Provided by: strace_5.16-0ubuntu3_amd64 
NAME
strace - trace system calls and signals
SYNOPSIS
strace [-ACdffhikqqrtttTvVwxxyyzZ] [-I n] [-b execve] [-e expr]... [-O overhead] [-S sortby] [-U columns]
[-a column] [-o file] [-s strsize] [-X format] [-P path]... [-p pid]... [--seccomp-bpf] { -p pid |
[-DDD] [-E var[=val]]... [-u username] command [args] }
strace -c [-dfwzZ] [-I n] [-b execve] [-e expr]... [-O overhead] [-S sortby] [-U columns] [-P path]...
[-p pid]... [--seccomp-bpf] { -p pid | [-DDD] [-E var[=val]]... [-u username] command [args] }
DESCRIPTION
In the simplest case strace runs the specified command until it exits. It intercepts and records the
system calls which are called by a process and the signals which are received by a process. The name of
each system call, its arguments and its return value are printed on standard error or to the file
specified with the -o option.
strace is a useful diagnostic, instructional, and debugging tool. System administrators, diagnosticians
and trouble-shooters will find it invaluable for solving problems with programs for which the source is
not readily available since they do not need to be recompiled in order to trace them. Students, hackers
and the overly-curious will find that a great deal can be learned about a system and its system calls by
tracing even ordinary programs. And programmers will find that since system calls and signals are events
that happen at the user/kernel interface, a close examination of this boundary is very useful for bug
isolation, sanity checking and attempting to capture race conditions.
Each line in the trace contains the system call name, followed by its arguments in parentheses and its
return value. An example from stracing the command "cat /dev/null" is:
open("/dev/null", O_RDONLY) = 3
Errors (typically a return value of -1) have the errno symbol and error string appended.
open("/foo/bar", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
Signals are printed as signal symbol and decoded siginfo structure. An excerpt from stracing and
interrupting the command "sleep 666" is:
sigsuspend([] <unfinished ...>
--- SIGINT {si_signo=SIGINT, si_code=SI_USER, si_pid=...} ---
+++ killed by SIGINT +++
If a system call is being executed and meanwhile another one is being called from a different
thread/process then strace will try to preserve the order of those events and mark the ongoing call as
being unfinished. When the call returns it will be marked as resumed.
[pid 28772] select(4, [3], NULL, NULL, NULL <unfinished ...>
[pid 28779] clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, {1130322148, 939977000}) = 0
[pid 28772] <... select resumed> ) = 1 (in [3])
Interruption of a (restartable) system call by a signal delivery is processed differently as kernel
terminates the system call and also arranges its immediate reexecution after the signal handler
completes.
read(0, 0x7ffff72cf5cf, 1) = ? ERESTARTSYS (To be restarted)
--- SIGALRM ... ---
rt_sigreturn(0xe) = 0
read(0, "", 1) = 0
Arguments are printed in symbolic form with passion. This example shows the shell performing ">>xyzzy"
output redirection:
open("xyzzy", O_WRONLY|O_APPEND|O_CREAT, 0666) = 3
Here, the second and the third argument of open(2) are decoded by breaking down the flag argument into
its three bitwise-OR constituents and printing the mode value in octal by tradition. Where the
traditional or native usage differs from ANSI or POSIX, the latter forms are preferred. In some cases,
strace output is proven to be more readable than the source.
Structure pointers are dereferenced and the members are displayed as appropriate. In most cases,
arguments are formatted in the most C-like fashion possible. For example, the essence of the command "ls
-l /dev/null" is captured as:
lstat("/dev/null", {st_mode=S_IFCHR|0666, st_rdev=makedev(0x1, 0x3), ...}) = 0
Notice how the 'struct stat' argument is dereferenced and how each member is displayed symbolically. In
particular, observe how the st_mode member is carefully decoded into a bitwise-OR of symbolic and numeric
values. Also notice in this example that the first argument to lstat(2) is an input to the system call
and the second argument is an output. Since output arguments are not modified if the system call fails,
arguments may not always be dereferenced. For example, retrying the "ls -l" example with a non-existent
file produces the following line:
lstat("/foo/bar", 0xb004) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)
In this case the porch light is on but nobody is home.
