Provided by: libfirefox-marionette-perl_1.22-1_all 
NAME
Firefox::Marionette - Automate the Firefox browser with the Marionette protocol
VERSION
Version 1.22
SYNOPSIS
use Firefox::Marionette();
use v5.10;
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
say $firefox->find_tag('title')->property('innerHTML'); # same as $firefox->title();
say $firefox->html();
$firefox->find_class('container-fluid')->find_id('metacpan_search-input')->type('Test::More');
say "Height of search box is " . $firefox->find_class('container-fluid')->css('height');
my $file_handle = $firefox->selfie();
$firefox->find('//button[@name="lucky"]')->click();
$firefox->await(sub { $firefox->interactive() && $firefox->find_partial('Download') })->click();
DESCRIPTION
This is a client module to automate the Mozilla Firefox browser via the Marionette protocol
<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/QA/Marionette/Protocol>
SUBROUTINES/METHODS
accept_alert
accepts a currently displayed modal message box
accept_connections
Enables or disables accepting new socket connections. By calling this method with false the server will
not accept any further connections, but existing connections will not be forcible closed. Use true to re-
enable accepting connections.
Please note that when closing the connection via the client you can end-up in a non-recoverable state if
it hasn't been enabled before.
active_element
returns the active element of the current browsing context's document element, if the document element is
non-null.
add_certificate
accepts a hash as a parameter and adds the specified certificate to the Firefox database with the
supplied or default trust. Allowed keys are below;
• path - a file system path to a single PEM encoded X.509 certificate
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7468#section-5>.
• string - a string containg a single PEM encoded X.509 certificate
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7468#section-5>
• trust - This is the trustargs <https://www.mankier.com/1/certutil#-t> value for NSS
<https://wiki.mozilla.org/NSS>. If defaults to 'C,,';
This method returns itself to aid in chaining methods.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $pem_encoded_string = <<'_PEM_';
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MII..
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
_PEM_
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->add_certificate(string => $pem_encoded_string);
add_cookie
accepts a single cookie object as the first parameter and adds it to the current cookie jar. This method
returns itself to aid in chaining methods.
This method throws an exception if you try to add a cookie for a different domain than the current
document <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/WebDriver/Errors/InvalidCookieDomain>.
add_header
accepts a hash of HTTP headers to include in every future HTTP Request.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use UUID();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
my $uuid = UUID::uuid();
$firefox->add_header( 'Track-my-automated-tests' => $uuid );
$firefox->go('https://metacpan.org/');
these headers are added to any existing headers. To clear headers, see the delete_header method
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->delete_header( 'Accept' )->add_header( 'Accept' => 'text/perl' )->go('https://metacpan.org/');
will only send out an Accept <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Accept> header
that looks like "Accept: text/perl".
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->add_header( 'Accept' => 'text/perl' )->go('https://metacpan.org/');
by itself, will send out an Accept <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Accept>
header that may resemble "Accept:
text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8, text/perl". This method
returns itself to aid in chaining methods.
add_login
accepts a hash of the following keys;
• host - The scheme + hostname of the page where the login applies, for example
'https://www.example.org'.
• user - The username for the login.
• password - The password for the login.
• origin - The scheme + hostname that the form-based login was submitted to
<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/form#attr-action>. Forms with no action
attribute <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/form#attr-action> default to
submitting to the URL of the page containing the login form, so that is stored here. This field
should be omitted (it will be set to undef) for http auth type authentications and "" means to match
against any form action.
• realm - The HTTP Realm for which the login was requested. When an HTTP server sends a 401 result, the
WWW-Authenticate header includes a realm. See RFC 2617
<https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2617>. If the realm is not specified, or it was blank, the
hostname is used instead. For HTML form logins, this field should not be specified.
• user_field - The name attribute for the username input in a form. Non-form logins should not specify
this field.
