Provided by: gifsicle_1.93-2_amd64 
NAME
gifsicle - manipulates GIF images and animations
SYNOPSIS
gifsicle [options, frames, and filenames]...
DESCRIPTION
gifsicle is a powerful command-line program for creating, editing, manipulating, and getting information
about GIF images and animations.
Gifsicle normally processes input GIF files according to its command line options and writes the result
to the standard output. The -i option, for example, tells gifsicle to interlace its inputs:
gifsicle -i < pic.gif > interlaced-pic.gif
Gifsicle is good at creating and manipulating GIF animations. By default, it combines two or more input
files into a “flipbook” animation:
gifsicle pic1.gif pic2.gif pic3.gif > animation.gif
Use options like --delay, --loopcount, and --optimize to tune your animations.
To modify GIF files in place, use the --batch option. With --batch, gifsicle will modify the files you
specify instead of writing a new file to the standard output. To interlace all the GIFs in the current
directory, you could say:
gifsicle --batch -i *.gif
New users may want to skip to the Examples section at the end.
CONCEPT INDEX
Concepts are on the left, relevant gifsicle options are on the right.
Animations, changing frame selections, frame changes, etc.
disposal --disposal
looping --loopcount
portions of frame selections
smaller --optimize, --colors, --lossy
speed --delay
Bad output --careful
Background color --background
Colors, changing --change-color, --use-colormap, --dither, --transform-colormap
reducing number --colors, --dither, --gamma
Comments --comment
Extensions --extension, --app-extension, --extension-info
File size --optimize, --unoptimize, --colors, --lossy
Image transformations
cropping --crop, --crop-transparency
flipping --flip-*
resizing --resize, --scale
rotating --rotate-*
Grayscale --use-colormap
Interlacing --interlace
Positioning frames --position
Screen, logical --logical-screen
Selecting frames frame selections (like '#0')
Transparency --transparent
Warnings --no-warnings
COMMAND LINE
gifsicle's command line consists of GIF input files and options. Most options start with a dash (-) or
plus (+); frame selections, a kind of option, start with a number sign (#). Anything else is a GIF input
file.
gifsicle reads and processes GIF input files in order. If no GIF input file is given, or you give the
special filename ‘-’, it reads from the standard input.
gifsicle exits with status 0 if there were no errors and status 1 otherwise.
OPTIONS
Every option has a long form, ‘--long-descriptive-name’. You don't need to type the whole long
descriptive name, just enough to make it unambiguous.
Some options also have a short form, ‘-X’. You can combine short options if they don't take arguments:
‘-IIb’ is the same as ‘-I -I -b’. But be careful with options that do take arguments: ‘-cblah’ means ‘-c
blah’, not ‘-c -b -l -a -h’.
Many options also have a converse, ‘--no-option’, which turns off the option. You can turn off a short
option ‘-X’ by saying ‘+X’ instead.
Mode Options
Mode options tell gifsicle what kind of output to generate. There can be at most one, and it must precede
any GIF inputs.
--merge, -m
Combine all GIF inputs into one file with multiple frames and write that file to the standard
output. This is the default mode.
--batch, -b
Modify each GIF input in place by reading and writing to the same filename. (GIFs read from the
standard input are written to the standard output.)
--explode, -e
Create an output GIF for each frame of each input file. The output GIFs are named ‘xxx.000’,
‘xxx.001’, and so on, where ‘xxx’ is the name of the input file (or whatever you specified with
‘--output’) and the numeric extension is the frame number.
--explode-by-name, -E
Same as --explode, but write any named frames to files ‘xxx.name’ instead of ‘xxx.frame-number’.
Frames are named using the ‘--name’ option.
General Options
General options control the information gifsicle prints and where it writes its output. The info options
and --verbose can be turned off with ‘--no-X’.
--info, -I
Print a human-readable description of each input GIF to the standard output, or whatever file you
specify with -o. This option suppresses normal output, and cannot be combined with mode options
like --batch. If you give two --info or -I options, however, information is printed to standard
error, and normal output takes place as usual.