Syscalls unknown to strace are printed raw, with the unknown system call number printed in hexadecimal
form and prefixed with "syscall_":
syscall_0xbad(0x1, 0x2, 0x3, 0x4, 0x5, 0x6) = -1 ENOSYS (Function not implemented)
Character pointers are dereferenced and printed as C strings. Non-printing characters in strings are
normally represented by ordinary C escape codes. Only the first strsize (32 by default) bytes of strings
are printed; longer strings have an ellipsis appended following the closing quote. Here is a line from
"ls -l" where the getpwuid(3) library routine is reading the password file:
read(3, "root::0:0:System Administrator:/"..., 1024) = 422
While structures are annotated using curly braces, simple pointers and arrays are printed using square
brackets with commas separating elements. Here is an example from the command id(1) on a system with
supplementary group ids:
getgroups(32, [100, 0]) = 2
On the other hand, bit-sets are also shown using square brackets, but set elements are separated only by
a space. Here is the shell, preparing to execute an external command:
sigprocmask(SIG_BLOCK, [CHLD TTOU], []) = 0
Here, the second argument is a bit-set of two signals, SIGCHLD and SIGTTOU. In some cases, the bit-set
is so full that printing out the unset elements is more valuable. In that case, the bit-set is prefixed
by a tilde like this:
sigprocmask(SIG_UNBLOCK, ~[], NULL) = 0
Here, the second argument represents the full set of all signals.
OPTIONS
General
-e expr A qualifying expression which modifies which events to trace or how to trace them. The
format of the expression is:
[qualifier=][!]value[,value]...
where qualifier is one of trace (or t), abbrev (or a), verbose (or v), raw (or x), signal (or
signals or s), read (or reads or r), write (or writes or w), fault, inject, status, quiet (or
silent or silence or q), decode-fds (or decode-fd), decode-pids (or decode-pid), or kvm, and
value is a qualifier-dependent symbol or number. The default qualifier is trace. Using an
exclamation mark negates the set of values. For example, -e open means literally
-e trace=open which in turn means trace only the open system call. By contrast,
-e trace=!open means to trace every system call except open. In addition, the special values
all and none have the obvious meanings.
Note that some shells use the exclamation point for history expansion even inside quoted
arguments. If so, you must escape the exclamation point with a backslash.
Startup
-E var=val
--env=var=val
Run command with var=val in its list of environment variables.
-E var
--env=var Remove var from the inherited list of environment variables before passing it on to the
command.
-p pid
--attach=pid
Attach to the process with the process ID pid and begin tracing. The trace may be terminated
at any time by a keyboard interrupt signal (CTRL-C). strace will respond by detaching itself
from the traced process(es) leaving it (them) to continue running. Multiple -p options can
be used to attach to many processes in addition to command (which is optional if at least one
-p option is given). Multiple process IDs, separated by either comma (“,”), space (“ ”),
tab, or newline character, can be provided as an argument to a single -p option, so, for
example, -p "$(pidof PROG)" and -p "$(pgrep PROG)" syntaxes are supported.
-u username
--user=username
Run command with the user ID, group ID, and supplementary groups of username. This option is
only useful when running as root and enables the correct execution of setuid and/or setgid
binaries. Unless this option is used setuid and setgid programs are executed without
effective privileges.
Tracing
-b syscall
--detach-on=syscall
If specified syscall is reached, detach from traced process. Currently, only execve(2)
syscall is supported. This option is useful if you want to trace multi-threaded process and
therefore require -f, but don't want to trace its (potentially very complex) children.
-D
--daemonize
--daemonize=grandchild
Run tracer process as a grandchild, not as the parent of the tracee. This reduces the
visible effect of strace by keeping the tracee a direct child of the calling process.
-DD
--daemonize=pgroup
--daemonize=pgrp
Run tracer process as tracee's grandchild in a separate process group. In addition to
reduction of the visible effect of strace, it also avoids killing of strace with kill(2)
issued to the whole process group.
-DDD
--daemonize=session
Run tracer process as tracee's grandchild in a separate session ("true daemonisation"). In
addition to reduction of the visible effect of strace, it also avoids killing of strace upon
session termination.
-f
--follow-forks
Trace child processes as they are created by currently traced processes as a result of the
fork(2), vfork(2) and clone(2) system calls. Note that -p PID -f will attach all threads of
process PID if it is multi-threaded, not only thread with thread_id = PID.
--output-separately
If the --output=filename option is in effect, each processes trace is written to filename.pid
where pid is the numeric process id of each process.
-ff
--follow-forks --output-separately
Combine the effects of --follow-forks and --output-separately options. This is incompatible
with -c, since no per-process counts are kept.
One might want to consider using strace-log-merge(1) to obtain a combined strace log view.
-I interruptible
--interruptible=interruptible
When strace can be interrupted by signals (such as pressing CTRL-C).
1, anywhere no signals are blocked;
2, waiting fatal signals are blocked while decoding syscall (default);
3, never fatal signals are always blocked (default if -o FILE PROG);
4, never_tstp fatal signals and SIGTSTP (CTRL-Z) are always blocked (useful to make strace
-o FILE PROG not stop on CTRL-Z, default if -D).