• password_field - The name attribute for the password input in a form. Non-form logins should not
specify this field.
or a Firefox::Marionette::Login object as the first parameter and adds the login to the Firefox login
database.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use UUID();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
# for http auth logins
my $http_auth_login = Firefox::Marionette::Login->new(host => 'https://pause.perl.org', user => 'AUSER', password => 'qwerty', realm => 'PAUSE');
$firefox->add_login($http_auth_login);
$firefox->go('https://pause.perl.org/pause/authenquery')->accept_alert(); # this goes to the page and submits the http auth popup
# for form based login
$firefox->add_login(host => 'https://github.com', origin => 'https://github.com', user => 'me@example.org', password => 'qwerty', user_field => 'login', password_field => 'password');
my $form_login = Firefox::Marionette::Login(host => 'https://github.com', user => 'me2@example.org', password => 'uiop[]', user_field => 'login', password_field => 'password');
# or just directly
$firefox->add_login(host => 'https://github.com', user => 'me2@example.org', password => 'uiop[]', user_field => 'login', password_field => 'password');
This method returns itself to aid in chaining methods.
add_site_header
accepts a host name and a hash of HTTP headers to include in every future HTTP Request that is being sent
to that particular host.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use UUID();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
my $uuid = UUID::uuid();
$firefox->add_site_header( 'metacpan.org', 'Track-my-automated-tests' => $uuid );
$firefox->go('https://metacpan.org/');
these headers are added to any existing headers going to the metacpan.org site, but no other site. To
clear site headers, see the delete_site_header method
addons
returns if pre-existing addons (extensions/themes) are allowed to run. This will be true for Firefox
versions less than 55, as -safe-mode cannot be automated.
alert_text
Returns the message shown in a currently displayed modal message box
alive
This method returns true or false depending on if the Firefox process is still running.
application_type
returns the application type for the Marionette protocol. Should be 'gecko'.
async_script
accepts a scalar containing a javascript function that is executed in the browser. This method returns
itself to aid in chaining methods.
The executing javascript is subject to the script timeout, which, by default is 30 seconds.
attribute
accepts an element as the first parameter and a scalar attribute name as the second parameter. It
returns the initial value of the attribute with the supplied name. This method will return the initial
content, the property method will return the current content.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
my $element = $firefox->find_id('search_input');
!defined $element->attribute('value') or die "attribute is not defined!");
$element->type('Test::More');
!defined $element->attribute('value') or die "attribute is still not defined!");
await
accepts a subroutine reference as a parameter and then executes the subroutine. If a not found exception
is thrown, this method will sleep for sleep_time_in_ms milliseconds and then execute the subroutine
again. When the subroutine executes successfully, it will return what the subroutine returns.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new(sleep_time_in_ms => 5)->go('https://metacpan.org/');
$firefox->find_id('metacpan_search-input')->type('Test::More');
$firefox->find_name('lucky')->click();
$firefox->await(sub { $firefox->interactive() && $firefox->find_partial('Download') })->click();
back
causes the browser to traverse one step backward in the joint history of the current browsing context.
The browser will wait for the one step backward to complete or the session's page_load duration to elapse
before returning, which, by default is 5 minutes. This method returns itself to aid in chaining methods.
debug
accept a boolean and return the current value of the debug setting. This allows the dynamic setting of
debug.
default_binary_name
just returns the string 'firefox'. Only of interest when sub-classing.
browser_version
This method returns the current version of firefox.
bye
accepts a subroutine reference as a parameter and then executes the subroutine. If the subroutine
executes successfully, this method will sleep for sleep_time_in_ms milliseconds and then execute the
subroutine again. When a not found exception is thrown, this method will return itself to aid in
chaining methods.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
$firefox->find_id('metacpan_search-input')->type('Test::More');
$firefox->find_name('lucky')->click();
$firefox->bye(sub { $firefox->find_name('lucky') })->await(sub { $firefox->interactive() && $firefox->find_partial('Download') })->click();
capabilities
returns the capabilities of the current firefox binary. You can retrieve timeouts or a proxy with this
method.
certificate_as_pem
accepts a certificate stored in the Firefox database as a parameter and returns a PEM encoded X.509
certificate <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7468#section-5> as a string.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
# Generating a ca-bundle.crt to STDOUT from the current firefox instance
foreach my $certificate (sort { $a->display_name() cmp $b->display_name } $firefox->certificates()) {
if ($certificate->is_ca_cert()) {
print '# ' . $certificate->display_name() . "\n" . $firefox->certificate_as_pem($certificate) . "\n";
}
}
The ca-bundle-for-firefox command that is provided as part of this distribution does this.