--color-info, --cinfo
Like --info, but also print information about input files' colormaps.
--extension-info, --xinfo
Like --info, but also print any unrecognized GIF extensions in a hexdump(1)-like format.
--size-info, --sinfo
Like --info, but also print information about compressed image sizes.
--help, -h
Print usage information and exit.
-o file
--output file
Send output to file. The special filename ‘-’ means the standard output.
--verbose, -V
Print progress information (files read and written) to standard error.
--no-warnings, -w
Suppress all warning messages.
--no-ignore-errors
Exit with status 1 when encountering a very erroneous GIF. Default is to muddle on.
--version
Print the version number and some short non-warranty information and exit.
--careful
Write slightly larger GIFs that avoid bugs in some other GIF implementations. Some Java and Internet
Explorer versions cannot display the correct, minimal GIFs that Gifsicle produces. Use the --careful
option if you are having problems with a particular image.
--conserve-memory
Conserve memory usage at the expense of processing time. This may be useful if you are processing
large GIFs on a computer without very much memory. Or say --no-conserve-memory.
--nextfile
Allow input files to contain multiple concatenated GIF images. If a filename appears multiple times
on the command line, gifsicle will read a new image from the file each time. This option can help
scripts avoid the need for temporary files. For example, to create an animated GIF with three frames
with different delays, you might run "gifsicle --nextfile -d10 - -d20 - -d30 - > out.gif" and write
the three GIF images, in sequence, to gifsicle's standard input.
--multifile
Like --nextfile, but read as many GIF images as possible from each file. This option is intended for
scripts. For example, to merge an unknown number of GIF images into a single animation, run
"gifsicle --multifile - > out.gif" and write the GIF images, in sequence, to gifsicle's standard
input. Any frame selections apply only to the last file in the concatenation.
Frame Selections
A frame selection tells gifsicle which frames to use from the current input file. They are useful only
for animations, as non-animated GIFs only have one frame. Here are the acceptable forms for frame
specifications.
#num Select frame num. (The first frame is ‘#0’. Negative numbers count backwards from the last
frame, which is ‘#-1’.)
#num1-num2 Select frames num1 through num2.
#num1- Select frames num1 through the last frame.
#name Select the frame named name.
The ‘#’ character has special meaning for many shells, so you generally need to quote it.
For example,
gifsicle happy.gif "#0"
uses the first frame from happy.gif;
gifsicle happy.gif "#0-2"
uses its first three frames; and
gifsicle happy.gif "#-1-0"
uses its frames in reverse order (starting from frame #-1 -- the last frame -- and ending at frame #0 --
the first).
The action performed with the selected frames depends on the current mode. In merge mode, only the
selected frames are merged into the output GIF. In batch mode, only the selected frames are modified;
other frames remain unchanged. In explode mode, only the selected frames are exploded into output GIFs.
Frame Change Options
Frame change options insert new frames into an animation or replace or delete frames that already exist.
Some things -- for example, changing one frame in an animation -- are difficult to express with frame
selections, but easy with frame changes.
--delete frames [frames...]
Delete frames from the input GIF.
--insert-before frame other-GIFs
Insert other-GIFs before frame in the input GIF.
--append other-GIFs
Append other-GIFs to the input GIF.
--replace frames other-GIFs
Replace frames from the input GIF with other-GIFs.
--done
Complete the current set of frame changes.
The frames arguments are frame selections (see above). These arguments always refer to frames from the
original input GIF. So, if ‘a.gif’ has 3 frames and ‘b.gif’ has one, this command
gifsicle a.gif --delete "#0" --replace "#2" b.gif
will produce an output animation with 2 frames: ‘a.gif’ frame 1, then ‘b.gif’.
The other-GIFs arguments are any number of GIF input files and frame selections. These images are
combined in merge mode and added to the input GIF. The other-GIFs last until the next frame change
option, so this command replaces the first frame of ‘in.gif’ with the merge of ‘a.gif’ and ‘b.gif’:
gifsicle -b in.gif --replace "#0" a.gif b.gif
This command, however, replaces the first frame of ‘in.gif’ with ‘a.gif’ and then processes ‘b.gif’
separately:
gifsicle -b in.gif --replace "#0" a.gif --done b.gif
Warning: You shouldn't use both frame selections and frame changes on the same input GIF.