Filtering
-e trace=syscall_set
--trace=syscall_set
Trace only the specified set of system calls. syscall_set is defined as [!]value[,value],
and value can be one of the following:
syscall Trace specific syscall, specified by its name (but see NOTES).
?value Question mark before the syscall qualification allows suppression of error in
case no syscalls matched the qualification provided.
/regex Trace only those system calls that match the regex. You can use POSIX Extended
Regular Expression syntax (see regex(7)).
syscall@64 Trace syscall only for the 64-bit personality.
syscall@32 Trace syscall only for the 32-bit personality.
syscall@x32 Trace syscall only for the 32-on-64-bit personality.
%file
file Trace all system calls which take a file name as an argument. You can think of
this as an abbreviation for -e trace=open,stat,chmod,unlink,... which is useful
to seeing what files the process is referencing. Furthermore, using the
abbreviation will ensure that you don't accidentally forget to include a call
like lstat(2) in the list. Betchya woulda forgot that one. The syntax without
a preceding percent sign ("-e trace=file") is deprecated.
%process
process Trace system calls associated with process lifecycle (creation, exec,
termination). The syntax without a preceding percent sign ("-e trace=process")
is deprecated.
%net
%network
network Trace all the network related system calls. The syntax without a preceding
percent sign ("-e trace=network") is deprecated.
%signal
signal Trace all signal related system calls. The syntax without a preceding percent
sign ("-e trace=signal") is deprecated.
%ipc
ipc Trace all IPC related system calls. The syntax without a preceding percent sign
("-e trace=ipc") is deprecated.
%desc
desc Trace all file descriptor related system calls. The syntax without a preceding
percent sign ("-e trace=desc") is deprecated.
%memory
memory Trace all memory mapping related system calls. The syntax without a preceding
percent sign ("-e trace=memory") is deprecated.
%creds Trace system calls that read or modify user and group identifiers or capability
sets.
%stat Trace stat syscall variants.
%lstat Trace lstat syscall variants.
%fstat Trace fstat, fstatat, and statx syscall variants.
%%stat Trace syscalls used for requesting file status (stat, lstat, fstat, fstatat,
statx, and their variants).
%statfs Trace statfs, statfs64, statvfs, osf_statfs, and osf_statfs64 system calls. The
same effect can be achieved with -e trace=/^(.*_)?statv?fs regular expression.
%fstatfs Trace fstatfs, fstatfs64, fstatvfs, osf_fstatfs, and osf_fstatfs64 system calls.
The same effect can be achieved with -e trace=/fstatv?fs regular expression.
%%statfs Trace syscalls related to file system statistics (statfs-like, fstatfs-like, and
ustat). The same effect can be achieved with -e trace=/statv?fs|fsstat|ustat
regular expression.
%clock Trace system calls that read or modify system clocks.
%pure Trace syscalls that always succeed and have no arguments. Currently, this list
includes arc_gettls(2), getdtablesize(2), getegid(2), getegid32(2), geteuid(2),
geteuid32(2), getgid(2), getgid32(2), getpagesize(2), getpgrp(2), getpid(2),
getppid(2), get_thread_area(2) (on architectures other than x86), gettid(2),
get_tls(2), getuid(2), getuid32(2), getxgid(2), getxpid(2), getxuid(2),
kern_features(2), and metag_get_tls(2) syscalls.
The -c option is useful for determining which system calls might be useful to trace. For
example, trace=open,close,read,write means to only trace those four system calls. Be careful
when making inferences about the user/kernel boundary if only a subset of system calls are
being monitored. The default is trace=all.
-e signal=set
--signal=set
Trace only the specified subset of signals. The default is signal=all. For example,
signal=!SIGIO (or signal=!io) causes SIGIO signals not to be traced.
-e status=set
--status=set
Print only system calls with the specified return status. The default is status=all. When
using the status qualifier, because strace waits for system calls to return before deciding
whether they should be printed or not, the traditional order of events may not be preserved
anymore. If two system calls are executed by concurrent threads, strace will first print
both the entry and exit of the first system call to exit, regardless of their respective
entry time. The entry and exit of the second system call to exit will be printed afterwards.
Here is an example when select(2) is called, but a different thread calls clock_gettime(2)
before select(2) finishes:
[pid 28779] 1130322148.939977 clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, {1130322148, 939977000}) = 0
[pid 28772] 1130322148.438139 select(4, [3], NULL, NULL, NULL) = 1 (in [3])
set can include the following elements:
successful Trace system calls that returned without an error code. The -z option has the
effect of status=successful.
failed Trace system calls that returned with an error code. The -Z option has the
effect of status=failed.
unfinished Trace system calls that did not return. This might happen, for example, due to
an execve call in a neighbour thread.
unavailable Trace system calls that returned but strace failed to fetch the error status.
detached Trace system calls for which strace detached before the return.