certificates
returns a list of all known certificates in the Firefox database.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use v5.10;
# Sometimes firefox can neglect old certificates. See https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1710716
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
foreach my $certificate (grep { $_->is_ca_cert() && $_->not_valid_after() < time } $firefox->certificates()) {
say "The " . $certificate->display_name() " . certificate has expired and should be removed";
}
This method returns itself to aid in chaining methods.
child_error
This method returns the $? (CHILD_ERROR) for the Firefox process, or undefined if the process has not yet
exited.
chrome
changes the scope of subsequent commands to chrome context. This allows things like interacting with
firefox menu's and buttons outside of the browser window.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use v5.10;
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->chrome();
$firefox->script(...); # running script in chrome context
$firefox->content();
See the context method for an alternative methods for changing the context.
chrome_window_handle
returns an server-assigned integer identifiers for the current chrome window that uniquely identifies it
within this Marionette instance. This can be used to switch to this window at a later point. This
corresponds to a window that may itself contain tabs. This method is replaced by window_handle and
appropriate context calls for Firefox 94 and after <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-
US/docs/Mozilla/Firefox/Releases/94#webdriver_conformance_marionette>.
chrome_window_handles
returns identifiers for each open chrome window for tests interested in managing a set of chrome windows
and tabs separately. This method is replaced by window_handles and appropriate context calls for Firefox
94 and after <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-
US/docs/Mozilla/Firefox/Releases/94#webdriver_conformance_marionette>.
clear
accepts a element as the first parameter and clears any user supplied input
click
accepts a element as the first parameter and sends a 'click' to it. The browser will wait for any page
load to complete or the session's page_load duration to elapse before returning, which, by default is 5
minutes. The click method is also used to choose an option in a select dropdown.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new(visible => 1)->go('https://ebay.com');
my $select = $firefox->find_tag('select');
foreach my $option ($select->find_tag('option')) {
if ($option->property('value') == 58058) { # Computers/Tablets & Networking
$option->click();
}
}
close_current_chrome_window_handle
closes the current chrome window (that is the entire window, not just the tabs). It returns a list of
still available chrome window handles. You will need to switch_to_window to use another window.
close_current_window_handle
closes the current window/tab. It returns a list of still available window/tab handles.
content
changes the scope of subsequent commands to browsing context. This is the default for when firefox
starts and restricts commands to operating in the browser window only.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use v5.10;
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->chrome();
$firefox->script(...); # running script in chrome context
$firefox->content();
See the context method for an alternative methods for changing the context.
context
accepts a string as the first parameter, which may be either 'content' or 'chrome'. It returns the
context type that is Marionette's current target for browsing context scoped commands.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use v5.10;
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
if ($firefox->context() eq 'content') {
say "I knew that was going to happen";
}
my $old_context = $firefox->context('chrome');
$firefox->script(...); # running script in chrome context
$firefox->context($old_context);
See the content and chrome methods for alternative methods for changing the context.
cookies
returns the contents of the cookie jar in scalar or list context.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use v5.10;
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://github.com');
foreach my $cookie ($firefox->cookies()) {
if (defined $cookie->same_site()) {
say "Cookie " . $cookie->name() . " has a SameSite of " . $cookie->same_site();
} else {
warn "Cookie " . $cookie->name() . " does not have the SameSite attribute defined";
}
}
css
accepts an element as the first parameter and a scalar CSS property name as the second parameter. It
returns the value of the computed style for that property.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use v5.10;
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
say $firefox->find_id('metacpan_search-input')->css('height');
current_chrome_window_handle
see chrome_window_handle.
delete_certificate
accepts a certificate stored in the Firefox database as a parameter and deletes/distrusts the certificate
from the Firefox database.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use v5.10;
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
foreach my $certificate ($firefox->certificates()) {
if ($certificate->is_ca_cert()) {
$firefox->delete_certificate($certificate);
} else {
say "This " . $certificate->display_name() " certificate is NOT a certificate authority, therefore it is not being deleted";
}
}
say "Good luck visiting a HTTPS website!";
This method returns itself to aid in chaining methods.
