Provided by: mold_1.0.3+dfsg-2_amd64 
NAME
mold — a modern linker
SYNOPSIS
mold [-options] objfile ...
DESCRIPTION
mold is a faster drop-in replacement for the default GNU ld(1).
How to use mold
See https://github.com/rui314/mold#how-to-use.
Compatibility
mold is designed to be a drop-in replacement for the GNU linkers for linking user-land programs. If your
user-land program cannot be built due to missing command-line options, please file a bug at
https://github.com/rui314/mold/issues.
mold supports a very limited set of linker script features, which is just sufficient to read
/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so on Linux systems (on Linux, that file is despite its name not a shared
library but an ASCII linker script that loads a real libc.so file.) Beyond that, we have no plan to
support any linker script features. The linker script is an ad-hoc, over-designed, complex language which
we believe needs to be disrupted by a simpler mechanism. We have a plan to add a replacement for the
linker script to mold instead.
Archive symbol resolution
Traditionally, Unix linkers are sensitive to the order in which input files appear on command line. They
process input files from the first (left-most) file to the last (right-most) file one-by-one. While
reading input files, they maintain sets of defined and undefined symbols. When visiting an archive file
(.a files), they pull out object files to resolve as many undefined symbols as possible and go on to the
next input file. Object files that weren't pulled out will never have a chance for a second look.
Due to this semantics, you usually have to add archive files at the end of a command line, so that when a
linker reaches archive files, it knows what symbols are remain undefined. If you put archive files at the
beginning of a command line, a linker doesn't have any undefined symbol, and thus no object files will be
pulled out from archives.
You can change the processing order by --start-group and --end-group options, though they make a linker
slower.
mold as well as LLVM lld(1) linker take a different approach. They memorize what symbols can be resolved
from archive files instead of forgetting it after processing each archive. Therefore, mold and lld(1) can
"go back" in a command line to pull out object files from archives, if they are needed to resolve remaining
undefined symbols. They are not sensitive to the input file order.
--start-group and --end-group are still accepted by mold and lld(1) for compatibility with traditional
linkers, but they are silently ignored.
Dynamic symbol resolution
Some Unix linker features are unable to be understood without understanding the semantics of dynamic symbol
resolution. Therefore, even though that's not specific to mold, we'll explain it here.
We use "ELF module" or just "module" as a collective term to refer an executable or a shared library file
in the ELF format.
An ELF module may have lists of imported symbols and exported symbols, as well as a list of shared library
names from which imported symbols should be imported. The point is that imported symbols are not bound to
any specific shared library until runtime.
Here is how the Unix dynamic linker resolves dynamic symbols. Upon the start of an ELF program, the
dynamic linker construct a list of ELF modules which as a whole consist of a complete program. The
executable file is always at the beginning of the list followed by its depending shared libraries. An
imported symbol is searched from the beginning of the list to the end. If two or more modules define the
same symbol, the one that appears first in the list takes precedence over the others.
This Unix semantics are contrary to systems such as Windows that have the two-level namespace for dynamic
symbols. On Windows, for example, dynamic symbols are represented as a tuple of (symbol-name,
shared-library-name), so that each dynamic symbol is guaranteed to be resolved from some specific library.
Typically, an ELF module that exports a symbol also imports the same symbol. Such a symbol is usually
resolved to itself, but that's not the case if a module that appears before in the symbol search list
provides another definition of the same symbol.
Let me take malloc(3) as an example. Assume that you define your version of malloc(3) in your main
executable file. Then, all malloc calls from any module are resolved to your function instead of that in
libc, because the executable is always at the beginning of the dynamic symbol search list. Note that even
malloc(3) calls within libc are resolved to your definition since libc exports and imports malloc.
Therefore, by defining malloc yourself, you can overwrite a library function, and the malloc(3) in libc
becomes dead code.
These Unix semantics are tricky and sometimes considered harmful. For example, assume that you
accidentally define atoi(3) as a global function in your executable that behaves completely differently
from the one in the C standard. Then, all atoi function calls from any modules (even function calls within
libc) are redirected to your function instead of the one in libc which obviously causes a problem. That is
a somewhat surprising consequence for an accidental name conflict. On the other hand, this semantic is
sometimes considered useful because it allows users to overwrite library functions without recompiling
modules containing them. Whether good or bad, you should keep this semantic in mind to understand the Unix
linkers behaviors.
Build reproducibility
mold's output is deterministic. That is, if you pass the same object files and the same command-line
options to the same version of mold, it is guaranteed to always produce the same output. The linker's
internal randomness, such as the timing of thread scheduling or iteration orders of hash tables, doesn't
affect the output.
mold does not have any host-specific default settings. This is contrary to the GNU linkers to which some
configurable values, such as system-dependent library search paths, are hard-coded. mold depends only on
its command-line arguments.