-P path
--trace-path=path
Trace only system calls accessing path. Multiple -P options can be used to specify several
paths.
-z
--successful-only
Print only syscalls that returned without an error code.
-Z
--failed-only
Print only syscalls that returned with an error code.
Output format
-a column
--columns=column
Align return values in a specific column (default column 40).
-e abbrev=syscall_set
--abbrev=syscall_set
Abbreviate the output from printing each member of large structures. The syntax of the
syscall_set specification is the same as in the -e trace option. The default is abbrev=all.
The -v option has the effect of abbrev=none.
-e verbose=syscall_set
--verbose=syscall_set
Dereference structures for the specified set of system calls. The syntax of the syscall_set
specification is the same as in the -e trace option. The default is verbose=all.
-e raw=syscall_set
--raw=syscall_set
Print raw, undecoded arguments for the specified set of system calls. The syntax of the
syscall_set specification is the same as in the -e trace option. This option has the effect
of causing all arguments to be printed in hexadecimal. This is mostly useful if you don't
trust the decoding or you need to know the actual numeric value of an argument. See also -X
raw option.
-e read=set
--read=set Perform a full hexadecimal and ASCII dump of all the data read from file descriptors listed
in the specified set. For example, to see all input activity on file descriptors 3 and 5 use
-e read=3,5. Note that this is independent from the normal tracing of the read(2) system
call which is controlled by the option -e trace=read.
-e write=set
--write=set Perform a full hexadecimal and ASCII dump of all the data written to file descriptors listed
in the specified set. For example, to see all output activity on file descriptors 3 and 5
use -e write=3,5. Note that this is independent from the normal tracing of the write(2)
system call which is controlled by the option -e trace=write.
-e quiet=set
--quiet=set
--silent=set
--silence=set
Suppress various information messages. The default is quiet=none. set can include the
following elements:
attach Suppress messages about attaching and detaching ("[ Process NNNN attached
]", "[ Process NNNN detached ]").
exit Suppress messages about process exits ("+++ exited with SSS +++").
path-resolution Suppress messages about resolution of paths provided via the -P option
("Requested path "..." resolved into "..."").
personality Suppress messages about process personality changes ("[ Process PID=NNNN
runs in PPP mode. ]").
thread-execve
superseded Suppress messages about process being superseded by execve(2) in another
thread ("+++ superseded by execve in pid NNNN +++").
-e decode-fds=set
--decode-fds=set
Decode various information associated with file descriptors. The default is decode-fds=none.
set can include the following elements:
path Print file paths. Also enables printing of tracee's current working directory when
AT_FDCWD constant is used.
socket Print socket protocol-specific information,
dev Print character/block device numbers.
pidfd Print PIDs associated with pidfd file descriptors.
-e decode-pids=set
--decode-pids=set
Decode various information associated with process IDs (and also thread IDs, process group
IDs, and session IDs). The default is decode-pids=none. set can include the following
elements:
comm Print command names associated with thread or process IDs.
pidns Print thread, process, process group, and session IDs in strace's PID namespace if
the tracee is in a different PID namespace.
-e kvm=vcpu
--kvm=vcpu Print the exit reason of kvm vcpu. Requires Linux kernel version 4.16.0 or higher.
-i
--instruction-pointer
Print the instruction pointer at the time of the system call.
-n
--syscall-number
Print the syscall number.
-k
--stack-traces
Print the execution stack trace of the traced processes after each system call.
-o filename
--output=filename
Write the trace output to the file filename rather than to stderr. filename.pid form is used
if -ff option is supplied. If the argument begins with '|' or '!', the rest of the argument
is treated as a command and all output is piped to it. This is convenient for piping the
debugging output to a program without affecting the redirections of executed programs. The
latter is not compatible with -ff option currently.
-A
--output-append-mode
Open the file provided in the -o option in append mode.
-q
--quiet
--quiet=attach,personality
Suppress messages about attaching, detaching, and personality changes. This happens
automatically when output is redirected to a file and the command is run directly instead of
attaching.
-qq
--quiet=attach,personality,exit
Suppress messages attaching, detaching, personality changes, and about process exit status.
-qqq
--quiet=all Suppress all suppressible messages (please refer to the -e quiet option description for the
full list of suppressible messages).
-r
--relative-timestamps[=precision]
Print a relative timestamp upon entry to each system call. This records the time difference
between the beginning of successive system calls. precision can be one of s (for seconds),
ms (milliseconds), us (microseconds), or ns (nanoseconds), and allows setting the precision
of time value being printed. Default is us (microseconds). Note that since -r option uses
the monotonic clock time for measuring time difference and not the wall clock time, its
measurements can differ from the difference in time reported by the -t option.