delete_cookie
deletes a single cookie by name. Accepts a scalar containing the cookie name as a parameter. This
method returns itself to aid in chaining methods.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://github.com');
foreach my $cookie ($firefox->cookies()) {
warn "Cookie " . $cookie->name() . " is being deleted";
$firefox->delete_cookie($cookie->name());
}
foreach my $cookie ($firefox->cookies()) {
die "Should be no cookies here now";
}
delete_cookies
here be cookie monsters! This method returns itself to aid in chaining methods.
delete_header
accepts a list of HTTP header names to delete from future HTTP Requests.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
$firefox->delete_header( 'User-Agent', 'Accept', 'Accept-Encoding' );
will remove the User-Agent <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/User-Agent>, Accept
<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Accept> and Accept-Encoding
<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Accept-Encoding> headers from all future
requests
This method returns itself to aid in chaining methods.
delete_login
accepts a login as a parameter.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
foreach my $login ($firefox->logins()) {
if ($login->user() eq 'me@example.org') {
$firefox->delete_login($login);
}
}
will remove the logins with the username matching 'me@example.org'.
This method returns itself to aid in chaining methods.
delete_logins
This method empties the password database.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
$firefox->delete_logins();
This method returns itself to aid in chaining methods.
delete_session
deletes the current WebDriver session.
delete_site_header
accepts a host name and a list of HTTP headers names to delete from future HTTP Requests.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
$firefox->delete_header( 'metacpan.org', 'User-Agent', 'Accept', 'Accept-Encoding' );
will remove the User-Agent <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/User-Agent>, Accept
<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Accept> and Accept-Encoding
<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Accept-Encoding> headers from all future
requests to metacpan.org.
This method returns itself to aid in chaining methods.
developer
returns true if the current version of firefox is a developer edition <https://www.mozilla.org/en-
US/firefox/developer/> (does the minor version number end with an 'b\d+'?) version.
dismiss_alert
dismisses a currently displayed modal message box
download
accepts a filesystem path and returns a matching filehandle. This is trivial for locally running
firefox, but sufficiently complex to justify the method for a remote firefox running over ssh.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use v5.10;
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new( host => '10.1.2.3' )->go('https://metacpan.org/');
$firefox->find_class('container-fluid')->find_id('metacpan_search-input')->type('Test::More');
$firefox->find('//button[@name="lucky"]')->click();
$firefox->await(sub { $firefox->interactive() && $firefox->find_partial('Download') })->click();
while(!$firefox->downloads()) { sleep 1 }
foreach my $path ($firefox->downloads()) {
my $handle = $firefox->download($path);
# do something with downloaded file handle
}
downloading
returns true if any files in downloads end in ".part"
use Firefox::Marionette();
use v5.10;
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
$firefox->find_class('container-fluid')->find_id('metacpan_search-input')->type('Test::More');
$firefox->find('//button[@name="lucky"]')->click();
$firefox->await(sub { $firefox->interactive() && $firefox->find_partial('Download') })->click();
while(!$firefox->downloads()) { sleep 1 }
while($firefox->downloading()) { sleep 1 }
foreach my $path ($firefox->downloads()) {
say $path;
}
downloads
returns a list of file paths (including partial downloads) of downloads during this Firefox session.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use v5.10;
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
$firefox->find_class('container-fluid')->find_id('metacpan_search-input')->type('Test::More');
$firefox->find('//button[@name="lucky"]')->click();
$firefox->await(sub { $firefox->interactive() && $firefox->find_partial('Download') })->click();
while(!$firefox->downloads()) { sleep 1 }
foreach my $path ($firefox->downloads()) {
say $path;
}
error_message
This method returns a human readable error message describing how the Firefox process exited (assuming it
started okay). On Win32 platforms this information is restricted to exit code.
execute
This utility method executes a command with arguments and returns STDOUT as a chomped string. It is a
simple method only intended for the Firefox::Marionette::* modules.
fill_login
This method searchs the Password Manager <https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/password-manager-remember-
delete-edit-logins> for an appropriate login for any form on the current page. The form must match the
host, the action attribute and the user and password field names.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use IO::Prompt();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
my $url = 'https://github.com';
my $user = 'me@example.org';
my $password = IO::Prompt::prompt(-echo => q[*], "Please enter the password for the $user account when logging into $url:");
$firefox->add_login(host => $url, user => $user, password => 'qwerty', user_field => 'login', password_field => 'password');
$firefox->go("$url/login");
$firefox->fill_login();
find
accepts an xpath expression <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPath> as the first parameter and returns the
first element that matches this expression.