Image Options
Image options modify input images -- by changing their interlacing, transparency, and cropping, for
example. Image options have three forms: ‘--X’, ‘--no-X’, and ‘--same-X’. The ‘--X’ form selects a value
for the feature, the ‘--no-X’ form turns off the feature, and the ‘--same-X’ form means that the
feature's value is copied from each input. The default is always ‘--same-X’. For example,
-background="#0000FF" sets the background color to blue, --no-background turns the background color off
(by setting it to 0), and --same-background uses input images' existing background colors. You can give
each option multiple times; for example,
gifsicle -b -O2 -i a.gif --same-interlace b.gif c.gif
will make ‘a.gif’ interlaced, but leave ‘b.gif’ and ‘c.gif’ interlaced only if they were already.
-B color
--background color
Set the output GIF's background to color. The argument can have the same forms as in the
--transparent option below.
--crop x1,y1-x2,y2
--crop x1,y1+widthxheight
Crop the following input frames to a smaller rectangular area. The top-left corner of this rectangle
is (x1,y1); you can give either the lower-right corner, (x2,y2), or the width and height of the
rectangle. In the x1,y1+widthxheight form, width and height can be zero or negative. A zero
dimension means the cropping area goes to the edge of the image; a negative dimension brings the
cropping area that many pixels back from the image edge. For example, --crop 2,2+-2x-2 will shave 2
pixels off each side of the input image. Cropping takes place before any rotation, flipping,
resizing, or positioning.
--crop-transparency
Crop any transparent borders off the following input frames. This happens after any cropping due to
the --crop option. It works on the raw input images; for example, any transparency options have not
yet been applied.
--flip-horizontal
--flip-vertical
Flip the following frames horizontally or vertically.
-i
--interlace
Turn interlacing on.
-S widthxheight
--logical-screen widthxheight
Set the output logical screen to widthxheight. --no-logical-screen sets the output logical screen
to the size of the largest output frame, while --same-logical-screen sets the output logical screen
to the largest input logical screen. --screen is a synonym for --logical-screen.
-p x,y
--position x,y
Set the following frames' positions to (x,y). --no-position means --position 0,0. Normally,
--position x,y places every succeeding frame exactly at x,y. However, if an entire animation is
input, x,y is treated as the position for the animation.
--rotate-90
--rotate-180
--rotate-270
Rotate the following frames by 90, 180, or 270 degrees. --no-rotate turns off any rotation.
-t color
--transparent color
Make color transparent in the following frames. Color can be a colormap index (0-255), a
hexadecimal color specification (like "#FF00FF" for magenta), or slash- or comma-separated red,
green and blue values (each between 0 and 255).
Extension Options
Extension options add non-visual information to the output GIF. This includes names, comments, and
generic extensions.
--app-extension app-name extension
Add an application extension named app-name and with the value extension to the output GIF.
--no-app-extensions removes application extensions from the input images.
-c text
--comment text
Add a comment, text, to the output GIF. The comment will be placed before the next frame in the
stream. --no-comments removes comments from the input images.
--extension number extension
Add an extension numbered number and with the value extension to the output GIF. Number can be in
decimal, octal, hex, or it can be a single character like ‘n’, whose ASCII value is used.
--no-extensions (or +x) removes extensions from the input images.
-n text
--name text
Set the next frame's name to text. This name is stored as an extension in the output GIF (extension
number 0xCE, followed by the characters of the frame name). --no-names removes name extensions from
the input images.
Animation Options
Animation options apply to GIF animations, or to individual frames in GIF animations. As with image
options, most animation options have three forms, ‘--X’, ‘--no-X’, and ‘--same-X’, and you can give
animation options multiple times; for example,
gifsicle -b a.gif -d50 "#0" "#1" -d100 "#2" "#3"
sets the delays of frames 0 and 1 to 50, and frames 2 and 3 to 100.