OPTIONS
--help Report usage information to stdout and exit.
-v, --version
Report version information to stdout.
-V Report version and target information to stdout.
-C dir, --directory dir
Change to dir before doing anything.
-E, --export-dynamic, --no-export-dynamic
When creating an executable, using the -E option causes all global symbols to be put into the
dynamic symbol table, so that the symbols are visible from other ELF modules at runtime.
By default, or if --no-export-dynamic is given, only symbols that are referenced by DSOs at link-
time are exported from an executable.
-F libname, --filter=libname
Set the DT_FILTER dynamic section field to libname.
-Ifile, --dynamic-linker=file, --no-dynamic-linker
Set the dynamic linker path to file. If no -I option is given, or if --no-dynamic-linker is given,
no dynamic linker path is set to an output file. This is contrary to the GNU linkers which sets a
default dynamic linker path in that case. However, this difference doesn't usually make any
difference because the compiler driver always passes -I to a linker.
-Ldir, --library-path=dir
Add dir to the list of library search paths from which mold searches libraries for the -l option.
Unlike the GNU linkers, mold does not have the default search paths. This difference doesn't
usually make any difference because the compiler driver always passes all necessary search paths to
a linker.
-M, --print-map
Write a map file to stdout.
-N, --omagic, --no-omagic
Force mold to emit an output file with an old-fashioned memory layout. First, it makes the first
data segment to not be aligned to a page boundary. Second, text segments are marked as writable if
the option is given.
-S, --strip-debug
Omit .debug_* sections from the output file.
-T file, --script=file
Read linker script from file.
-X, --discard-locals
Discard temporary local symbols to reduce the sizes of the symbol table and the string table.
Temporary local symbols are local symbols starting with .L. Compilers usually generate such
symbols for unnamed program elements such as string literals or floating-point literals.
-e symbol, --entry=symbol
Use symbol as the entry point symbol instead of the default entry point symbol _start.
-f shlib, --auxiliary=shlib
Set the DT_AUXILIARY dynamic section field to shlib.
-h libname, --sonamelibname
Set the DT_SONAME dynamic section field to libname. This option is used when creating a shared
object file. Typically, when you create Sylib foo.so, you want to pass --soname=foo to a linker.
-llibname
Search for Sylib libname.so or Sylib libname.a from library search paths.
-m [elf_x86_64 | elf_i386]
Choose a target.
-o file, --output=file
Use file as the output file name instead of the default name a.out.
-r, --relocatable
Instead of generating an executable or a shared object file, combine input object files to generate
another object file that can be used as an input to a linker.
-s, -FL --strip-all
Omit .symtab section from the output file.
-u symbol, --undefined=symbol
If symbol remains as an undefined symbol after reading all object files, and if there is an static
archive that contains an object file defining symbol, pull out the object file and link it so that
the output file contains a definition of symbol.
--Bdynamic
Link against shared libraries.
--Bstatic
Do not link against shared libraries.
--Bsymbolic
When creating a shared library, make global symbols export-only (i.e. do not import the same
symbol). As a result, references within a shared library is always resolved locally, negating
symbol override at runtime. See Dynamic symbol resolution for more information about symbol
imports and exports.
--Bsymbolic-functions
Have the same effect as --Bsymbolic but works only for function symbols. Data symbols remains both
imported and exported.
--Bno-symbolic
Cancel --Bsymbolic and --Bsymbolic-functions.
--Map=file
Write map file to file.
--allow-multiple-definition
Normally, the linker reports an error if there are more than one definition of a symbol. This
option changes the default behavior so that it doesn't report an error for duplicate definitions
and instead use the first definition.
--as-needed, --no-as-needed
By default, shared libraries given to a linker are unconditionally added to the list of required
libraries in an output file. However, shared libraries after --as-needed are added to the list
only when at least one symbol is actually used by an object file. In other words, shared libraries
after --as-needed are not added to the list if they are not needed by a program.
The --no-as-needed option restores the default behavior for subsequent files.
--build-id, --no-build-id, --build-id=[none | md5 | sha1 | sha256 | uuid | 0xhexstring]
Create a .note.gnu.build-id section containing a byte string to uniquely identify an output file.
--build-id and --build-id=sha256 compute a 256-bit cryptographic hash of an output file and set it
to build-id. md5 and sha1 compute the same hash but truncate it to 128 and 160 bits, respectively,
before setting it to build-id. uuid sets a random 128-bit UUID. 0xhexstring sets hexstring.
--chroot=dir
Set dir to root directory.
--compress-debug-sections=[none | zlib | zlib-gabi | zlib-gnu]
Compress DWARF debug info (.debug_* sections) using the zlib compression algorithm.