This method is subject to the implicit timeout, which, by default is 0 seconds.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
$firefox->find('//input[@id="metacpan_search-input"]')->type('Test::More');
# OR in list context
foreach my $element ($firefox->find('//input[@id="metacpan_search-input"]')) {
$element->type('Test::More');
}
If no elements are found, a not found exception will be thrown. For the same functionality that returns
undef if no elements are found, see the has method.
find_id
accepts an id <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/id> as the first
parameter and returns the first element with a matching 'id' property.
This method is subject to the implicit timeout, which, by default is 0 seconds.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
$firefox->find_id('metacpan_search-input')->type('Test::More');
# OR in list context
foreach my $element ($firefox->find_id('metacpan_search-input')) {
$element->type('Test::More');
}
If no elements are found, a not found exception will be thrown. For the same functionality that returns
undef if no elements are found, see the has_id method.
find_name
This method returns the first element with a matching 'name' property.
This method is subject to the implicit timeout, which, by default is 0 seconds.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
$firefox->find_name('q')->type('Test::More');
# OR in list context
foreach my $element ($firefox->find_name('q')) {
$element->type('Test::More');
}
If no elements are found, a not found exception will be thrown. For the same functionality that returns
undef if no elements are found, see the has_name method.
find_class
accepts a class name <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/class> as the
first parameter and returns the first element with a matching 'class' property.
This method is subject to the implicit timeout, which, by default is 0 seconds.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
$firefox->find_class('form-control home-metacpan_search-input')->type('Test::More');
# OR in list context
foreach my $element ($firefox->find_class('form-control home-metacpan_search-input')) {
$element->type('Test::More');
}
If no elements are found, a not found exception will be thrown. For the same functionality that returns
undef if no elements are found, see the has_class method.
find_selector
accepts a CSS Selector <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Selectors> as the first
parameter and returns the first element that matches that selector.
This method is subject to the implicit timeout, which, by default is 0 seconds.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
$firefox->find_selector('input.home-metacpan_search-input')->type('Test::More');
# OR in list context
foreach my $element ($firefox->find_selector('input.home-metacpan_search-input')) {
$element->type('Test::More');
}
If no elements are found, a not found exception will be thrown. For the same functionality that returns
undef if no elements are found, see the has_selector method.
find_tag
accepts a tag name <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/tagName> as the first
parameter and returns the first element with this tag name.
This method is subject to the implicit timeout, which, by default is 0 seconds.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
my $element = $firefox->find_tag('input');
# OR in list context
foreach my $element ($firefox->find_tag('input')) {
# do something
}
If no elements are found, a not found exception will be thrown. For the same functionality that returns
undef if no elements are found, see the has_tag method.
find_link
accepts a text string as the first parameter and returns the first link element that has a matching link
text.
This method is subject to the implicit timeout, which, by default is 0 seconds.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
$firefox->find_link('API')->click();
# OR in list context
foreach my $element ($firefox->find_link('API')) {
$element->click();
}
If no elements are found, a not found exception will be thrown. For the same functionality that returns
undef if no elements are found, see the has_link method.
find_partial
accepts a text string as the first parameter and returns the first link element that has a partially
matching link text.
