement is performed, and no error bounds are computed. = 1.0: Use the double-precision refinement algorithm, possibly with doubled-single computations if the compilation environment does not support DOUBLE PRECISION. (other values are reserved for future use) PARAMS(LA_LINRX_ITHRESH_I = 2) : Maximum number of residual computations allowed for refinement. Default: 10 Aggressive: Set to 100 to permit convergence using approximate factorizations or factorizations other than LU. If the factorization uses a technique other than Gaussian elimination, the guarantees in err_bnds_norm and err_bnds_comp may no longer be trustworthy. PARAMS(LA_LINRX_CWISE_I = 3) : Flag determining if the code will attempt to find a solution with small componentwise relative error in the double-precision algorithm. Positive is true, 0.0 is false. Default: 1.0 (attempt componentwise convergence) WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (2*N) RWORK RWORK is REAL array, dimension (2*N) INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: Successful exit. The solution to every right-hand side is guaranteed. < 0: If INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value > 0 and <= N: U(INFO,INFO) is exactly zero. The factorization has been completed, but the factor U is exactly singular, so the solution and error bounds could not be computed. RCOND = 0 is returned. = N+J: The solution corresponding to the Jth right-hand side is not guaranteed. The solutions corresponding to other right- hand sides K with K > J may not be guaranteed as well, but only the first such right-hand side is reported. If a small componentwise error is not requested (PARAMS(3) = 0.0) then the Jth right-hand side is the first with a normwise error bound that is not guaranteed (the smallest J such that ERR_BNDS_NORM(J,1) = 0.0). By default (PARAMS(3) = 1.0) the Jth right-hand side is the first with either a normwise or componentwise error bound that is not guaranteed (the smallest J such that either ERR_BNDS_NORM(J,1) = 0.0 or ERR_BNDS_COMP(J,1) = 0.0). See the definition of ERR_BNDS_NORM(:,1) and ERR_BNDS_COMP(:,1). To get information about all of the right-hand sides check ERR_BNDS_NORM or ERR_BNDS_COMP. Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. subroutine cgerq2 (integer M, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex, dimension( * ) TAU, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, integer INFO) CGERQ2 computes the RQ factorization of a general rectangular matrix using an unblocked algorithm. Purpose: CGERQ2 computes an RQ factorization of a complex m by n matrix A: A = R * Q. Parameters M M is INTEGER The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0. N N is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the m by n matrix A. On exit, if m <= n, the upper triangle of the subarray A(1:m,n-m+1:n) contains the m by m upper triangular matrix R; if m >= n, the elements on and above the (m-n)-th subdiagonal contain the m by n upper trapezoidal matrix R; the remaining elements, with the array TAU, represent the unitary matrix Q as a product of elementary reflectors (see Further Details). LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). TAU TAU is COMPLEX array, dimension (min(M,N)) The scalar factors of the elementary reflectors (see Further Details). WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (M) INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Further Details: The matrix Q is represented as a product of elementary reflectors Q = H(1)**H H(2)**H . . . H(k)**H, where k = min(m,n). Each H(i) has the form H(i) = I - tau * v * v**H where tau is a complex scalar, and v is a complex vector with v(n-k+i+1:n) = 0 and v(n-k+i) = 1; conjg(v(1:n-k+i-1)) is stored on exit in A(m-k+i,1:n-k+i-1), and tau in TAU(i). subroutine cgerqf (integer M, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex, dimension( * ) TAU, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, integer LWORK, integer INFO) CGERQF Purpose: CGERQF computes an RQ factorization of a complex M-by-N matrix A: A = R * Q. Parameters M M is INTEGER The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0. N N is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the M-by-N matrix A. On exit, if m <= n, the upper triangle of the subarray A(1:m,n-m+1:n) contains the M-by-M upper triangular matrix R; if m >= n, the elements on and above the (m-n)-th subdiagonal contain the M-by-N upper trapezoidal matrix R; the remaining elements, with the array TAU, represent the unitary matrix Q as a product of min(m,n) elementary reflectors (see Further Details). LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). TAU TAU is COMPLEX array, dimension (min(M,N)) The scalar factors of the elementary reflectors (see Further Details). WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK)) On exit, if INFO = 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK. LWORK LWORK is INTEGER The dimension of the array WORK. LWORK >= max(1,M). For optimum performance LWORK >= M*NB, where NB is the optimal blocksize. If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA. INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Further Details: The matrix Q is represented as a product of elementary reflectors Q = H(1)**H H(2)**H . . . H(k)**H, where k = min(m,n). Each H(i) has the form H(i) = I - tau * v * v**H where tau is a complex scalar, and v is a complex vector with v(n-k+i+1:n) = 0 and v(n-k+i) = 1; conjg(v(1:n-k+i-1)) is stored on exit in A(m-k+i,1:n-k+i-1), and tau in TAU(i). subroutine cgesvj (character*1 JOBA, character*1 JOBU, character*1 JOBV, integer M, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, real, dimension( n ) SVA, integer MV, complex, dimension( ldv, * ) V, integer LDV, complex, dimension( lwork ) CWORK, integer LWORK, real, dimension( lrwork ) RWORK, integer LRWORK, integer INFO) CGESVJ Purpose: CGESVJ computes the singular value decomposition (SVD) of a complex M-by-N matrix A, where M >= N. The SVD of A is written as [++] [xx] [x0] [xx] A = U * SIGMA * V^*, [++] = [xx] * [ox] * [xx] [++] [xx] where SIGMA is an N-by-N diagonal matrix, U is an M-by-N orthonormal matrix, and V is an N-by-N unitary matrix. The diagonal elements of SIGMA are the singular values of A. The columns of U and V are the left and the right singular vectors of A, respectively. Parameters JOBA JOBA is CHARACTER*1 Specifies the structure of A. = 'L': The input matrix A is lower triangular; = 'U': The input matrix A is upper triangular; = 'G': The input matrix A is general M-by-N matrix, M >= N. JOBU JOBU is CHARACTER*1 Specifies whether to compute the left singular vectors (columns of U): = 'U' or 'F': The left singular vectors corresponding to the nonzero singular values are computed and returned in the leading columns of A. See more details in the description of A. The default numerical orthogonality threshold is set to approximately TOL=CTOL*EPS, CTOL=SQRT(M), EPS=SLAMCH('E'). = 'C': Analogous to JOBU='U', except that user can control the level of numerical orthogonality of the computed left singular vectors. TOL can be set to TOL = CTOL*EPS, where CTOL is given on input in the array WORK. No CTOL smaller than ONE is allowed. CTOL greater than 1 / EPS is meaningless. The option 'C' can be used if M*EPS is satisfactory orthogonality of the computed left singular vectors, so CTOL=M could save few sweeps of Jacobi rotations. See the descriptions of A and WORK(1). = 'N': The matrix U is not computed. However, see the description of A. JOBV JOBV is CHARACTER*1 Specifies whether to compute the right singular vectors, that is, the matrix V: = 'V' or 'J': the matrix V is computed and returned in the array V = 'A': the Jacobi rotations are applied to the MV-by-N array V. In other words, the right singular vector matrix V is not computed explicitly; instead it is applied to an MV-by-N matrix initially stored in the first MV rows of V. = 'N': the matrix V is not computed and the array V is not referenced M M is INTEGER The number of rows of the input matrix A. 1/SLAMCH('E') > M >= 0. N N is INTEGER The number of columns of the input matrix A. M >= N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the M-by-N matrix A. On exit, If JOBU = 'U' .OR. JOBU = 'C': If INFO = 0 : RANKA orthonormal columns of U are returned in the leading RANKA columns of the array A. Here RANKA <= N is the number of computed singular values of A that are above the underflow threshold SLAMCH('S'). The singular vectors corresponding to underflowed or zero singular values are not computed. The value of RANKA is returned in the array RWORK as RANKA=NINT(RWORK(2)). Also see the descriptions of SVA and RWORK. The computed columns of U are mutually numerically orthogonal up to approximately TOL=SQRT(M)*EPS (default); or TOL=CTOL*EPS (JOBU = 'C'), see the description of JOBU. If INFO > 0, the procedure CGESVJ did not converge in the given number of iterations (sweeps). In that case, the computed columns of U may not be orthogonal up to TOL. The output U (stored in A), SIGMA (given by the computed singular values in SVA(1:N)) and V is still a decomposition of the input matrix A in the sense that the residual || A - SCALE * U * SIGMA * V^* ||_2 / ||A||_2 is small. If JOBU = 'N': If INFO = 0 : Note that the left singular vectors are 'for free' in the one-sided Jacobi SVD algorithm. However, if only the singular values are needed, the level of numerical orthogonality of U is not an issue and iterations are stopped when the columns of the iterated matrix are numerically orthogonal up to approximately M*EPS. Thus, on exit, A contains the columns of U scaled with the corresponding singular values. If INFO > 0 : the procedure CGESVJ did not converge in the given number of iterations (sweeps). LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). SVA