--defsym=symbol=value
Define symbol as an alias for value.
value is either an integer (in decimal or hexadecimal with ‘0x’ prefix) or a symbol name. If an
integer is given as a value, symbol is defined as an absolute symbol with the given value.
--default-symver
Use soname as a symbol version and append that version to all symbols.
--demangle, --no-demangle
Demangle C++ symbols in log messages.
--dynamic-list=file
Read a list of dynamic symbols from file.
--eh-frame-hdr, --no-eh-frame-hdr
Create .eh_frame_hdr section.
--exclude-libs=libraries...
Mark all symbols in the given libraries hidden.
--fini=symbol
Call symbol at unload-time.
--fork, --no-fork
Spawn a child process and let it do the actual linking. When linking a large program, the OS
kernel can take a few hundred milliseconds to terminate a mold process. --fork hides that latency.
--gc-sections, --no-gc-sections
Remove unreferenced sections.
--hash-style=[sysv | gnu | both]
Set hash style.
--icf=all, --no-icf
Fold identical code.
--image-base=addr
Set the base address to addr.
--init=symbol
Call symbol at load-time.
--no-undefined
Report undefined symbols (even with --shared).
--pack-dyn-relocs=[none | relr]
If relr is specified, all R_*_RELATIVE relocations are put into .relr.dyn section instead of
.rel.dyn or .rela.dyn section. Since .relr.dyn section uses a space-efficient encoding scheme,
specifying that flag can reduce the size of the output. This is typically most effective for
position-independent executable. Note that a runtime loader has to support .relr.dyn to run
executables or shared libraries linked with --pack-dyn-relocs=relr, and only ChromeOS, Android and
Fuchsia support it as of now in 2022.
--perf Print performance statistics.
--pie, --pic-executable, --no-pie, --no-pic-executable
Create a position-independent executable.
--pop-state
Pop state of flags governing input file handling.
--preload
Preload object files.
--print-gc-sections, --no-print-gc-sections
Print removed unreferenced sections.
--print-icf-sections, --no-print-icf-sections
Print folded identical sections.
--push-state
Pop state of flags governing input file handling
--quick-exit, --no-quick-exit
Use quick_exit to exit.
--relax, --no-relax
Rewrite machine instructions with more efficient ones for some relocations. The feature is enabled
by default.
--require-defined=symbol
Like --undefined, except the new symbol must be defined by the end of the link.
--repro
Embed input files into .repro section.
--retain-symbols-file=file
Keep only symbols listed in file.
file is a text file containing a symbol name on each line. mold discards all local symbols as well
as global sybmol that are not in file. Note that this option removes symbols only from .symtab
section and does not affect .dynsym section, which is used for dynamic linking.
--rpath=dir
Add dir to runtime search path.
--run command arg file ...
Run command with mold as /usr/bin/ld.
--shared, --Bshareable
Create a share library.
--spare-dynamic-tags=number
Reserve given number of tags in .dynamic section.
--static
Do not link against shared libraries.
--stats
Print input statistics.
--sysroot=dir
Set target system root directory to dir.
--thread-count=count
Use count number of threads.
--threads, --no-threads
Use multiple threads. By default, mold uses as many threads as the number of cores or 32,
whichever is the smallest. The reason why it is capped to 32 is because mold doesn't scale well
beyond that point. To use only one thread, pass --no-threads or --thread-count=1.
--trace
Print name of each input file.
--unique=pattern
Don't merge input sections that match pattern.
--unresolved-symbols=[report-all | ignore-all | ignore-in-object-files | ignore-in-shared-libs]
How to handle undefined symbols.
--version-script=file
Read version script from file.
--warn-common
--no-warn-common
Warn about common symbols.
--warn-unresolved-symbols, --error-unresolved-symbols
Normally, the linker reports an error for unresolved symbols. --warn-unresolved-symbols option
turns it into a warning. --error-unresolved-symbols option restores the default behavior.
--whole-archive, --no-whole-archive
When archive files (.a files) are given to a linker, only object files that are needed to resolve
undefined symbols are extracted from them and linked to an output file. --whole-archive changes
that behavior for subsequent archives so that a linker extracts all object files and link them to
an output. For example, if you are creating a shared object file and you want to include all
archive members to the output, you should pass --whole-archive. --no-whole-archive restores the
default behavior for subsequent archives.
--wrap=symbol
Make symbol to be resolved to __wrap_symbol. The original symbol can be resolved as __real_symbol.
This option is typically used for wrapping an existing function.