This method is subject to the implicit timeout, which, by default is 0 seconds.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
$firefox->find_partial('AP')->click();
# OR in list context
foreach my $element ($firefox->find_partial('AP')) {
$element->click();
}
If no elements are found, a not found exception will be thrown. For the same functionality that returns
undef if no elements are found, see the has_partial method.
forward
causes the browser to traverse one step forward in the joint history of the current browsing context. The
browser will wait for the one step forward to complete or the session's page_load duration to elapse
before returning, which, by default is 5 minutes. This method returns itself to aid in chaining methods.
full_screen
full screens the firefox window. This method returns itself to aid in chaining methods.
go
Navigates the current browsing context to the given URI and waits for the document to load or the
session's page_load duration to elapse before returning, which, by default is 5 minutes.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
$firefox->go('https://metacpan.org/'); # will only return when metacpan.org is FULLY loaded (including all images / js / css)
To make the go method return quicker, you need to set the page load strategy capability to an appropriate
value, such as below;
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new( capabilities => Firefox::Marionette::Capabilities->new( page_load_strategy => 'eager' ));
$firefox->go('https://metacpan.org/'); # will return once the main document has been loaded and parsed, but BEFORE sub-resources (images/stylesheets/frames) have been loaded.
When going directly to a URL that needs to be downloaded, please see BUGS AND LIMITATIONS for a necessary
workaround.
This method returns itself to aid in chaining methods.
har
returns a hashref representing the http archive <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAR_(file_format)> of the
session. This function is subject to the script timeout, which, by default is 30 seconds. It is also
possible for the function to hang (until the script timeout) if the original devtools
<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Tools> window is closed. The hashref has been designed to be
accepted by the Archive::Har module. This function should be considered experimental. Feedback welcome.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use Archive::Har();
use v5.10;
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new(visible => 1, debug => 1, har => 1);
$firefox->go("http://metacpan.org/");
$firefox->find('//input[@id="metacpan_search-input"]')->type('Test::More');
$firefox->find_name('lucky')->click();
my $har = Archive::Har->new();
$har->hashref($firefox->har());
foreach my $entry ($har->entries()) {
say $entry->request()->url() . " spent " . $entry->timings()->connect() . " ms establishing a TCP connection";
}
has
accepts an xpath expression <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XPath> as the first parameter and returns the
first element that matches this expression.
This method is subject to the implicit timeout, which, by default is 0 seconds.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
if (my $element = $firefox->has('//input[@id="metacpan_search-input"]')) {
$element->type('Test::More');
}
If no elements are found, this method will return undef. For the same functionality that throws a not
found exception, see the find method.
has_id
accepts an id <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/id> as the first
parameter and returns the first element with a matching 'id' property.
This method is subject to the implicit timeout, which, by default is 0 seconds.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
if (my $element = $firefox->has_id('metacpan_search-input')) {
$element->type('Test::More');
}
If no elements are found, this method will return undef. For the same functionality that throws a not
found exception, see the find_id method.
has_name
This method returns the first element with a matching 'name' property.
This method is subject to the implicit timeout, which, by default is 0 seconds.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
if (my $element = $firefox->has_name('q')) {
$element->type('Test::More');
}
If no elements are found, this method will return undef. For the same functionality that throws a not
found exception, see the find_name method.
has_class
accepts a class name <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/class> as the
first parameter and returns the first element with a matching 'class' property.
This method is subject to the implicit timeout, which, by default is 0 seconds.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
if (my $element = $firefox->has_class('form-control home-metacpan_search-input')) {
$element->type('Test::More');
}
If no elements are found, this method will return undef. For the same functionality that throws a not
found exception, see the find_class method.
has_selector
accepts a CSS Selector <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Selectors> as the first
parameter and returns the first element that matches that selector.
This method is subject to the implicit timeout, which, by default is 0 seconds.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
if (my $element = $firefox->has_selector('input.home-metacpan_search-input')) {
$element->type('Test::More');
}
If no elements are found, this method will return undef. For the same functionality that throws a not
found exception, see the find_selector method.
has_tag
accepts a tag name <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Element/tagName> as the first
parameter and returns the first element with this tag name.
This method is subject to the implicit timeout, which, by default is 0 seconds.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
if (my $element = $firefox->has_tag('input')) {
# do something
}
If no elements are found, this method will return undef. For the same functionality that throws a not
found exception, see the find_tag method.
has_link
accepts a text string as the first parameter and returns the first link element that has a matching link
text.
This method is subject to the implicit timeout, which, by default is 0 seconds.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
if (my $element = $firefox->has_link('API')) {
$element->click();
}
If no elements are found, this method will return undef. For the same functionality that throws a not
found exception, see the find_link method.
has_partial
accepts a text string as the first parameter and returns the first link element that has a partially
matching link text.
