Image processing in GRASS GIS

Imagery import

The module r.in.gdal offers a common interface for many different raster and satellite image formats. Additionally, it also offers options such as on-the-fly location creation or extension of the default region to match the extent of the imported raster map. For special cases, other import modules are available. Always the full map is imported. Imagery data can be group (e.g. channel-wise) with i.group.

For importing scanned maps, the user will need to create a x,y-location, scan the map in the desired resolution and save it into an appropriate raster format (e.g. tiff, jpeg, png, pbm) and then use r.in.gdal to import it. Based on reference points the scanned map can be rectified to obtain geocoded data.

Image processing operations

GRASS raster/imagery map processing is always performed in the current region settings (see g.region), i.e. the current region extent and current raster resolution is used. If the resolution differs from that of the input raster map(s), on-the-fly resampling is performed (nearest neighbor resampling). If this is not desired, the input map(s) has/have to be resampled beforehand with one of the dedicated modules.

Geocoding of imagery data

GRASS is able to geocode raster and image data of various types:

Visualizing (true) color composites

To quickly combine the first three channels to a near natural color image, the GRASS command d.rgb can be used or the graphical GIS manager (wxGUI). It assigns each channel to a color which is then mixed while displayed. With a bit more work of tuning the grey scales of the channels, nearly perfect colors can be achieved. Channel histograms can be shown with d.histogram.

Calculation of vegetation indices

An example for indices derived from multispectral data is the NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index). To study the vegetation status with NDVI, the Red and the Near Infrared channels (NIR) are taken as used as input for simple map algebra in the GRASS command r.mapcalc (ndvi = 1.0 * (nir - red)/(nir + red)). With r.colors an optimized "ndvi" color table can be assigned afterward. Also other vegetation indices can be generated likewise.

Calibration of thermal channel

The encoded digital numbers of a thermal infrared channel can be transformed to degree Celsius (or other temperature units) which represent the temperature of the observed land surface. This requires a few algebraic steps with r.mapcalc which are outlined in the literature to apply gain and bias values from the image metadata.

Image classification

Single and multispectral data can be classified to user defined land use/land cover classes. In case of a single channel, segmentation will be used. GRASS supports the following methods:

Image fusion

In case of using multispectral data, improvements of the resolution can be gained by merging the panchromatic channel with color channels. GRASS provides the HIS (i.rgb.his, i.his.rgb) and the Brovey and PCA transform (i.pansharpen) methods.

Radiometric corrections

Atmospheric effects can be removed with i.atcorr. Correction for topographic/terrain effects is offered in i.topo.corr. Clouds in LANDSAT data can be identified and removed with i.landsat.acca. Calibrated digital numbers of LANDSAT and ASTER imagery may be converted to top-of-atmosphere radiance or reflectance and temperature (i.aster.toar, i.landsat.toar).

Time series processing

GRASS also offers support for time series processing (r.series). Statistics can be derived from a set of coregistered input maps such as multitemporal satellite data. The common univariate statistics and also linear regression can be calculated.

Evapotranspiration modeling

In GRASS, several types of evapotranspiration (ET) modeling methods are available:

Energy balance

Emissivity can be calculated with i.emissivity. Several modules support the calculation of the energy balance:

See also