-z cet-report=none | warning | error
Intel Control-flow Enforcement Technology (CET) is a new x86 feature available since Tiger Lake
which is released in 2020. It defines new instructions to harden security to protect programs from
control hijacking attacks. You can tell compiler to use the feature by specifying the
-fcf-protection flag.
-z cet-report flag is used to make sure that all object files were compiled with a correct
-fcf-protection flag. If warning or error are given, mold prints out a warning or an error message
if an object file was not compiled with the compiler flag.
mold looks for GNU_PROPERTY_X86_FEATURE_1_IBT bit and GNU_PROPERTY_X86_FEATURE_1_SHSTK bit in
.note.gnu.property section to determine whether or not an object file was compiled with
-fcf-protection.
-z now, -z lazy
By default, functions referring other ELF modules are resolved by the dynamic linker when they are
called for the first time. -z now marks an executable or a shared library file so that all dynamic
symbols are loaded when a file is loaded to memory. -z lazy restores the default behavior.
-z origin
Mark object requiring immediate $ORIGIN processing at runtime.
-z ibt Turn on GNU_PROPERTY_X86_FEATURE_1_IBT bit in .note.gnu.property section to indicate that the
output uses IBT-enabled PLT. This option implies -z ibtplt.
-z ibtplt
Generate Intel Branch Tracking (IBT)-enabled PLT.
IBT is part of Intel Control-flow Enforcement Technology (CET). IBT is a new x86 feature available
since Tiger Lake which is released in 2020. If IBT is enabled, all indirect branch instructions
have to branch to a so-called "landing pad" instruction. Landing pad itself is a no-op, but it
works as a marker that branching to that instruction is expected. If there's no landing pad after
branch, the CPU raises an exception. This mechanism makes ROP attacks difficult.
Since PLT can be used as an indirect branch target, we need a different instruction sequence for
IBT-enabled PLT. If -z ibtplt is specified, mold generates PLT entries that start with a landing
pad. The size of IBT-enabled PLT is 24 bytes as opposed to 16 bytes regular PLT.
-z execstack, -z noexecstack
By default, the pages for the stack area (i.e. the pages where local variables reside) are not
executable for security reasons. -z execstack makes it executable. -z noexecstack restores the
default behavior.
-z keep-text-section-prefix, -z nokeep-text-section-prefix
Keep .text.hot, .text.unknown, .text.unlikely, .text.startup and .text.exit as separate sections in
the final binary.
-z relro, -z norelro
Some sections such as .dynamic have to be writable only during an executable or a shared library
file is being loaded to memory. Once the dynamic linker finishes its job, such sections won't be
mutated by anyone. As a security mitigation, it is preferred to make such segments read-only
during program execution.
-z relro puts such sections into a special section called relro. The dynamic linker make a relro
segment read-only after it finishes its job.
By default, mold generates a relro segment. -z norelro disables the feature.
-z separate-loadable-segments, -z separate-code, -z noseparate-code
If one memory page contains multiple segments, the page protection bits are set in such a way that
needed attributes (writable or executable) are satisifed for all segments. This usually happens at
a boundary of two segments with two different attributes.
separate-loadable-segments adds paddings between segments with different attributes so that they do
not share the same page. This is the default.
separate-code adds paddings only between executable and non-executable segments.
noseparate-code does not add any paddings between segments.
-z defs, -z nodefs
Report undefined symbols (even with --shared).
-z shstk
Enforce shadow stack by turning GNU_PROPERTY_X86_FEATURE_1_SHSTK bit in .note.gnu.property output
section. Shadow stack is part of Intel Control-flow Enforcement Technology (CET), which is
available since Tiger Lake (2020).
-z notext, -z textoff, -z text
mold by default reports an error if dynamic relocations are created in read-only sections. If -z
notext or -z textoff are given, mold creates such dynamic relocations without reporting an error.
-z text restores the default behavior.
-z max-page-size
Some CPU ISAs support multiple different memory page sizes. This option specifies the maximum page
size that an output binary can run on. If you specify a large value, the output can run on both
large and small page systems, but it wastes a bit of memory at page boundaries on systems with
small pages.
The default value is 4 KiB for i386 and x86-64, and 64 KiB for ARM64.
-z nodefaultlib
Make the dynamic loader to ignore default search paths.
-z nodelete
Mark DSO non-deletable at runtime.
-z nodlopen
Mark DSO not available to dlopen(3).
-z nodump
Mark DSO not available to dldump(3).
-z nocopyreloc
Do not create copy relocations.
-z initfirst
Mark DSO to be initialized first at runtime.
-z interpose
Mark object to interpose all DSOs but executable.
SEE ALSO
gold(1), ld(1), ld.so(8)
AUTHORS
Rui Ueyama <ruiu@cs.stanford.edu>
BUGS
Report bugs to https://github.com/rui314/mold/issues.