-d time
--delay time
Set the delay between frames to time in hundredths of a second.
-D method
--disposal method
Set the disposal method for the following frames to method. A frame's disposal method determines
how a viewer should remove the frame when it's time to display the next. Method can be a number
between 0 and 7 (although only 0 through 3 are generally meaningful), or one of these names: none
(leave the frame visible for future frames to build upon), asis (same as "none"), background (or bg)
(replace the frame with the background), or previous (replace the frame with the area from the
previous displayed frame). --no-disposal means --disposal=none.
-l[count]
--loopcount[=count]
Set the Netscape loop extension to count. Count is an integer, or forever to loop endlessly. If you
supply a --loopcount option without specifying count, Gifsicle will use forever. --no-loopcount
(the default) turns off looping.
Set the loop count to one less than the number of times you want the animation to run. An animation
with --no-loopcount will show every frame once; --loopcount=1 will loop once, thus showing every
frame twice; and so forth. Note that --loopcount=0 is equivalent to --loopcount=forever, not
--no-loopcount.
-O[level]
--optimize[=level]
Attempt to shrink the file sizes of GIF animations. Level determines how much optimization is done;
higher levels take longer, but may have better results. There are currently three levels:
-O1 Store only the changed portion of each image. This is the default.
-O2 Store only the changed portion of each image, and use transparency.
-O3 Try several optimization methods (usually slower, sometimes better results).
Other optimization flags provide finer-grained control.
-Okeep-empty
Preserve empty transparent frames (they are dropped by default).
You may also be interested in other options for shrinking GIFs, such as -k, --lossy, and
--no-extensions. Note that -O does not guarantee to shrink file size, and in rare cases, even -O3
may actually enlarge file size.
-U
--unoptimize
Unoptimize GIF animations into an easy-to-edit form.
GIF animations are often optimized (see --optimize) to make them smaller and faster to load, which
unfortunately makes them difficult to edit. --unoptimize changes optimized input GIFs into
unoptimized GIFs, where each frame is a faithful representation of what a user would see at that
point in the animation.
Image Transformation Options
Image transformation options apply to entire GIFs as they are read or written. They can be turned off
with ‘--no-option’.
--resize widthxheight
Resize the output GIF to the given width and height. If width or height is an underscore ‘_’, that
dimension is chosen so that the aspect ratio remains unchanged. Resizing happens after all input
frames have been combined and before optimization. Resizing uses logical screen dimensions; if the
input stream has an unusual logical screen (many GIF displayers ignore logical screens), you may
want to provide --no-logical-screen (or +S) to reset it so gifsicle uses image dimensions instead.
See also --resize-method.
--resize-width width
--resize-height height
Resize to a given width or height, preserving aspect ratio. Equivalent to --resize widthx_ or
--resize _xheight.
--resize-fit widthxheight
--resize-touch widthxheight
Resize the output GIF to fit within a rectangle with dimensions widthxheight. The aspect ratio
remains unchanged. The --resize-fit option only shrinks the image—no resize is performed if the GIF
already fits within the rectangle. Either width or height may be an underscore ‘_’, which leaves
that dimension unconstrained.
--resize-fit-width width
--resize-fit-height height
--resize-touch-width width
--resize-touch-height height
Like --resize-fit and --resize-touch, but constrains only one dimension.
--scale Xfactor[xYfactor]
Scale the output GIF's width and height by Xfactor and Yfactor. If Yfactor is not given, it
defaults to Xfactor. Scaling happens after all input frames have been combined and before
optimization.
--resize-method method
Set the method used to resize images. The ‘sample’ method runs very quickly, but when shrinking
images, it produces noisy results. The ‘mix’ method is somewhat slower, but produces better-looking
results. The default method is currently ‘mix’.
Details: The resize methods differ most when shrinking images. The ‘sample’ method is a point
sampler: each pixel position in the output image maps to exactly one pixel position in the input.