-s strsize
--string-limit=strsize
Specify the maximum string size to print (the default is 32). Note that filenames are not
considered strings and are always printed in full.
--absolute-timestamps[=[[format:]format],[[precision:]precision]]
--timestamps[=[[format:]format],[[precision:]precision]]
Prefix each line of the trace with the wall clock time in the specified format with the
specified precision. format can be one of the following:
none No time stamp is printed. Can be used to override the previous setting.
time Wall clock time (strftime(3) format string is %T).
unix Number of seconds since the epoch (strftime(3) format string is %s).
precision can be one of s (for seconds), ms (milliseconds), us (microseconds), or ns
(nanoseconds). Default arguments for the option are format:time,precision:s.
-t
--absolute-timestamps
Prefix each line of the trace with the wall clock time.
-tt
--absolute-timestamps=precision:us
If given twice, the time printed will include the microseconds.
-ttt
--absolute-timestamps=format:unix,precision:us
If given thrice, the time printed will include the microseconds and the leading portion will
be printed as the number of seconds since the epoch.
-T
--syscall-times[=precision]
Show the time spent in system calls. This records the time difference between the beginning
and the end of each system call. precision can be one of s (for seconds), ms (milliseconds),
us (microseconds), or ns (nanoseconds), and allows setting the precision of time value being
printed. Default is us (microseconds).
-v
--no-abbrev Print unabbreviated versions of environment, stat, termios, etc. calls. These structures
are very common in calls and so the default behavior displays a reasonable subset of
structure members. Use this option to get all of the gory details.
--strings-in-hex[=option]
Control usage of escape sequences with hexadecimal numbers in the printed strings. Normally
(when no --strings-in-hex or -x option is supplied), escape sequences are used to print non-
printable and non-ASCII characters (that is, characters with a character code less than 32 or
greater than 127), or to disambiguate the output (so, for quotes and other characters that
encase the printed string, for example, angle brackets, in case of file descriptor path
output); for the former use case, unless it is a white space character that has a symbolic
escape sequence defined in the C standard (that is, “\t” for a horizontal tab, “\n” for a
newline, “\v” for a vertical tab, “\f” for a form feed page break, and “\r” for a carriage
return) are printed using escape sequences with numbers that correspond to their byte values,
with octal number format being the default. option can be one of the following:
none Hexadecimal numbers are not used in the output at all. When there is a need
to emit an escape sequence, octal numbers are used.
non-ascii-chars Hexadecimal numbers are used instead of octal in the escape sequences.
non-ascii Strings that contain non-ASCII characters are printed using escape sequences
with hexadecimal numbers.
all All strings are printed using escape sequences with hexadecimal numbers.
When the option is supplied without an argument, all is assumed.
-x
--strings-in-hex=non-ascii
Print all non-ASCII strings in hexadecimal string format.
-xx
--strings-in-hex[=all]
Print all strings in hexadecimal string format.
-X format
--const-print-style=format
Set the format for printing of named constants and flags. Supported format values are:
raw Raw number output, without decoding.
abbrev Output a named constant or a set of flags instead of the raw number if they are
found. This is the default strace behaviour.
verbose Output both the raw value and the decoded string (as a comment).
-y
--decode-fds
--decode-fds=path
Print paths associated with file descriptor arguments and with the AT_FDCWD constant.
-yy
--decode-fds=all
Print all available information associated with file descriptors: protocol-specific
information associated with socket file descriptors, block/character device number associated
with device file descriptors, and PIDs associated with pidfd file descriptors.
--pidns-translation
--decode-pids=pidns
If strace and tracee are in different PID namespaces, print PIDs in strace's namespace, too.
-Y
--decode-pids=comm
Print command names for PIDs.
Statistics
-c
--summary-only
Count time, calls, and errors for each system call and report a summary on program exit,
suppressing the regular output. This attempts to show system time (CPU time spent running in
the kernel) independent of wall clock time. If -c is used with -f, only aggregate totals for
all traced processes are kept.
-C
--summary Like -c but also print regular output while processes are running.
-O overhead
--summary-syscall-overhead=overhead
Set the overhead for tracing system calls to overhead. This is useful for overriding the
default heuristic for guessing how much time is spent in mere measuring when timing system
calls using the -c option. The accuracy of the heuristic can be gauged by timing a given
program run without tracing (using time(1)) and comparing the accumulated system call time to
the total produced using -c.
The format of overhead specification is described in section Time specification format
description.