This method is subject to the implicit timeout, which, by default is 0 seconds.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
if (my $element = $firefox->find_partial('AP')) {
$element->click();
}
If no elements are found, this method will return undef. For the same functionality that throws a not
found exception, see the find_partial method.
html
returns the page source of the content document. This page source can be wrapped in html that firefox
provides. See the json method for an alternative when dealing with response content types such as
application/json and strip for an alterative when dealing with other non-html content types such as
text/plain.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use v5.10;
say Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/')->html();
images
returns a list of all of the following elements;
• img <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/img>
• image inputs <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input/image>
as Firefox::Marionette::Image objects.
This method is subject to the implicit timeout, which, by default is 0 seconds.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
if (my $link = $firefox->images()) {
say "Found a image with width " . $image->width() . "px and height " . $image->height() . "px from " . $image->URL();
}
If no elements are found, this method will return undef.
install
accepts the following as the first parameter;
• path to an xpi file <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/XPI>.
• path to a directory containing firefox extension source code <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-
US/docs/Mozilla/Add-ons/WebExtensions/Your_first_WebExtension>. This directory will be packaged up
as an unsigned xpi file.
• path to a top level file (such as manifest.json <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-
US/docs/Mozilla/Add-ons/WebExtensions/Anatomy_of_a_WebExtension#manifest.json>) in a directory
containing firefox extension source code <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Add-
ons/WebExtensions/Your_first_WebExtension>. This directory will be packaged up as an unsigned xpi
file.
and an optional true/false second parameter to indicate if the xpi file should be a temporary extension
<https://extensionworkshop.com/documentation/develop/temporary-installation-in-firefox/> (just for the
existance of this browser instance). Unsigned xpi files may only be loaded temporarily
<https://wiki.mozilla.org/Add-ons/Extension_Signing> (except for nightly firefox installations
<https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/channel/desktop/#nightly>). It returns the GUID for the addon
which may be used as a parameter to the uninstall method.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
my $extension_id = $firefox->install('/full/path/to/gnu_terry_pratchett-0.4-an+fx.xpi');
# OR downloading and installing source code
system { 'git' } 'git', 'clone', 'https://github.com/kkapsner/CanvasBlocker.git';
if ($firefox->nightly()) {
$extension_id = $firefox->install('./CanvasBlocker'); # permanent install for unsigned packages in nightly firefox
} else {
$extension_id = $firefox->install('./CanvasBlocker', 1); # temp install for normal firefox
}
interactive
returns true if "document.readyState === "interactive"" or if loaded is true
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
$firefox->find_id('search_input')->type('Type::More');
$firefox->find('//button[@name="lucky"]')->click();
while(!$firefox->interactive()) {
# redirecting to Test::More page
}
is_displayed
accepts an element as the first parameter. This method returns true or false depending on if the element
is displayed <https://firefox-source-
docs.mozilla.org/testing/marionette/internals/interaction.html#interaction.isElementDisplayed>.
is_enabled
accepts an element as the first parameter. This method returns true or false depending on if the element
is enabled <https://w3c.github.io/webdriver/#is-element-enabled>.
is_selected
accepts an element as the first parameter. This method returns true or false depending on if the element
is selected <https://w3c.github.io/webdriver/#dfn-is-element-selected>. Note that this method only makes
sense for checkbox <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input/checkbox> or radio
<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input/radio> inputs or option
<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/option> elements in a select
<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/select> dropdown.