When shrinking, full rows and columns from the input are dropped. The other methods use all input
pixels, which generally produces better-looking images. The ‘box’ method, a box sampler, is faster
than the more complex filters and produces somewhat sharper results, but there will be anomalies
when shrinking images by a small amount in one dimension. (Some output pixels will correspond to
exactly 1 input row or column, while others will correspond to exactly 2 input rows or columns.) The
‘mix’ method is a full bilinear interpolator. This is slower and produces somewhat blurrier results,
but avoids anomalies.
Gifsicle also supports more complex resamplers, including Catmull-Rom cubic resampling (‘catrom’),
the Mitchell-Netravali filter (‘mitchell’), a 2-lobed Lanczos filter (‘lanczos2’), and a 3-lobed
Lanczos filter (‘lanczos3’). These filters are slower still, but can give sharper, better results.
--resize-colors n
Allow Gifsicle to add intermediate colors when resizing images. Normally, Gifsicle's resize
algorithms use input images' color palettes without changes. When shrinking images with very few
colors (e.g., pure black-and-white images), adding intermediate colors can improve the results.
Example: --resize-colors 64 allows Gifsicle to add intermediate colors for images that have fewer
than 64 input colors.
Color Options
Color options apply to entire GIFs as they are read or written. They can be turned off with
‘--no-option’.
-k num
--colors num
Reduce the number of distinct colors in each output GIF to num or less. Num must be between 2 and
256. This can be used to shrink output GIFs or eliminate any local color tables.
Normally, an adaptive group of colors is chosen from the existing color table. You can affect this
process with the --color-method option or by giving your own colormap with --use-colormap. Gifsicle
may need to add an additional color (making num+1 in all) if there is transparency in the image.
--color-method method
Determine how a smaller colormap is chosen. ‘diversity’, the default, is xv(1)'s diversity
algorithm, which uses a strict subset of the existing colors and generally produces good results.
‘blend-diversity’ is a modification of this: some color values are blended from groups of existing
colors. ‘median-cut’ is the median cut algorithm described by Heckbert. --method is a synonym for
--color-method.
-f
--dither[=method]
When --dither is on and the colormap is changed, combinations of colors are used to approximate
missing colors. This looks better, but makes bigger files and can cause animation artifacts, so it
is off by default.
Specify a dithering algorithm with the optional method argument. The default, ‘floyd-steinberg’,
uses Floyd-Steinberg error diffusion. This usually looks best, but can cause animation artifacts,
because dithering choices will vary from frame to frame. Gifsicle also supports ordered dithering
algorithms that avoid animation artifacts. The ‘ro64’ mode uses a large, random-looking pattern and
generally produces good results. The ‘o3’, ‘o4’, and ‘o8’ modes use smaller, more regular patterns.
The ‘ordered’ mode chooses a good ordered dithering algorithm. For special effects, try the halftone
modes ‘halftone’, ‘squarehalftone’, and ‘diagonal’. Some modes take optional parameters using
commas. The halftone modes take a cell size and a color limit: ‘halftone,10,3’ creates 10-pixel wide
halftone cells where each cell uses up to 3 colors.
--gamma gamma
Set the gamma correction to gamma, which can be a real number or ‘srgb’. Roughly speaking, higher
numbers exaggerate shadows and lower numbers exaggerate highlights. The default is the function
defined by the standard sRGB color space, which usually works well. (Its effects are similar to
--gamma=2.2.) Gifsicle uses gamma correction when choosing a color palette (--colors) and when
dithering (--dither).
--lossy[=lossiness]
Alter image colors to shrink output file size at the cost of artifacts and noise. Lossiness
determines how many artifacts are allowed; higher values can result in smaller file sizes, but cause
more artifacts. The default lossiness is 20.
--change-color color1 color2
Change color1 to color2 in the following input GIFs. (The color arguments have the same forms as in
the -t option.) Change multiple colors by giving the option multiple times. Color changes don't
interfere with one another, so you can safely swap two colors with ‘--change-color color1 color2
--change-color color2 color1’. They all take effect as an input GIF is read. --no-change-color
cancels all color changes.