-S sortby
--summary-sort-by=sortby
Sort the output of the histogram printed by the -c option by the specified criterion. Legal
values are time (or time-percent or time-total or total-time), min-time (or shortest or
time-min), max-time (or longest or time-max), avg-time (or time-avg), calls (or count),
errors (or error), name (or syscall or syscall-name), and nothing (or none); default is time.
-U columns
--summary-columns=columns
Configure a set (and order) of columns being shown in the call summary. The columns argument
is a comma-separated list with items being one of the following:
time-percent (or time) Percentage of cumulative time consumed by a specific
system call.
total-time (or time-total) Total system (or wall clock, if -w option is provided)
time consumed by a specific system call.
min-time (or shortest or time-min) Minimum observed call duration.
max-time (or longest or time-max) Maximum observed call duration.
avg-time (or time-avg) Average call duration.
calls (or count) Call count.
errors (or error) Error count.
name (or syscall or syscall-name) Syscall name.
The default value is time-percent,total-time,avg-time,calls,errors,name. If the name field
is not supplied explicitly, it is added as the last column.
-w
--summary-wall-clock
Summarise the time difference between the beginning and end of each system call. The default
is to summarise the system time.
Tampering
-e inject=syscall_set[:error=errno|:retval=value][:signal=sig][:syscall=syscall][:delay_enter=delay][:delay_exit=delay][:poke_enter=@argN=DATAN,@argM=DATAM...][:poke_exit=@argN=DATAN,@argM=DATAM...][:when=expr]
--inject=syscall_set[:error=errno|:retval=value][:signal=sig][:syscall=syscall][:delay_enter=delay][:delay_exit=delay][:poke_enter=@argN=DATAN,@argM=DATAM...][:poke_exit=@argN=DATAN,@argM=DATAM...][:when=expr]
Perform syscall tampering for the specified set of syscalls. The syntax of the syscall_set
specification is the same as in the -e trace option.
At least one of error, retval, signal, delay_enter, delay_exit, poke_enter, or poke_exit
options has to be specified. error and retval are mutually exclusive.
If :error=errno option is specified, a fault is injected into a syscall invocation: the
syscall number is replaced by -1 which corresponds to an invalid syscall (unless a syscall is
specified with :syscall= option), and the error code is specified using a symbolic errno
value like ENOSYS or a numeric value within 1..4095 range.
If :retval=value option is specified, success injection is performed: the syscall number is
replaced by -1, but a bogus success value is returned to the callee.
If :signal=sig option is specified with either a symbolic value like SIGSEGV or a numeric
value within 1..SIGRTMAX range, that signal is delivered on entering every syscall specified
by the set.
If :delay_enter=delay or :delay_exit=delay options are specified, delay injection is
performed: the tracee is delayed by time period specified by delay on entering or exiting the
syscall, respectively. The format of delay specification is described in section Time
specification format description.
If :poke_enter=@argN=DATAN,@argM=DATAM... or :poke_exit=@argN=DATAN,@argM=DATAM... options
are specified, tracee's memory at locations, pointed to by system call arguments argN and
argM (going from arg1 to arg7) is overwritten by data DATAN and DATAM (specified in
hexadecimal format; for example :poke_enter=@arg1=0000DEAD0000BEEF). :poke_enter modifies
memory on syscall enter, and :poke_exit - on exit.
If :signal=sig option is specified without :error=errno, :retval=value or
:delay_{enter,exit}=usecs options, then only a signal sig is delivered without a syscall
fault or delay injection. Conversely, :error=errno or :retval=value option without
:delay_enter=delay, :delay_exit=delay or :signal=sig options injects a fault without
delivering a signal or injecting a delay, etc.
If :signal=sig option is specified together with :error=errno or :retval=value, then both
injection of a fault or success and signal delivery are performed.
if :syscall=syscall option is specified, the corresponding syscall with no side effects is
injected instead of -1. Currently, only "pure" (see -e trace=%pure description) syscalls can
be specified there.
Unless a :when=expr subexpression is specified, an injection is being made into every
invocation of each syscall from the set.
The format of the subexpression is:
first[..last][+[step]]
Number first stands for the first invocation number in the range, number last stands for the
last invocation number in the range, and step stands for the step between two consecutive
invocations. The following combinations are useful:
first For every syscall from the set, perform an injection for the syscall
invocation number first only.
first..last For every syscall from the set, perform an injection for the syscall
invocation number first and all subsequent invocations until the invocation
number last (inclusive).
first+ For every syscall from the set, perform injections for the syscall
invocation number first and all subsequent invocations.
first..last+ For every syscall from the set, perform injections for the syscall
invocation number first and all subsequent invocations until the invocation
number last (inclusive).
first+step For every syscall from the set, perform injections for syscall invocations
number first, first+step, first+step+step, and so on.
first..last+step Same as the previous, but consider only syscall invocations with numbers up
to last (inclusive).