SVA is REAL array, dimension (N) On exit, If INFO = 0 : depending on the value SCALE = RWORK(1), we have: If SCALE = ONE: SVA(1:N) contains the computed singular values of A. During the computation SVA contains the Euclidean column norms of the iterated matrices in the array A. If SCALE .NE. ONE: The singular values of A are SCALE*SVA(1:N), and this factored representation is due to the fact that some of the singular values of A might underflow or overflow. If INFO > 0 : the procedure CGESVJ did not converge in the given number of iterations (sweeps) and SCALE*SVA(1:N) may not be accurate. MV MV is INTEGER If JOBV = 'A', then the product of Jacobi rotations in CGESVJ is applied to the first MV rows of V. See the description of JOBV. V V is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDV,N) If JOBV = 'V', then V contains on exit the N-by-N matrix of the right singular vectors; If JOBV = 'A', then V contains the product of the computed right singular vector matrix and the initial matrix in the array V. If JOBV = 'N', then V is not referenced. LDV LDV is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array V, LDV >= 1. If JOBV = 'V', then LDV >= max(1,N). If JOBV = 'A', then LDV >= max(1,MV) . CWORK CWORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (max(1,LWORK)) Used as workspace. If on entry LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed and no computation is done; CWORK(1) is set to the minial (and optimal) length of CWORK. LWORK LWORK is INTEGER. Length of CWORK, LWORK >= M+N. RWORK RWORK is REAL array, dimension (max(6,LRWORK)) On entry, If JOBU = 'C' : RWORK(1) = CTOL, where CTOL defines the threshold for convergence. The process stops if all columns of A are mutually orthogonal up to CTOL*EPS, EPS=SLAMCH('E'). It is required that CTOL >= ONE, i.e. it is not allowed to force the routine to obtain orthogonality below EPSILON. On exit, RWORK(1) = SCALE is the scaling factor such that SCALE*SVA(1:N) are the computed singular values of A. (See description of SVA().) RWORK(2) = NINT(RWORK(2)) is the number of the computed nonzero singular values. RWORK(3) = NINT(RWORK(3)) is the number of the computed singular values that are larger than the underflow threshold. RWORK(4) = NINT(RWORK(4)) is the number of sweeps of Jacobi rotations needed for numerical convergence. RWORK(5) = max_{i.NE.j} |COS(A(:,i),A(:,j))| in the last sweep. This is useful information in cases when CGESVJ did not converge, as it can be used to estimate whether the output is still useful and for post festum analysis. RWORK(6) = the largest absolute value over all sines of the Jacobi rotation angles in the last sweep. It can be useful for a post festum analysis. If on entry LRWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed and no computation is done; RWORK(1) is set to the minial (and optimal) length of RWORK. LRWORK LRWORK is INTEGER Length of RWORK, LRWORK >= MAX(6,N). INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit. < 0: if INFO = -i, then the i-th argument had an illegal value > 0: CGESVJ did not converge in the maximal allowed number (NSWEEP=30) of sweeps. The output may still be useful. See the description of RWORK. Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Further Details: The orthogonal N-by-N matrix V is obtained as a product of Jacobi plane rotations. In the case of underflow of the tangent of the Jacobi angle, a modified Jacobi transformation of Drmac [3] is used. Pivot strategy uses column interchanges of de Rijk [1]. The relative accuracy of the computed singular values and the accuracy of the computed singular vectors (in angle metric) is as guaranteed by the theory of Demmel and Veselic [2]. The condition number that determines the accuracy in the full rank case is essentially min_{D=diag} kappa(A*D), where kappa(.) is the spectral condition number. The best performance of this Jacobi SVD procedure is achieved if used in an accelerated version of Drmac and Veselic [4,5], and it is the kernel routine in the SIGMA library [6]. Some tuning parameters (marked with [TP]) are available for the implementer. The computational range for the nonzero singular values is the machine number interval ( UNDERFLOW , OVERFLOW ). In extreme cases, even denormalized singular values can be computed with the corresponding gradual loss of accurate digits. Contributor: ============ Zlatko Drmac (Zagreb, Croatia) References: [1] P. P. M. De Rijk: A one-sided Jacobi algorithm for computing the singular value decomposition on a vector computer. SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Comp., Vol. 10 (1998), pp. 359-371. [2] J. Demmel and K. Veselic: Jacobi method is more accurate than QR. [3] Z. Drmac: Implementation of Jacobi rotations for accurate singular value computation in floating point arithmetic. SIAM J. Sci. Comp., Vol. 18 (1997), pp. 1200-1222. [4] Z. Drmac and K. Veselic: New fast and accurate Jacobi SVD algorithm I. SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. Vol. 35, No. 2 (2008), pp. 1322-1342. LAPACK Working note 169. [5] Z. Drmac and K. Veselic: New fast and accurate Jacobi SVD algorithm II. SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. Vol. 35, No. 2 (2008), pp. 1343-1362. LAPACK Working note 170. [6] Z. Drmac: SIGMA - mathematical software library for accurate SVD, PSV, QSVD, (H,K)-SVD computations. Department of Mathematics, University of Zagreb, 2008, 2015. Bugs, examples and comments: =========================== Please report all bugs and send interesting test examples and comments to drmac@math.hr. Thank you. subroutine cgetf2 (integer M, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, integer, dimension( * ) IPIV, integer INFO) CGETF2 computes the LU factorization of a general m-by-n matrix using partial pivoting with row interchanges (unblocked algorithm). Purpose: CGETF2 computes an LU factorization of a general m-by-n matrix A using partial pivoting with row interchanges. The factorization has the form A = P * L * U where P is a permutation matrix, L is lower triangular with unit diagonal elements (lower trapezoidal if m > n), and U is upper triangular (upper trapezoidal if m < n). This is the right-looking Level 2 BLAS version of the algorithm. Parameters M M is INTEGER The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0. N N is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the m by n matrix to be factored. On exit, the factors L and U from the factorization A = P*L*U; the unit diagonal elements of L are not stored. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). IPIV IPIV is INTEGER array, dimension (min(M,N)) The pivot indices; for 1 <= i <= min(M,N), row i of the matrix was interchanged with row IPIV(i). INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -k, the k-th argument had an illegal value > 0: if INFO = k, U(k,k) is exactly zero. The factorization has been completed, but the factor U is exactly singular, and division by zero will occur if it is used to solve a system of equations. Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. subroutine cgetrf (integer M, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, integer, dimension( * ) IPIV, integer INFO) CGETRF CGETRF VARIANT: iterative version of Sivan Toledo's recursive LU algorithm CGETRF VARIANT: left-looking Level 3 BLAS version of the algorithm. Purpose: CGETRF computes an LU factorization of a general M-by-N matrix A using partial pivoting with row interchanges. The factorization has the form A = P * L * U where P is a permutation matrix, L is lower triangular with unit diagonal elements (lower trapezoidal if m > n), and U is upper triangular (upper trapezoidal if m < n). This is the right-looking Level 3 BLAS version of the algorithm. Parameters M M is INTEGER The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0. N N is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the M-by-N matrix to be factored. On exit, the factors L and U from the factorization A = P*L*U; the unit diagonal elements of L are not stored. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). IPIV IPIV is INTEGER array, dimension (min(M,N)) The pivot indices; for 1 <= i <= min(M,N), row i of the matrix was interchanged with row IPIV(i). INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value > 0: if INFO = i, U(i,i) is exactly zero. The factorization has been completed, but the factor U is exactly singular, and division by zero will occur if it is used to solve a system of equations. Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Purpose: CGETRF computes an LU factorization of a general M-by-N matrix A using partial pivoting with row interchanges. The factorization has the form A = P * L * U where P is a permutation matrix, L is lower triangular with unit diagonal elements (lower trapezoidal if m > n), and U is upper triangular (upper trapezoidal if m < n). This is the left-looking Level 3 BLAS version of the algorithm. Parameters M M is INTEGER The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0. N N is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the M-by-N matrix to be factored. On exit, the factors L and U from the factorization A = P*L*U; the unit diagonal elements of L are not stored. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). IPIV IPIV is INTEGER array, dimension (min(M,N)) The pivot indices; for 1 <= i <= min(M,N), row i of the matrix was interchanged with row IPIV(i). INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value > 0: if INFO = i, U(i,i) is exactly zero. The factorization has been completed, but the factor U is exactly singular, and division by zero will occur if it is used to solve a system of equations. Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Date December 2016 Purpose: CGETRF computes an LU factorization of a general M-by-N matrix A using partial pivoting with row interchanges. The factorization has the form A = P * L * U where P is a permutation matrix, L is lower triangular with unit diagonal elements (lower trapezoidal if m > n), and U is upper triangular (upper trapezoidal if m < n). This code implements an iterative version of Sivan Toledo's recursive LU algorithm[1]. For square matrices, this iterative versions should be within a factor of two of the optimum number of memory transfers. The pattern is as follows, with the large blocks of U being updated in one call to DTRSM, and the dotted lines denoting sections that have had all pending permutations applied: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 +-+-+---+-------+------ | |1| | | |.+-+ 2 | | | | | | | |.|.+-+-+ 4 | | | | |1| | | | |.+-+ | | | | | | | |.|.|.|.+-+-+---+ 8 | | | | | |1| | | | | | |.+-+ 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |.|.+-+-+ | | | | | | | |1| | | | | | | |.+-+ | | | | | | | | | |.|.|.|.|.|.|.|.+----- | | | | | | | | | The 1-2-1-4-1-2-1-8-... pattern is the position of the last 1 bit in the binary expansion of the current column. Each Schur update is applied as soon as the necessary portion of U is available. [1] Toledo, S. 1997. Locality of Reference in LU Decomposition with Partial Pivoting. SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 18, 4 (Oct. 1997), 1065-1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/S0895479896297744 Parameters M M is INTEGER The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0. N N is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the M-by-N matrix to be factored. On exit, the factors L and U from the factorization A = P*L*U; the unit diagonal elements of L are not stored. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). IPIV IPIV is INTEGER array, dimension (min(M,N)) The pivot indices; for 1 <= i <= min(M,N), row i of the matrix was interchanged with row IPIV(i). INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value > 0: if INFO = i, U(i,i) is exactly zero. The factorization has been completed, but the factor U is exactly singular, and division by zero will occur if it is used to solve a system of equations. Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Date December 2016 recursive subroutine cgetrf2 (integer M, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, integer, dimension( * ) IPIV, integer INFO) CGETRF2 Purpose: CGETRF2 computes an LU factorization of a general M-by-N matrix A using partial pivoting with row interchanges. The factorization has the form A = P * L * U where P is a permutation matrix, L is lower triangular with unit diagonal elements (lower trapezoidal if m > n), and U is upper triangular (upper trapezoidal if m < n). This is the recursive version of the algorithm. It divides the matrix into four submatrices: [ A11 | A12 ] where A11 is n1 by n1 and A22 is n2 by n2 A = [ -----|----- ] with n1 = min(m,n)/2 [ A21 | A22 ] n2 = n-n1 [ A11 ] The subroutine calls itself to factor [ --- ], [ A12 ] [ A12 ] do the swaps on [ --- ], solve A12, update A22, [ A22 ] then calls itself to factor A22 and do the swaps on A21. Parameters M M is INTEGER The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0. N N is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the M-by-N matrix to be factored. On exit, the factors L and U from the factorization A = P*L*U; the unit diagonal elements of L are not stored. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). IPIV IPIV is INTEGER array, dimension (min(M,N)) The pivot indices; for 1 <= i <= min(M,N), row i of the matrix was interchanged with row IPIV(i). INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value > 0: if INFO = i, U(i,i) is exactly zero. The factorization has been completed, but the factor U is exactly singular, and division by zero will occur if it is used to solve a system of equations. Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. subroutine cgetri (integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, integer, dimension( * ) IPIV, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, integer LWORK, integer INFO) CGETRI Purpose: CGETRI computes the inverse of a matrix using the LU factorization computed by CGETRF. This method inverts U and then computes inv(A) by solving the system inv(A)*L = inv(U) for inv(A). Parameters N N is INTEGER The order of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the factors L and U from the factorization A = P*L*U as computed by CGETRF. On exit, if INFO = 0, the inverse of the original matrix A. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,N). IPIV IPIV is INTEGER array, dimension (N) The pivot indices from CGETRF; for 1<=i<=N, row i of the matrix was interchanged with row IPIV(i). WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK)) On exit, if INFO=0, then WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK. LWORK LWORK is INTEGER The dimension of the array WORK. LWORK >= max(1,N). For optimal performance LWORK >= N*NB, where NB is the optimal blocksize returned by ILAENV. If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA. INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value > 0: if INFO = i, U(i,i) is exactly zero; the matrix is singular and its inverse could not be computed. Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. subroutine cgetrs (character TRANS, integer N, integer NRHS, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, integer, dimension( * ) IPIV, complex, dimension( ldb, * ) B, integer LDB, integer INFO) CGETRS Purpose: CGETRS solves a system of linear equations A * X = B, A**T * X = B, or A**H * X = B with a general N-by-N matrix A using the LU factorization computed by CGETRF. Parameters TRANS TRANS is CHARACTER*1 Specifies the form of the system of equations: = 'N': A * X = B (No transpose) = 'T': A**T * X = B (Transpose) = 'C': A**H * X = B (Conjugate transpose) N N is INTEGER The order of the matrix A. N >= 0. NRHS NRHS is INTEGER The number of right hand sides, i.e., the number of columns of the matrix B. NRHS >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) The factors L and U from the factorization A = P*L*U as computed by CGETRF. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,N). IPIV IPIV is INTEGER array, dimension (N) The pivot indices from CGETRF; for 1<=i<=N, row i of the matrix was interchanged with row IPIV(i). B B is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDB,NRHS) On entry, the right hand side matrix B. On exit, the solution matrix X. LDB LDB is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array B. LDB >= max(1,N). INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. subroutine chgeqz (character JOB, character COMPQ, character COMPZ, integer N, integer ILO, integer IHI, complex, dimension( ldh, * ) H, integer LDH, complex, dimension( ldt, * ) T, integer LDT, complex, dimension( * ) ALPHA, complex, dimension( * ) BETA, complex, dimension( ldq, * ) Q, integer LDQ, complex, dimension( ldz, * ) Z, integer LDZ, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, integer LWORK, real, dimension( * ) RWORK, integer INFO) CHGEQZ Purpose: CHGEQZ computes the eigenvalues of a complex matrix pair (H,T), where H is an upper Hessenberg matrix and T is upper triangular, using the single-shift QZ method. Matrix pairs of this type are produced by the reduction to generalized upper Hessenberg form of a complex matrix pair (A,B): A = Q1*H*Z1**H, B = Q1*T*Z1**H, as computed by CGGHRD. If JOB='S', then the Hessenberg-triangular pair (H,T) is also reduced to generalized Schur form, H = Q*S*Z**H, T = Q*P*Z**H, where Q and Z are unitary matrices and S and P are upper triangular. Optionally, the unitary matrix Q from the generalized Schur factorization may be postmultiplied into an input matrix Q1, and the unitary matrix Z may be postmultiplied into an input matrix Z1. If Q1 and Z1 are the unitary matrices from CGGHRD that reduced the matrix pair (A,B) to generalized Hessenberg form, then the output matrices Q1*Q and Z1*Z are the unitary factors from the generalized Schur factorization of (A,B): A = (Q1*Q)*S*(Z1*Z)**H, B = (Q1*Q)*P*(Z1*Z)**H. To avoid overflow, eigenvalues of the matrix pair (H,T) (equivalently, of (A,B)) are computed as a pair of complex values (alpha,beta). If beta is nonzero, lambda = alpha / beta is an eigenvalue of the generalized nonsymmetric eigenvalue problem (GNEP) A*x = lambda*B*x and if alpha is nonzero, mu = beta / alpha is an eigenvalue of the alternate form of the GNEP mu*A*y = B*y. The values of alpha and beta for the i-th eigenvalue can be read directly from the generalized Schur form: alpha = S(i,i), beta = P(i,i). Ref: C.B. Moler & G.W. Stewart, "An Algorithm for Generalized Matrix Eigenvalue Problems", SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 10(1973), pp. 241--256. Parameters JOB JOB is CHARACTER*1 = 'E': Compute eigenvalues only; = 'S': Computer eigenvalues and the Schur form. COMPQ COMPQ is CHARACTER*1 = 'N': Left Schur vectors (Q) are not computed; = 'I': Q is initialized to the unit matrix and the matrix Q of left Schur vectors of (H,T) is returned; = 'V': Q must contain a unitary matrix Q1 on entry and the product Q1*Q is returned. COMPZ COMPZ is CHARACTER*1 = 'N': Right Schur vectors (Z) are not computed; = 'I': Q is initialized to the unit matrix and the matrix Z of right Schur vectors of (H,T) is returned; = 'V': Z must contain a unitary matrix Z1 on entry and the product Z1*Z is returned. N N is INTEGER The order of the matrices H, T, Q, and Z. N >= 0. ILO ILO is INTEGER IHI IHI is INTEGER ILO and IHI mark the rows and columns of H which are in Hessenberg form. It is assumed that A is already upper triangular in rows and columns 1:ILO-1 and IHI+1:N. If N > 0, 1 <= ILO <= IHI <= N; if N = 0, ILO=1 and IHI=0. H H is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDH, N) On