--transform-colormap command
Command should be a shell command that reads from standard input and writes to standard output. Each
colormap in the output GIF is translated into text colormap format (see --use-colormap below) and
piped to the command. The output that command generates (which should also be in text colormap
format) will replace the input colormap. The replacement doesn't consider color matching, so pixels
that used color slot n in the input will still use color slot n in the output.
--use-colormap colormap
Change the image to use colormap. Each pixel in the image is changed to the closest match in
colormap (or, if --dither is on, to a dithered combination of colors in colormap). Colormap can be
web for the 216-color “Web-safe palette”; gray for grayscale; bw for black-and-white; or the name of
a file. That file should either be a text file (the format is described below) or a GIF file, whose
global colormap will be used. If --colors=N is also given, an N-sized subset of colormap will be
used.
Text colormap files use this format:
; each non-comment line represents one color, "red green blue"
; each component should be between 0 and 255
0 0 0 ; like this
255 255 255
; or use web hex notation
#ffffff ; like this
EXAMPLES
First, let's create an animation, ‘anim.gif’:
gifsicle a.gif b.gif c.gif d.gif > anim.gif
This animation will move very quickly: since we didn't specify a delay, a browser will cycle through the
frames as fast as it can. Let's slow it down and pause .5 seconds between frames, using the --delay
option.
gifsicle --delay 50 a.gif b.gif c.gif d.gif > anim.gif
If we also want the GIF to loop three times, we can use --loopcount:
gifsicle -d 50 --loop=3 a.gif b.gif c.gif d.gif > anim.gif
(Rather than type --delay again, we used its short form, -d. Many options have short forms; you can see
them by running ‘gifsicle --help’. We also abbreviated --loopcount to --loop, which is OK since no other
option starts with ‘loop’.)
To explode ‘anim.gif’ into its component frames:
gifsicle --explode anim.gif
ls anim.gif*
anim.gif anim.gif.000 anim.gif.001 anim.gif.002 anim.gif.003
To optimize ‘anim.gif’:
gifsicle -b -O2 anim.gif
To change the second frame of ‘anim.gif’ to ‘x.gif’:
gifsicle -b --unoptimize -O2 anim.gif --replace "#1" x.gif
--unoptimize is used since ‘anim.gif’ was optimized in the last step. Editing individual frames in
optimized GIFs is dangerous without --unoptimize; frames following the changed frame could be corrupted
by the change. Of course, this might be what you want.
Note that --unoptimize and --optimize can be on simultaneously. --unoptimize affects input GIF files,
while --optimize affects output GIF files.
To print information about the first and fourth frames of ‘anim.gif’:
gifsicle -I "#0" "#3" < anim.gif
To make black the transparent color in all the GIFs in the current directory, and also print information
about each:
gifsicle -bII --trans "#000000" *.gif
Giving -I twice forces normal output to occur. With only one -I, the GIFs would not be modified.
To change ‘anim.gif’ to use a 64-color subset of the Web-safe palette:
gifsicle -b --colors=64 --use-col=web anim.gif
To make a dithered black-and-white version of ‘anim.gif’:
gifsicle --dither --use-col=bw anim.gif > anim-bw.gif
To overlay one GIF atop another -- producing a one-frame output GIF that looks like the superposition of
the two inputs -- use gifsicle twice:
gifsicle bottom.gif top.gif | gifsicle -U "#1" > result.gif
BUGS
Some optimized output GIFs may appear incorrectly on some GIF implementations (for example, Java's); see
the --careful option.
Please email suggestions, additions, patches and bugs to ekohler@gmail.com.
SEE ALSO
For a tutorial on GIF images and animations, you might try some of the resources listed on-line at
webreference.com:
http://www.webreference.com/authoring/graphics/animation.html
AUTHORS
Eddie Kohler <ekohler@gmail.com>
http://www.read.seas.harvard.edu/~kohler/
He wrote it.
Anne Dudfield <annied@frii.com>
http://www.frii.com/~annied/
She named it.
Hans Dinsen-Hansen <dino@danbbs.dk>
http://www.danbbs.dk/~dino/
Adaptive tree method for GIF writing.
Kornel Lesinski
--lossy option.
http://www.lcdf.org/gifsicle/
The gifsicle home page.