For example, to fail each third and subsequent chdir syscalls with ENOENT, use
-e inject=chdir:error=ENOENT:when=3+.
The valid range for numbers first and step is 1..65535, and for number last is 1..65534.
An injection expression can contain only one error= or retval= specification, and only one
signal= specification. If an injection expression contains multiple when= specifications,
the last one takes precedence.
Accounting of syscalls that are subject to injection is done per syscall and per tracee.
Specification of syscall injection can be combined with other syscall filtering options, for
example, -P /dev/urandom -e inject=file:error=ENOENT.
-e fault=syscall_set[:error=errno][:when=expr]
--fault=syscall_set[:error=errno][:when=expr]
Perform syscall fault injection for the specified set of syscalls.
This is equivalent to more generic -e inject= expression with default value of errno option
set to ENOSYS.
Miscellaneous
-d
--debug Show some debugging output of strace itself on the standard error.
-F This option is deprecated. It is retained for backward compatibility only and may be removed
in future releases. Usage of multiple instances of -F option is still equivalent to a single
-f, and it is ignored at all if used along with one or more instances of -f option.
-h
--help Print the help summary.
--seccomp-bpf
Try to enable use of seccomp-bpf (see seccomp(2)) to have ptrace(2)-stops only when system
calls that are being traced occur in the traced processes. This option has no effect unless
-f/--follow-forks is also specified. --seccomp-bpf is also not applicable to processes
attached using -p/--attach option. An attempt to enable system calls filtering using
seccomp-bpf may fail for various reasons, e.g. there are too many system calls to filter, the
seccomp API is not available, or strace itself is being traced. In cases when seccomp-bpf
filter setup failed, strace proceeds as usual and stops traced processes on every system
call.
-V
--version Print the version number of strace.
Time specification format description
Time values can be specified as a decimal floating point number (in a format accepted by strtod(3)),
optionally followed by one of the following suffices that specify the unit of time: s (seconds), ms
(milliseconds), us (microseconds), or ns (nanoseconds). If no suffix is specified, the value is
interpreted as microseconds.
The described format is used for -O, -e inject=delay_enter, and -e inject=delay_exit options.
DIAGNOSTICS
When command exits, strace exits with the same exit status. If command is terminated by a signal, strace
terminates itself with the same signal, so that strace can be used as a wrapper process transparent to
the invoking parent process. Note that parent-child relationship (signal stop notifications, getppid(2)
value, etc) between traced process and its parent are not preserved unless -D is used.
When using -p without a command, the exit status of strace is zero unless no processes has been attached
or there was an unexpected error in doing the tracing.
SETUID INSTALLATION
If strace is installed setuid to root then the invoking user will be able to attach to and trace
processes owned by any user. In addition setuid and setgid programs will be executed and traced with the
correct effective privileges. Since only users trusted with full root privileges should be allowed to do
these things, it only makes sense to install strace as setuid to root when the users who can execute it
are restricted to those users who have this trust. For example, it makes sense to install a special
version of strace with mode 'rwsr-xr--', user root and group trace, where members of the trace group are
trusted users. If you do use this feature, please remember to install a regular non-setuid version of
strace for ordinary users to use.
MULTIPLE PERSONALITIES SUPPORT
On some architectures, strace supports decoding of syscalls for processes that use different ABI rather
than the one strace uses. Specifically, in addition to decoding native ABI, strace can decode the
following ABIs on the following architectures:
┌───────────────────┬─────────────────────────┐
│Architecture │ ABIs supported │
├───────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤
│x86_64 │ i386, x32 [1]; i386 [2] │
├───────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤
│AArch64 │ ARM 32-bit EABI │
├───────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤
│PowerPC 64-bit [3] │ PowerPC 32-bit │
├───────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤
│s390x │ s390 │
├───────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤
│SPARC 64-bit │ SPARC 32-bit │
├───────────────────┼─────────────────────────┤
│TILE 64-bit │ TILE 32-bit │
└───────────────────┴─────────────────────────┘
[1] When strace is built as an x86_64 application
[2] When strace is built as an x32 application
[3] Big endian only
This support is optional and relies on ability to generate and parse structure definitions during the
build time. Please refer to the output of the strace -V command in order to figure out what support is
available in your strace build ("non-native" refers to an ABI that differs from the ABI strace has):
m32-mpers strace can trace and properly decode non-native 32-bit binaries.
no-m32-mpers strace can trace, but cannot properly decode non-native 32-bit binaries.
mx32-mpers strace can trace and properly decode non-native 32-on-64-bit binaries.
no-mx32-mpers strace can trace, but cannot properly decode non-native 32-on-64-bit binaries.