entry, the N-by-N upper Hessenberg matrix H. On exit, if JOB = 'S', H contains the upper triangular matrix S from the generalized Schur factorization. If JOB = 'E', the diagonal of H matches that of S, but the rest of H is unspecified. LDH LDH is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array H. LDH >= max( 1, N ). T T is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDT, N) On entry, the N-by-N upper triangular matrix T. On exit, if JOB = 'S', T contains the upper triangular matrix P from the generalized Schur factorization. If JOB = 'E', the diagonal of T matches that of P, but the rest of T is unspecified. LDT LDT is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array T. LDT >= max( 1, N ). ALPHA ALPHA is COMPLEX array, dimension (N) The complex scalars alpha that define the eigenvalues of GNEP. ALPHA(i) = S(i,i) in the generalized Schur factorization. BETA BETA is COMPLEX array, dimension (N) The real non-negative scalars beta that define the eigenvalues of GNEP. BETA(i) = P(i,i) in the generalized Schur factorization. Together, the quantities alpha = ALPHA(j) and beta = BETA(j) represent the j-th eigenvalue of the matrix pair (A,B), in one of the forms lambda = alpha/beta or mu = beta/alpha. Since either lambda or mu may overflow, they should not, in general, be computed. Q Q is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDQ, N) On entry, if COMPQ = 'V', the unitary matrix Q1 used in the reduction of (A,B) to generalized Hessenberg form. On exit, if COMPQ = 'I', the unitary matrix of left Schur vectors of (H,T), and if COMPQ = 'V', the unitary matrix of left Schur vectors of (A,B). Not referenced if COMPQ = 'N'. LDQ LDQ is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array Q. LDQ >= 1. If COMPQ='V' or 'I', then LDQ >= N. Z Z is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDZ, N) On entry, if COMPZ = 'V', the unitary matrix Z1 used in the reduction of (A,B) to generalized Hessenberg form. On exit, if COMPZ = 'I', the unitary matrix of right Schur vectors of (H,T), and if COMPZ = 'V', the unitary matrix of right Schur vectors of (A,B). Not referenced if COMPZ = 'N'. LDZ LDZ is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array Z. LDZ >= 1. If COMPZ='V' or 'I', then LDZ >= N. WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK)) On exit, if INFO >= 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK. LWORK LWORK is INTEGER The dimension of the array WORK. LWORK >= max(1,N). If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA. RWORK RWORK is REAL array, dimension (N) INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value = 1,...,N: the QZ iteration did not converge. (H,T) is not in Schur form, but ALPHA(i) and BETA(i), i=INFO+1,...,N should be correct. = N+1,...,2*N: the shift calculation failed. (H,T) is not in Schur form, but ALPHA(i) and BETA(i), i=INFO-N+1,...,N should be correct. Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Further Details: We assume that complex ABS works as long as its value is less than overflow. subroutine cla_geamv (integer TRANS, integer M, integer N, real ALPHA, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex, dimension( * ) X, integer INCX, real BETA, real, dimension( * ) Y, integer INCY) CLA_GEAMV computes a matrix-vector product using a general matrix to calculate error bounds. Purpose: CLA_GEAMV performs one of the matrix-vector operations y := alpha*abs(A)*abs(x) + beta*abs(y), or y := alpha*abs(A)**T*abs(x) + beta*abs(y), where alpha and beta are scalars, x and y are vectors and A is an m by n matrix. This function is primarily used in calculating error bounds. To protect against underflow during evaluation, components in the resulting vector are perturbed away from zero by (N+1) times the underflow threshold. To prevent unnecessarily large errors for block-structure embedded in general matrices, "symbolically" zero components are not perturbed. A zero entry is considered "symbolic" if all multiplications involved in computing that entry have at least one zero multiplicand. Parameters TRANS TRANS is INTEGER On entry, TRANS specifies the operation to be performed as follows: BLAS_NO_TRANS y := alpha*abs(A)*abs(x) + beta*abs(y) BLAS_TRANS y := alpha*abs(A**T)*abs(x) + beta*abs(y) BLAS_CONJ_TRANS y := alpha*abs(A**T)*abs(x) + beta*abs(y) Unchanged on exit. M M is INTEGER On entry, M specifies the number of rows of the matrix A. M must be at least zero. Unchanged on exit. N N is INTEGER On entry, N specifies the number of columns of the matrix A. N must be at least zero. Unchanged on exit. ALPHA ALPHA is REAL On entry, ALPHA specifies the scalar alpha. Unchanged on exit. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,n) Before entry, the leading m by n part of the array A must contain the matrix of coefficients. Unchanged on exit. LDA LDA is INTEGER On entry, LDA specifies the first dimension of A as declared in the calling (sub) program. LDA must be at least max( 1, m ). Unchanged on exit. X X is COMPLEX array, dimension ( 1 + ( n - 1 )*abs( INCX ) ) when TRANS = 'N' or 'n' and at least ( 1 + ( m - 1 )*abs( INCX ) ) otherwise. Before entry, the incremented array X must contain the vector x. Unchanged on exit. INCX INCX is INTEGER On entry, INCX specifies the increment for the elements of X. INCX must not be zero. Unchanged on exit. BETA BETA is REAL On entry, BETA specifies the scalar beta. When BETA is supplied as zero then Y need not be set on input. Unchanged on exit. Y Y is REAL array, dimension ( 1 + ( m - 1 )*abs( INCY ) ) when TRANS = 'N' or 'n' and at least ( 1 + ( n - 1 )*abs( INCY ) ) otherwise. Before entry with BETA non-zero, the incremented array Y must contain the vector y. On exit, Y is overwritten by the updated vector y. INCY INCY is INTEGER On entry, INCY specifies the increment for the elements of Y. INCY must not be zero. Unchanged on exit. Level 2 Blas routine. Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. real function cla_gercond_c (character TRANS, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex, dimension( ldaf, * ) AF, integer LDAF, integer, dimension( * ) IPIV, real, dimension( * ) C, logical CAPPLY, integer INFO, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, real, dimension( * ) RWORK) CLA_GERCOND_C computes the infinity norm condition number of op(A)*inv(diag(c)) for general matrices. Purpose: CLA_GERCOND_C computes the infinity norm condition number of op(A) * inv(diag(C)) where C is a REAL vector. Parameters TRANS TRANS is CHARACTER*1 Specifies the form of the system of equations: = 'N': A * X = B (No transpose) = 'T': A**T * X = B (Transpose) = 'C': A**H * X = B (Conjugate Transpose = Transpose) N N is INTEGER The number of linear equations, i.e., the order of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the N-by-N matrix A LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,N). AF AF is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDAF,N) The factors L and U from the factorization A = P*L*U as computed by CGETRF. LDAF LDAF is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array AF. LDAF >= max(1,N). IPIV IPIV is INTEGER array, dimension (N) The pivot indices from the factorization A = P*L*U as computed by CGETRF; row i of the matrix was interchanged with row IPIV(i). C C is REAL array, dimension (N) The vector C in the formula op(A) * inv(diag(C)). CAPPLY CAPPLY is LOGICAL If .TRUE. then access the vector C in the formula above. INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: Successful exit. i > 0: The ith argument is invalid. WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (2*N). Workspace. RWORK RWORK is REAL array, dimension (N). Workspace. Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. real function cla_gercond_x (character TRANS, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex, dimension( ldaf, * ) AF, integer LDAF, integer, dimension( * ) IPIV, complex, dimension( * ) X, integer INFO, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, real, dimension( * ) RWORK) CLA_GERCOND_X computes the infinity norm condition number of op(A)*diag(x) for general matrices. Purpose: CLA_GERCOND_X computes the infinity norm condition number of op(A) * diag(X) where X is a COMPLEX vector. Parameters TRANS TRANS is CHARACTER*1 Specifies the form of the system of equations: = 'N': A * X = B (No transpose) = 'T': A**T * X = B (Transpose) = 'C': A**H * X = B (Conjugate Transpose = Transpose) N N is INTEGER The number of linear equations, i.e., the order of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the N-by-N matrix A. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,N). AF AF is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDAF,N) The factors L and U from the factorization A = P*L*U as computed by CGETRF. LDAF LDAF is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array AF. LDAF >= max(1,N). IPIV IPIV is INTEGER array, dimension (N) The pivot indices from the factorization A = P*L*U as computed by CGETRF; row i of the matrix was interchanged with row IPIV(i). X X is COMPLEX array, dimension (N) The vector X in the formula op(A) * diag(X). INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: Successful exit. i > 0: The ith argument is invalid. WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (2*N). Workspace. RWORK RWORK is REAL array, dimension (N). Workspace. Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. subroutine cla_gerfsx_extended (integer PREC_TYPE, integer TRANS_TYPE, integer N, integer NRHS, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex, dimension( ldaf, * ) AF, integer LDAF, integer, dimension( * ) IPIV, logical COLEQU, real, dimension( * ) C, complex, dimension( ldb, * ) B, integer LDB, complex, dimension( ldy, * ) Y, integer LDY, real, dimension( * ) BERR_OUT, integer N_NORMS, real, dimension( nrhs, * ) ERRS_N, real, dimension( nrhs, * ) ERRS_C, complex, dimension( * ) RES, real, dimension( * ) AYB, complex, dimension( * ) DY, complex, dimension( * ) Y_TAIL, real RCOND, integer ITHRESH, real RTHRESH, real DZ_UB, logical IGNORE_CWISE, integer INFO) CLA_GERFSX_EXTENDED Purpose: CLA_GERFSX_EXTENDED improves the computed solution to a system of linear equations by performing extra-precise iterative refinement and provides error bounds and backward error estimates for the solution. This subroutine is called by CGERFSX to perform iterative refinement. In addition to normwise error bound, the code provides maximum componentwise error bound if possible. See comments for ERRS_N and ERRS_C for details of the error bounds. Note that this subroutine is only resonsible for setting the second fields of ERRS_N and ERRS_C. Parameters PREC_TYPE PREC_TYPE is INTEGER Specifies the intermediate precision to be used in refinement. The value is defined by ILAPREC(P) where P is a CHARACTER and P = 'S': Single = 'D': Double = 'I': Indigenous = 'X' or 'E': Extra TRANS_TYPE TRANS_TYPE is INTEGER Specifies the transposition operation on A. The value is defined by ILATRANS(T) where T is a CHARACTER and T = 'N': No transpose = 'T': Transpose = 'C': Conjugate transpose N N is INTEGER The number of linear equations, i.e., the order of the matrix A. N >= 0. NRHS NRHS is INTEGER The number of right-hand-sides, i.e., the number of columns of the matrix B. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the N-by-N matrix A. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,N). AF AF is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDAF,N) The factors L and U from the factorization A = P*L*U as computed by CGETRF. LDAF LDAF is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array AF. LDAF >= max(1,N). IPIV IPIV is INTEGER array, dimension (N) The pivot indices from the factorization A = P*L*U as computed by CGETRF; row i of the matrix was interchanged with row IPIV(i). COLEQU COLEQU is LOGICAL If .TRUE. then column equilibration was done to A before calling this routine. This is needed to compute the solution and error bounds correctly. C C is REAL array, dimension (N) The column scale factors for A. If COLEQU = .FALSE., C is not accessed. If C is input, each element of C should be a power of the radix to ensure a reliable solution and error estimates. Scaling by powers of the radix does not cause rounding errors unless the result underflows or overflows. Rounding errors during scaling lead to refining with a matrix that is not equivalent to the input matrix, producing error estimates that may not be reliable. B B is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDB,NRHS) The right-hand-side matrix B. LDB LDB is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array B. LDB >= max(1,N). Y Y is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDY,NRHS) On entry, the solution matrix X, as computed by CGETRS. On exit, the improved solution matrix Y. LDY LDY is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array Y. LDY >= max(1,N). BERR_OUT BERR_OUT is REAL array, dimension (NRHS) On exit, BERR_OUT(j) contains the componentwise relative backward error for right-hand-side j from the formula max(i) ( abs(RES(i)) / ( abs(op(A_s))*abs(Y) + abs(B_s) )(i) ) where abs(Z) is the componentwise absolute value of the matrix or vector Z. This is computed by CLA_LIN_BERR. N_NORMS N_NORMS is INTEGER Determines which error bounds to return (see ERRS_N and ERRS_C). If N_NORMS >= 1 return normwise error bounds. If N_NORMS >= 2 return componentwise error bounds. ERRS_N ERRS_N is REAL array, dimension (NRHS, N_ERR_BNDS) For each right-hand side, this array contains information about various error bounds and condition numbers corresponding to the normwise relative error, which is defined as follows: Normwise relative error in the ith solution vector: max_j (abs(XTRUE(j,i) - X(j,i))) ------------------------------ max_j abs(X(j,i)) The array is indexed by the type of error information as described below. There currently are up to three pieces of information returned. The first index in ERRS_N(i,:) corresponds to the ith right-hand side. The second index in ERRS_N(:,err) contains the following three fields: err = 1 "Trust/don't trust" boolean. Trust the answer if the reciprocal condition number is less than the threshold sqrt(n) * slamch('Epsilon'). err = 2 "Guaranteed" error bound: The estimated forward error, almost certainly within a factor of 10 of the true error so long as the next entry is greater than the threshold sqrt(n) * slamch('Epsilon'). This error bound should only be trusted if the previous boolean is true. err = 3 Reciprocal condition number: Estimated normwise reciprocal condition number. Compared with the threshold sqrt(n) * slamch('Epsilon') to determine if the error estimate is "guaranteed". These reciprocal condition numbers are 1 / (norm(Z^{-1},inf) * norm(Z,inf)) for some appropriately scaled matrix Z. Let Z = S*A, where S scales each row by a power of the radix so all absolute row sums of Z are approximately 1. This subroutine is only responsible for setting the second field above. See Lapack Working Note 165 for further details and extra cautions. ERRS_C ERRS_C is REAL array, dimension (NRHS, N_ERR_BNDS) For each right-hand side, this array contains information about various error bounds and condition numbers corresponding to the componentwise relative error, which is defined as follows: Componentwise relative error in the ith solution vector: abs(XTRUE(j,i) - X(j,i)) max_j ---------------------- abs(X(j,i)) The array is indexed by the right-hand side i (on which the componentwise relative error depends), and the type of error information as described below. There currently are up to three pieces of information returned for each right-hand side. If componentwise accuracy is not requested (PARAMS(3) = 0.0), then ERRS_C is not accessed. If N_ERR_BNDS < 3, then at most the first (:,N_ERR_BNDS) entries are returned. The first index in ERRS_C(i,:) corresponds to the ith right-hand side. The second index in ERRS_C(:,err) contains the following three fields: err = 1 "Trust/don't trust" boolean. Trust the answer if the reciprocal condition number is less than the threshold sqrt(n) * slamch('Epsilon'). err = 2 "Guaranteed" error bound: The estimated forward error, almost certainly within a factor of 10 of the true error so long as the next entry is greater than the threshold sqrt(n) * slamch('Epsilon'). This error bound should only be trusted if the previous boolean is true. err = 3 Reciprocal condition number: Estimated componentwise reciprocal condition number. Compared with the threshold sqrt(n) * slamch('Epsilon') to determine if the error estimate is "guaranteed". These reciprocal condition numbers are 1 / (norm(Z^{-1},inf) * norm(Z,inf)) for some appropriately scaled matrix Z. Let Z = S*(A*diag(x)), where x is the solution for the current right-hand side and S scales each row of A*diag(x) by a power of the radix so all absolute row sums of Z are approximately 1. This subroutine is only responsible for setting the second field above. See Lapack Working Note 165 for further details and extra cautions. RES RES is COMPLEX array, dimension (N) Workspace to hold the intermediate residual. AYB AYB is REAL array, dimension (N) Workspace. DY DY is COMPLEX array, dimension (N) Workspace to hold the intermediate solution. Y_TAIL Y_TAIL is COMPLEX array, dimension (N) Workspace to hold the trailing bits of the intermediate solution. RCOND RCOND is REAL Reciprocal scaled condition number. This is an estimate of the reciprocal Skeel condition number of the matrix A after equilibration (if done). If this is less than the machine precision (in particular, if it is zero), the matrix is singular to working precision. Note that the error may still be small even if this number is very small and the matrix appears ill- conditioned. ITHRESH ITHRESH is INTEGER The maximum number of residual computations allowed for refinement. The default is 10. For 'aggressive' set to 100 to permit convergence using approximate factorizations or factorizations other than LU. If the factorization uses a technique other than Gaussian elimination, the guarantees in ERRS_N and ERRS_C may no longer be trustworthy. RTHRESH RTHRESH is REAL Determines when to stop refinement if the error estimate stops decreasing. Refinement will stop when the next solution no longer satisfies norm(dx_{i+1}) < RTHRESH * norm(dx_i) where norm(Z) is the infinity norm of Z. RTHRESH satisfies 0 < RTHRESH <= 1. The default value is 0.5. For 'aggressive' set to 0.9 to permit convergence on extremely ill-conditioned matrices. See LAWN 165 for more details. DZ_UB DZ_UB is REAL Determines when to start considering componentwise convergence. Componentwise convergence is only considered after each component of the solution Y is stable, which we define as the relative change in each component being less than DZ_UB. The default value is 0.25, requiring the first bit to be stable. See LAWN 165 for more details. IGNORE_CWISE IGNORE_CWISE is LOGICAL If .TRUE. then ignore componentwise convergence. Default value is .FALSE.. INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: Successful exit. < 0: if INFO = -i, the ith argument to CGETRS had an illegal value Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. real function cla_gerpvgrw (integer N, integer NCOLS, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex, dimension( ldaf, * ) AF, integer LDAF) CLA_GERPVGRW multiplies a square real matrix by a complex matrix. Purpose: CLA_GERPVGRW computes the reciprocal pivot growth factor norm(A)/norm(U). The "max absolute element" norm is used. If this is much less than 1, the stability of the LU factorization of the (equilibrated) matrix A could be poor. This also means that the solution X, estimated condition numbers, and error bounds could be unreliable. Parameters N N is INTEGER The number of linear equations, i.e., the order of the matrix A. N >= 0. NCOLS NCOLS is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix A. NCOLS >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the N-by-N matrix A. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,N). AF AF is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDAF,N) The factors L and U from the factorization A = P*L*U as computed by CGETRF. LDAF LDAF is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array AF. LDAF >= max(1,N). Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. recursive subroutine claqz0 (character, intent(in) WANTS, character, intent(in) WANTQ, character, intent(in) WANTZ, integer, intent(in) N, integer, intent(in) ILO, integer, intent(in) IHI, complex, dimension( lda, * ), intent(inout) A, integer, intent(in) LDA, complex, dimension( ldb, * ), intent(inout) B, integer, intent(in) LDB, complex, dimension( * ), intent(inout) ALPHA, complex, dimension( * ), intent(inout) BETA, complex, dimension( ldq, * ), intent(inout) Q, integer, intent(in) LDQ, complex, dimension( ldz, * ), intent(inout) Z, integer, intent(in) LDZ, complex, dimension( * ), intent(inout) WORK, integer, intent(in) LWORK, real, dimension( * ), intent(out) RWORK, integer, intent(in) REC, integer, intent(out) INFO) CLAQZ0 Purpose: CLAQZ0 computes the eigenvalues of a matrix pair (H,T), where H is an upper Hessenberg matrix and T is upper triangular, using the double-shift QZ method. Matrix pairs of this type are produced by the reduction to generalized upper Hessenberg form of a matrix pair (A,B): A = Q1*H*Z1**H, B = Q1*T*Z1**H, as computed by CGGHRD. If JOB='S', then the Hessenberg-triangular pair (H,T) is also reduced to generalized Schur form, H = Q*S*Z**H, T = Q*P*Z**H, where Q and Z are unitary matrices, P and S are an upper triangular matrices. Optionally, the unitary matrix Q from the generalized Schur factorization may be postmultiplied into an input matrix Q1, and the unitary matrix Z may be postmultiplied into an input matrix Z1. If Q1 and Z1 are the unitary matrices from CGGHRD that reduced the matrix pair (A,B) to generalized upper Hessenberg form, then the output matrices Q1*Q and Z1*Z are the unitary factors from the generalized Schur factorization of (A,B): A = (Q1*Q)*S*(Z1*Z)**H, B = (Q1*Q)*P*(Z1*Z)**H. To avoid overflow, eigenvalues of the matrix pair (H,T) (equivalently, of (A,B)) are computed as a pair of values (alpha,beta), where alpha is complex and beta real. If beta is nonzero, lambda = alpha / beta is an eigenvalue of the generalized nonsymmetric eigenvalue problem (GNEP) A*x = lambda*B*x and if alpha is nonzero, mu = beta / alpha is an eigenvalue of the alternate form of the GNEP mu*A*y = B*y. Eigenvalues can be read directly from the generalized Schur form: alpha = S(i,i), beta = P(i,i). Ref: C.B. Moler & G.W. Stewart, "An Algorithm for Generalized Matrix Eigenvalue Problems", SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 10(1973), pp. 241--256. Ref: B. Kagstrom, D. Kressner, "Multishift Variants of the QZ Algorithm with Aggressive Early Deflation", SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 29(2006), pp. 199--227. Ref: T. Steel, D. Camps, K. Meerbergen, R. Vandebril "A multishift, multipole rational QZ method with agressive early deflation" Parameters WANTS WANTS is CHARACTER*1 = 'E': Compute eigenvalues only; = 'S': Compute eigenvalues and the Schur form. WANTQ WANTQ is CHARACTER*1 = 'N': Left Schur vectors (Q) are not computed; = 'I': Q is initialized to the unit matrix and the matrix Q of left Schur vectors of (A,B) is returned; = 'V': Q must contain an unitary matrix Q1 on entry and the product Q1*Q is returned. WANTZ WANTZ is CHARACTER*1 = 'N': Right Schur vectors (Z) are not computed; = 'I': Z is initialized to the unit matrix and the matrix Z of right Schur vectors of (A,B) is returned; = 'V': Z must contain an unitary matrix Z1 on entry and the product Z1*Z is returned. N N is INTEGER The order of the matrices A, B, Q, and Z. N >= 0. ILO ILO is INTEGER IHI IHI is INTEGER ILO and IHI mark the rows and columns of A which are in Hessenberg form. It is assumed that A is already upper triangular in rows and columns 1:ILO-1 and IHI+1:N. If N > 0, 1 <= ILO <= IHI <= N; if N = 0, ILO=1 and IHI=0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA, N) On entry, the N-by-N upper Hessenberg matrix A. On exit, if JOB = 'S', A contains the upper triangular matrix S from the generalized Schur factorization. If JOB = 'E', the diagonal of A matches that of S, but the rest of A is unspecified. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max( 1, N ). B B is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDB, N) On entry, the N-by-N upper triangular matrix B. On exit, if JOB = 'S', B contains the upper triangular matrix P from the generalized Schur factorization. If JOB = 'E', the diagonal of B matches that of P, but the rest of B is unspecified. LDB LDB is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array B. LDB >= max( 1, N ). ALPHA ALPHA is COMPLEX array, dimension (N) Each scalar alpha defining an eigenvalue of GNEP. BETA BETA is COMPLEX array, dimension (N) The scalars beta that define the eigenvalues of GNEP. Together, the quantities alpha = ALPHA(j) and beta = BETA(j) represent the j-th eigenvalue of the matrix pair (A,B), in one of the forms lambda = alpha/beta or mu = beta/alpha. Since either lambda or mu may overflow, they should not, in general, be computed. Q Q is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDQ, N) On entry, if COMPQ = 'V', the unitary matrix Q1 used in the reduction of (A,B) to generalized Hessenberg form. On exit, if COMPQ = 'I', the unitary matrix of left Schur vectors of (A,B), and if COMPQ = 'V', the unitary matrix of left Schur vectors of (A,B). Not referenced if COMPQ = 'N'. LDQ LDQ is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array Q. LDQ >= 1. If COMPQ='V' or 'I', then LDQ >= N. Z Z is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDZ, N) On entry, if COMPZ = 'V', the unitary matrix Z1 used in the reduction of (A,B) to generalized Hessenberg form. On exit, if COMPZ = 'I', the unitary matrix of right Schur vectors of (H,T), and if COMPZ = 'V', the unitary matrix of right Schur vectors of (A,B). Not referenced if COMPZ = 'N'. LDZ LDZ is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array Z. LDZ >= 1. If COMPZ='V' or 'I', then LDZ >= N. WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK)) On exit, if INFO >= 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK. LWORK LWORK is INTEGER The dimension of the array WORK. LWORK >= max(1,N). If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA. RWORK RWORK is REAL array, dimension (N) REC REC is INTEGER REC indicates the current recursion level. Should be set to 0 on first call. INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value = 1,...,N: the QZ iteration did not converge. (A,B) is not in Schur form, but ALPHA(i) and BETA(i), i=INFO+1,...,N should be correct. Author Thijs Steel, KU Leuven Date May 2020 subroutine claqz1 (logical, intent(in) ILQ, logical, intent(in) ILZ, integer, intent(in) K, integer, intent(in) ISTARTM, integer, intent(in) ISTOPM, integer, intent(in) IHI, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer, intent(in) LDA, complex, dimension( ldb, * ) B, integer, intent(in) LDB, integer, intent(in) NQ, integer, intent(in) QSTART, complex, dimension( ldq, * ) Q, integer, intent(in) LDQ, integer, intent(in) NZ, integer, intent(in) ZSTART, complex, dimension( ldz, * ) Z, integer, intent(in) LDZ) CLAQZ1 Purpose: CLAQZ1 chases a 1x1 shift bulge in a matrix pencil down a single position Parameters ILQ ILQ is LOGICAL Determines whether or not to update the matrix Q ILZ ILZ is LOGICAL Determines whether or not to update the matrix Z K K is INTEGER Index indicating the position of the bulge. On entry, the bulge is located in (A(k+1,k),B(k+1,k)). On exit, the bulge is located in (A(k+2,k+1),B(k+2,k+1)). ISTARTM ISTARTM is INTEGER ISTOPM ISTOPM is INTEGER Updates to (A,B) are restricted to (istartm:k+2,k:istopm). It is assumed without checking that istartm <= k+1 and k+2 <= istopm IHI IHI is INTEGER A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of A as declared in the calling procedure. B B is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDB,N) LDB LDB is INTEGER The leading dimension of B as declared in the calling procedure. NQ NQ is INTEGER The order of the matrix Q QSTART QSTART is INTEGER Start index of the matrix Q. Rotations are applied To columns k+2-qStart:k+3-qStart of Q. Q Q is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDQ,NQ) LDQ LDQ is INTEGER The leading dimension of Q as declared in the calling procedure. NZ NZ is INTEGER The order of the matrix Z ZSTART ZSTART is INTEGER Start index of the matrix Z. Rotations are applied To columns k+1-qStart:k+2-qStart of Z. Z Z is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDZ,NZ) LDZ LDZ is INTEGER The leading dimension of Q as declared in the calling procedure. Author Thijs Steel, KU Leuven Date May 2020 recursive subroutine claqz2 (logical, intent(in) ILSCHUR, logical, intent(in) ILQ, logical, intent(in) ILZ, integer, intent(in) N, integer, intent(in) ILO, integer, intent(in) IHI, integer, intent(in) NW, complex, dimension( lda, * ), intent(inout) A, integer, intent(in) LDA, complex, dimension( ldb, * ), intent(inout) B, integer, intent(in) LDB, complex, dimension( ldq, * ), intent(inout) Q, integer, intent(in) LDQ, complex, dimension( ldz, * ), intent(inout) Z, integer, intent(in) LDZ, integer, intent(out) NS, integer, intent(out) ND, complex, dimension( * ), intent(inout) ALPHA, complex, dimension( * ), intent(inout) BETA, complex, dimension( ldqc, * ) QC, integer, intent(in) LDQC, complex, dimension( ldzc, * ) ZC, integer, intent(in) LDZC, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, integer, intent(in) LWORK, real, dimension( * ) RWORK, integer, intent(in) REC, integer, intent(out) INFO) CLAQZ2 Purpose: CLAQZ2 performs AED Parameters ILSCHUR ILSCHUR is LOGICAL Determines whether or not to update the full Schur form ILQ ILQ is LOGICAL Determines whether or not to update the matrix Q ILZ ILZ is LOGICAL Determines whether or not to update the matrix Z N N is INTEGER The order of the matrices A, B, Q, and Z. N >= 0. ILO ILO is INTEGER IHI IHI is INTEGER ILO and IHI mark the rows and columns of (A,B) which are to be normalized NW NW is INTEGER The desired size of the deflation window. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA, N) LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max( 1, N ). B B is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDB, N) LDB LDB is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array B. LDB >= max( 1, N ). Q Q is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDQ, N) LDQ LDQ is INTEGER Z Z is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDZ, N) LDZ LDZ is INTEGER NS NS is INTEGER The number of unconverged eigenvalues available to use as shifts. ND ND is INTEGER The number of converged eigenvalues found. ALPHA ALPHA is COMPLEX array, dimension (N) Each scalar alpha defining an eigenvalue of GNEP. BETA BETA is COMPLEX array, dimension (N) The scalars beta that define the eigenvalues of GNEP. Together, the quantities alpha = ALPHA(j) and beta = BETA(j) represent the j-th eigenvalue of the matrix pair (A,B), in one of the forms lambda = alpha/beta or mu = beta/alpha. Since either lambda or mu may overflow, they should not, in general, be computed. QC QC is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDQC, NW) LDQC LDQC is INTEGER ZC ZC is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDZC, NW) LDZC LDZ is INTEGER WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK)) On exit, if INFO >= 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK. LWORK LWORK is INTEGER The dimension of the array WORK. LWORK >= max(1,N). If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA. RWORK RWORK is REAL array, dimension (N) REC REC is INTEGER REC indicates the current recursion level. Should be set to 0 on first call. aram[out] INFO batim INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value Author Thijs Steel, KU Leuven, KU Leuven Date May 2020 subroutine claqz3 (logical, intent(in) ILSCHUR, logical, intent(in) ILQ, logical, intent(in) ILZ, integer, intent(in) N, integer, intent(in) ILO, integer, intent(in) IHI, integer, intent(in) NSHIFTS, integer, intent(in) NBLOCK_DESIRED, complex, dimension( * ), intent(inout) ALPHA, complex, dimension( * ), intent(inout) BETA, complex, dimension( lda, * ), intent(inout) A, integer, intent(in) LDA, complex, dimension( ldb, * ), intent(inout) B, integer, intent(in) LDB, complex, dimension( ldq, * ), intent(inout) Q, integer, intent(in) LDQ, complex, dimension( ldz, * ), intent(inout) Z, integer, intent(in) LDZ, complex, dimension( ldqc, * ), intent(inout) QC, integer, intent(in) LDQC, complex, dimension( ldzc, * ), intent(inout) ZC, integer, intent(in) LDZC, complex, dimension( * ), intent(inout) WORK, integer, intent(in) LWORK, integer, intent(out) INFO) CLAQZ3 Purpose: CLAQZ3 Executes a single multishift QZ sweep Parameters ILSCHUR ILSCHUR is LOGICAL Determines whether or not to update the full Schur form ILQ ILQ is LOGICAL Determines whether or not to update the matrix Q ILZ ILZ is LOGICAL Determines whether or not to update the matrix Z N N is INTEGER The order of the matrices A, B, Q, and Z. N >= 0. ILO ILO is INTEGER IHI IHI is INTEGER NSHIFTS NSHIFTS is INTEGER The desired number of shifts to use NBLOCK_DESIRED NBLOCK_DESIRED is INTEGER The desired size of the computational windows ALPHA ALPHA is COMPLEX array. SR contains the alpha parts of the shifts to use. BETA BETA is COMPLEX array. SS contains the scale of the shifts to use. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA, N) LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max( 1, N ). B B is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDB, N) LDB LDB is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array B. LDB >= max( 1, N ). Q Q is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDQ, N) LDQ LDQ is INTEGER Z Z is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDZ, N) LDZ LDZ is INTEGER QC QC is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDQC, NBLOCK_DESIRED) LDQC LDQC is INTEGER ZC ZC is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDZC, NBLOCK_DESIRED) LDZC LDZ is INTEGER WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (MAX(1,LWORK)) On exit, if INFO >= 0, WORK(1) returns the optimal LWORK. LWORK LWORK is INTEGER The dimension of the array WORK. LWORK >= max(1,N). If LWORK = -1, then a workspace query is assumed; the routine only calculates the optimal size of the WORK array, returns this value as the first entry of the WORK array, and no error message related to LWORK is issued by XERBLA. INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value Author Thijs Steel, KU Leuven Date May 2020 subroutine claunhr_col_getrfnp (integer M, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex, dimension( * ) D, integer INFO) CLAUNHR_COL_GETRFNP Purpose: CLAUNHR_COL_GETRFNP computes the modified LU factorization without pivoting of a complex general M-by-N matrix A. The factorization has the form: A - S = L * U, where: S is a m-by-n diagonal sign matrix with the diagonal D, so that D(i) = S(i,i), 1 <= i <= min(M,N). The diagonal D is constructed as D(i)=-SIGN(A(i,i)), where A(i,i) is the value after performing i-1 steps of Gaussian elimination. This means that the diagonal element at each step of "modified" Gaussian elimination is at least one in absolute value (so that division-by-zero not not possible during the division by the diagonal element); L is a M-by-N lower triangular matrix with unit diagonal elements (lower trapezoidal if M > N); and U is a M-by-N upper triangular matrix (upper trapezoidal if M < N). This routine is an auxiliary routine used in the Householder reconstruction routine CUNHR_COL. In CUNHR_COL, this routine is applied to an M-by-N matrix A with orthonormal columns, where each element is bounded by one in absolute value. With the choice of the matrix S above, one can show that the diagonal element at each step of Gaussian elimination is the largest (in absolute value) in the column on or below the diagonal, so that no pivoting is required for numerical stability [1]. For more details on the Householder reconstruction algorithm, including the modified LU factorization, see [1]. This is the blocked right-looking version of the algorithm, calling Level 3 BLAS to update the submatrix. To factorize a block, this routine calls the recursive routine CLAUNHR_COL_GETRFNP2. [1] "Reconstructing Householder vectors from tall-skinny QR", G. Ballard, J. Demmel, L. Grigori, M. Jacquelin, H.D. Nguyen, E. Solomonik, J. Parallel Distrib. Comput., vol. 85, pp. 3-31, 2015. Parameters M M is INTEGER The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0. N N is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the M-by-N matrix to be factored. On exit, the factors L and U from the factorization A-S=L*U; the unit diagonal elements of L are not stored. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). D D is COMPLEX array, dimension min(M,N) The diagonal elements of the diagonal M-by-N sign matrix S, D(i) = S(i,i), where 1 <= i <= min(M,N). The elements can be only ( +1.0, 0.0 ) or (-1.0, 0.0 ). INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Contributors: November 2019, Igor Kozachenko, Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley recursive subroutine claunhr_col_getrfnp2 (integer M, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex, dimension( * ) D, integer INFO) CLAUNHR_COL_GETRFNP2 Purpose: CLAUNHR_COL_GETRFNP2 computes the modified LU factorization without pivoting of a complex general M-by-N matrix A. The factorization has the form: A - S = L * U, where: S is a m-by-n diagonal sign matrix with the diagonal D, so that D(i) = S(i,i), 1 <= i <= min(M,N). The diagonal D is constructed as D(i)=-SIGN(A(i,i)), where A(i,i) is the value after performing i-1 steps of Gaussian elimination. This means that the diagonal element at each step of "modified" Gaussian elimination is at least one in absolute value (so that division-by-zero not possible during the division by the diagonal element); L is a M-by-N lower triangular matrix with unit diagonal elements (lower trapezoidal if M > N); and U is a M-by-N upper triangular matrix (upper trapezoidal if M < N). This routine is an auxiliary routine used in the Householder reconstruction routine CUNHR_COL. In CUNHR_COL, this routine is applied to an M-by-N matrix A with orthonormal columns, where each element is bounded by one in absolute value. With the choice of the matrix S above, one can show that the diagonal element at each step of Gaussian elimination is the largest (in absolute value) in the column on or below the diagonal, so that no pivoting is required for numerical stability [1]. For more details on the Householder reconstruction algorithm, including the modified LU factorization, see [1]. This is the recursive version of the LU factorization algorithm. Denote A - S by B. The algorithm divides the matrix B into four submatrices: [ B11 | B12 ] where B11 is n1 by n1, B = [ -----|----- ] B21 is (m-n1) by n1, [ B21 | B22 ] B12 is n1 by n2, B22 is (m-n1) by n2, with n1 = min(m,n)/2, n2 = n-n1. The subroutine calls itself to factor B11, solves for B21, solves for B12, updates B22, then calls itself to factor B22. For more details on the recursive LU algorithm, see [2]. CLAUNHR_COL_GETRFNP2 is called to factorize a block by the blocked routine CLAUNHR_COL_GETRFNP, which uses blocked code calling Level 3 BLAS to update the submatrix. However, CLAUNHR_COL_GETRFNP2 is self-sufficient and can be used without CLAUNHR_COL_GETRFNP. [1] "Reconstructing Householder vectors from tall-skinny QR", G. Ballard, J. Demmel, L. Grigori, M. Jacquelin, H.D. Nguyen, E. Solomonik, J. Parallel Distrib. Comput., vol. 85, pp. 3-31, 2015. [2] "Recursion leads to automatic variable blocking for dense linear algebra algorithms", F. Gustavson, IBM J. of Res. and Dev., vol. 41, no. 6, pp. 737-755, 1997. Parameters M M is INTEGER The number of rows of the matrix A. M >= 0. N N is INTEGER The number of columns of the matrix A. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the M-by-N matrix to be factored. On exit, the factors L and U from the factorization A-S=L*U; the unit diagonal elements of L are not stored. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,M). D D is COMPLEX array, dimension min(M,N) The diagonal elements of the diagonal M-by-N sign matrix S, D(i) = S(i,i), where 1 <= i <= min(M,N). The elements can be only ( +1.0, 0.0 ) or (-1.0, 0.0 ). INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Contributors: November 2019, Igor Kozachenko, Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley subroutine ctgevc (character SIDE, character HOWMNY, logical, dimension( * ) SELECT, integer N, complex, dimension( lds, * ) S, integer LDS, complex, dimension( ldp, * ) P, integer LDP, complex, dimension( ldvl, * ) VL, integer LDVL, complex, dimension( ldvr, * ) VR, integer LDVR, integer MM, integer M, complex, dimension( * ) WORK, real, dimension( * ) RWORK, integer INFO) CTGEVC Purpose: CTGEVC computes some or all of the right and/or left eigenvectors of a pair of complex matrices (S,P), where S and P are upper triangular. Matrix pairs of this type are produced by the generalized Schur factorization of a complex matrix pair (A,B): A = Q*S*Z**H, B = Q*P*Z**H as computed by CGGHRD + CHGEQZ. The right eigenvector x and the left eigenvector y of (S,P) corresponding to an eigenvalue w are defined by: S*x = w*P*x, (y**H)*S = w*(y**H)*P, where y**H denotes the conjugate tranpose of y. The eigenvalues are not input to this routine, but are computed directly from the diagonal elements of S and P. This routine returns the matrices X and/or Y of right and left eigenvectors of (S,P), or the products Z*X and/or Q*Y, where Z and Q are input matrices. If Q and Z are the unitary factors from the generalized Schur factorization of a matrix pair (A,B), then Z*X and Q*Y are the matrices of right and left eigenvectors of (A,B). Parameters SIDE SIDE is CHARACTER*1 = 'R': compute right eigenvectors only; = 'L': compute left eigenvectors only; = 'B': compute both right and left eigenvectors. HOWMNY HOWMNY is CHARACTER*1 = 'A': compute all right and/or left eigenvectors; = 'B': compute all right and/or left eigenvectors, backtransformed by the matrices in VR and/or VL; = 'S': compute selected right and/or left eigenvectors, specified by the logical array SELECT. SELECT SELECT is LOGICAL array, dimension (N) If HOWMNY='S', SELECT specifies the eigenvectors to be computed. The eigenvector corresponding to the j-th eigenvalue is computed if SELECT(j) = .TRUE.. Not referenced if HOWMNY = 'A' or 'B'. N N is INTEGER The order of the matrices S and P. N >= 0. S S is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDS,N) The upper triangular matrix S from a generalized Schur factorization, as computed by CHGEQZ. LDS LDS is INTEGER The leading dimension of array S. LDS >= max(1,N). P P is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDP,N) The upper triangular matrix P from a generalized Schur factorization, as computed by CHGEQZ. P must have real diagonal elements. LDP LDP is INTEGER The leading dimension of array P. LDP >= max(1,N). VL VL is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDVL,MM) On entry, if SIDE = 'L' or 'B' and HOWMNY = 'B', VL must contain an N-by-N matrix Q (usually the unitary matrix Q of left Schur vectors returned by CHGEQZ). On exit, if SIDE = 'L' or 'B', VL contains: if HOWMNY = 'A', the matrix Y of left eigenvectors of (S,P); if HOWMNY = 'B', the matrix Q*Y; if HOWMNY = 'S', the left eigenvectors of (S,P) specified by SELECT, stored consecutively in the columns of VL, in the same order as their eigenvalues. Not referenced if SIDE = 'R'. LDVL LDVL is INTEGER The leading dimension of array VL. LDVL >= 1, and if SIDE = 'L' or 'l' or 'B' or 'b', LDVL >= N. VR VR is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDVR,MM) On entry, if SIDE = 'R' or 'B' and HOWMNY = 'B', VR must contain an N-by-N matrix Q (usually the unitary matrix Z of right Schur vectors returned by CHGEQZ). On exit, if SIDE = 'R' or 'B', VR contains: if HOWMNY = 'A', the matrix X of right eigenvectors of (S,P); if HOWMNY = 'B', the matrix Z*X; if HOWMNY = 'S', the right eigenvectors of (S,P) specified by SELECT, stored consecutively in the columns of VR, in the same order as their eigenvalues. Not referenced if SIDE = 'L'. LDVR LDVR is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array VR. LDVR >= 1, and if SIDE = 'R' or 'B', LDVR >= N. MM MM is INTEGER The number of columns in the arrays VL and/or VR. MM >= M. M M is INTEGER The number of columns in the arrays VL and/or VR actually used to store the eigenvectors. If HOWMNY = 'A' or 'B', M is set to N. Each selected eigenvector occupies one column. WORK WORK is COMPLEX array, dimension (2*N) RWORK RWORK is REAL array, dimension (2*N) INFO INFO is INTEGER = 0: successful exit. < 0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value. Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. subroutine ctgexc (logical WANTQ, logical WANTZ, integer N, complex, dimension( lda, * ) A, integer LDA, complex, dimension( ldb, * ) B, integer LDB, complex, dimension( ldq, * ) Q, integer LDQ, complex, dimension( ldz, * ) Z, integer LDZ, integer IFST, integer ILST, integer INFO) CTGEXC Purpose: CTGEXC reorders the generalized Schur decomposition of a complex matrix pair (A,B), using an unitary equivalence transformation (A, B) := Q * (A, B) * Z**H, so that the diagonal block of (A, B) with row index IFST is moved to row ILST. (A, B) must be in generalized Schur canonical form, that is, A and B are both upper triangular. Optionally, the matrices Q and Z of generalized Schur vectors are updated. Q(in) * A(in) * Z(in)**H = Q(out) * A(out) * Z(out)**H Q(in) * B(in) * Z(in)**H = Q(out) * B(out) * Z(out)**H Parameters WANTQ WANTQ is LOGICAL .TRUE. : update the left transformation matrix Q; .FALSE.: do not update Q. WANTZ WANTZ is LOGICAL .TRUE. : update the right transformation matrix Z; .FALSE.: do not update Z. N N is INTEGER The order of the matrices A and B. N >= 0. A A is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDA,N) On entry, the upper triangular matrix A in the pair (A, B). On exit, the updated matrix A. LDA LDA is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array A. LDA >= max(1,N). B B is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDB,N) On entry, the upper triangular matrix B in the pair (A, B). On exit, the updated matrix B. LDB LDB is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array B. LDB >= max(1,N). Q Q is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDQ,N) On entry, if WANTQ = .TRUE., the unitary matrix Q. On exit, the updated matrix Q. If WANTQ = .FALSE., Q is not referenced. LDQ LDQ is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array Q. LDQ >= 1; If WANTQ = .TRUE., LDQ >= N. Z Z is COMPLEX array, dimension (LDZ,N) On entry, if WANTZ = .TRUE., the unitary matrix Z. On exit, the updated matrix Z. If WANTZ = .FALSE., Z is not referenced. LDZ LDZ is INTEGER The leading dimension of the array Z. LDZ >= 1; If WANTZ = .TRUE., LDZ >= N. IFST IFST is INTEGER ILST ILST is INTEGER Specify the reordering of the diagonal blocks of (A, B). The block with row index IFST is moved to row ILST, by a sequence of swapping between adjacent blocks. INFO INFO is INTEGER =0: Successful exit. <0: if INFO = -i, the i-th argument had an illegal value. =1: The transformed matrix pair (A, B) would be too far from generalized Schur form; the problem is ill- conditioned. (A, B) may have been partially reordered, and ILST points to the first row of the current position of the block being moved. Author Univ. of Tennessee Univ. of California Berkeley Univ. of Colorado Denver NAG Ltd. Contributors: Bo Kagstrom and Peter Poromaa, Department of Computing Science, Umea University, S-901 87 Umea, Sweden. References: [1] B. Kagstrom; A Direct Method for Reordering Eigenvalues in the Generalized Real Schur Form of a Regular Matrix Pair (A, B), in M.S. Moonen et al (eds), Linear Algebra for Large Scale and Real-Time Applications, Kluwer Academic Publ. 1993, pp 195-218. [2] B. Kagstrom and P. Poromaa; Computing Eigenspaces with Specified Eigenvalues of a Regular Matrix Pair (A, B) and Condition Estimation: Theory, Algorithms and Software, Report UMINF - 94.04, Department of Computing Science, Umea University, S-901 87 Umea, Sweden, 1994. Also as LAPACK Working Note 87. To appear in Numerical Algorithms, 1996. [3] B. Kagstrom and P. Poromaa, LAPACK-Style Algorithms and Software for Solving the Generalized Sylvester Equation and Estimating the Separation between Regular Matrix Pairs, Report UMINF - 93.23, Department of Computing Science, Umea University, S-901 87 Umea, Sweden, December 1993, Revised April 1994, Also as LAPACK working Note 75. To appear in ACM Trans. on Math. Software, Vol 22, No 1, 1996.
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