If the output contains neither m32-mpers nor no-m32-mpers, then decoding of non-native 32-bit binaries is
not implemented at all or not applicable.
Likewise, if the output contains neither mx32-mpers nor no-mx32-mpers, then decoding of non-native
32-on-64-bit binaries is not implemented at all or not applicable.
NOTES
It is a pity that so much tracing clutter is produced by systems employing shared libraries.
It is instructive to think about system call inputs and outputs as data-flow across the user/kernel
boundary. Because user-space and kernel-space are separate and address-protected, it is sometimes
possible to make deductive inferences about process behavior using inputs and outputs as propositions.
In some cases, a system call will differ from the documented behavior or have a different name. For
example, the faccessat(2) system call does not have flags argument, and the setrlimit(2) library function
uses prlimit64(2) system call on modern (2.6.38+) kernels. These discrepancies are normal but
idiosyncratic characteristics of the system call interface and are accounted for by C library wrapper
functions.
Some system calls have different names in different architectures and personalities. In these cases,
system call filtering and printing uses the names that match corresponding __NR_* kernel macros of the
tracee's architecture and personality. There are two exceptions from this general rule:
arm_fadvise64_64(2) ARM syscall and xtensa_fadvise64_64(2) Xtensa syscall are filtered and printed as
fadvise64_64(2).
On x32, syscalls that are intended to be used by 64-bit processes and not x32 ones (for example,
readv(2), that has syscall number 19 on x86_64, with its x32 counterpart has syscall number 515), but
called with __X32_SYSCALL_BIT flag being set, are designated with #64 suffix.
On some platforms a process that is attached to with the -p option may observe a spurious EINTR return
from the current system call that is not restartable. (Ideally, all system calls should be restarted on
strace attach, making the attach invisible to the traced process, but a few system calls aren't.
Arguably, every instance of such behavior is a kernel bug.) This may have an unpredictable effect on the
process if the process takes no action to restart the system call.
As strace executes the specified command directly and does not employ a shell for that, scripts without
shebang that usually run just fine when invoked by shell fail to execute with ENOEXEC error. It is
advisable to manually supply a shell as a command with the script as its argument.
BUGS
Programs that use the setuid bit do not have effective user ID privileges while being traced.
A traced process runs slowly (but check out the --seccomp-bpf option).
Traced processes which are descended from command may be left running after an interrupt signal (CTRL-C).
HISTORY
The original strace was written by Paul Kranenburg for SunOS and was inspired by its trace utility. The
SunOS version of strace was ported to Linux and enhanced by Branko Lankester, who also wrote the Linux
kernel support. Even though Paul released strace 2.5 in 1992, Branko's work was based on Paul's strace
1.5 release from 1991. In 1993, Rick Sladkey merged strace 2.5 for SunOS and the second release of
strace for Linux, added many of the features of truss(1) from SVR4, and produced an strace that worked on
both platforms. In 1994 Rick ported strace to SVR4 and Solaris and wrote the automatic configuration
support. In 1995 he ported strace to Irix and tired of writing about himself in the third person.
Beginning with 1996, strace was maintained by Wichert Akkerman. During his tenure, strace development
migrated to CVS; ports to FreeBSD and many architectures on Linux (including ARM, IA-64, MIPS, PA-RISC,
PowerPC, s390, SPARC) were introduced. In 2002, the burden of strace maintainership was transferred to
Roland McGrath. Since then, strace gained support for several new Linux architectures (AMD64, s390x,
SuperH), bi-architecture support for some of them, and received numerous additions and improvements in
syscalls decoders on Linux; strace development migrated to git during that period. Since 2009, strace is
actively maintained by Dmitry Levin. strace gained support for AArch64, ARC, AVR32, Blackfin, Meta, Nios
II, OpenRISC 1000, RISC-V, Tile/TileGx, Xtensa architectures since that time. In 2012, unmaintained and
apparently broken support for non-Linux operating systems was removed. Also, in 2012 strace gained
support for path tracing and file descriptor path decoding. In 2014, support for stack traces printing
was added. In 2016, syscall fault injection was implemented.
For the additional information, please refer to the NEWS file and strace repository commit log.
REPORTING BUGS
Problems with strace should be reported to the strace mailing list ⟨mailto:strace-devel@lists.strace.io⟩.
SEE ALSO
strace-log-merge(1), ltrace(1), perf-trace(1), trace-cmd(1), time(1), ptrace(2), proc(5) strace Home Page ⟨https://strace.io/⟩
AUTHORS
The complete list of strace contributors can be found in the CREDITS file.