json
returns a JSON object that has been parsed from the page source of the content document. This is a
convenience method that wraps the strip method.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use v5.10;
say Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://fastapi.metacpan.org/v1/download_url/Firefox::Marionette")->json()->{version};
key_down
accepts a parameter describing a key and returns an action for use in the perform method that
corresponding with that key being depressed.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use Firefox::Marionette::Keys qw(:all);
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
$firefox->chrome()->perform(
$firefox->key_down(CONTROL()),
$firefox->key_down('l'),
)->release()->content();
key_up
accepts a parameter describing a key and returns an action for use in the perform method that
corresponding with that key being released.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use Firefox::Marionette::Keys qw(:all);
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
$firefox->chrome()->perform(
$firefox->key_down(CONTROL()),
$firefox->key_down('l'),
$firefox->pause(20),
$firefox->key_up('l'),
$firefox->key_up(CONTROL())
)->content();
loaded
returns true if "document.readyState === "complete""
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
$firefox->find_id('search_input')->type('Type::More');
$firefox->find('//button[@name="lucky"]')->click();
while(!$firefox->loaded()) {
# redirecting to Test::More page
}
logins_from_csv
accepts a filehandle as a parameter and then reads the filehandle for exported logins as CSV. This is
known to work with the following formats;
• Bitwarden CSV <https://bitwarden.com/help/article/condition-bitwarden-import/>
• LastPass CSV <https://support.logmeininc.com/lastpass/help/how-do-i-nbsp-export-stored-data-from-
lastpass-using-a-generic-csv-file>
• KeePass CSV <https://keepass.info/help/base/importexport.html#csv>
returns a list of Firefox::Marionette::Login objects.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use FileHandle();
my $handle = FileHandle->new('/path/to/last_pass.csv');
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
foreach my $login (Firefox::Marionette->logins_from_csv($handle)) {
$firefox->add_login($login);
}
logins_from_zip
accepts a filehandle as a parameter and then reads the filehandle for exported logins as a zip file.
This is known to work with the following formats;
• 1Password Unencrypted Export format <https://support.1password.com/1pux-format/>
returns a list of Firefox::Marionette::Login objects.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use FileHandle();
my $handle = FileHandle->new('/path/to/1Passwordv8.1pux');
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
foreach my $login (Firefox::Marionette->logins_from_zip($handle)) {
$firefox->add_login($login);
}
links
returns a list of all of the following elements;
• anchor <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/a>
• area <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/area>
• frame <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/frame>
• iframe <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/iframe>
• meta <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meta>
as Firefox::Marionette::Link objects.
This method is subject to the implicit timeout, which, by default is 0 seconds.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
if (my $link = $firefox->links()) {
if ($link->tag() eq 'a') {
warn "Found a hyperlink to " . $link->URL();
}
}
If no elements are found, this method will return undef.
macos_binary_paths
returns a list of filesystem paths that this module will check for binaries that it can automate when
running on MacOS <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacOS>. Only of interest when sub-classing.
marionette_protocol
returns the version for the Marionette protocol. Current most recent version is '3'.
maximise
maximises the firefox window. This method returns itself to aid in chaining methods.
mime_types
returns a list of MIME types that will be downloaded by firefox and made available from the downloads
method
use Firefox::Marionette();
use v5.10;
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new(mime_types => [ 'application/pkcs10' ])
foreach my $mime_type ($firefox->mime_types()) {
say $mime_type;
}
minimise
minimises the firefox window. This method returns itself to aid in chaining methods.
mouse_down
accepts a parameter describing which mouse button the method should apply to (left, middle or right) and
returns an action for use in the perform method that corresponding with a mouse button being depressed.
mouse_move
accepts a element parameter, or a "( x => 0, y => 0 )" type hash manually describing exactly where to
move the mouse to and returns an action for use in the perform method that corresponding with such a
mouse movement, either to the specified co-ordinates or to the middle of the supplied element parameter.
Other parameters that may be passed are listed below;
• origin - the origin of the C(<x => 0, y => 0)> co-ordinates. Should be either "viewport", "pointer"
or an element.
• duration - Number of milliseconds over which to distribute the move. If not defined, the duration
defaults to 0.
This method returns itself to aid in chaining methods.
mouse_up
accepts a parameter describing which mouse button the method should apply to (left, middle or right) and
returns an action for use in the perform method that corresponding with a mouse button being released.
new
accepts an optional hash as a parameter. Allowed keys are below;
• addons - should any firefox extensions and themes be available in this session. This defaults to
"0".
• binary - use the specified path to the Firefox <https://firefox.org/> binary, rather than the default
path.
• capabilities - use the supplied capabilities object, for example to set whether the browser should
accept insecure certs or whether the browser should use a proxy.
• chatty - Firefox is extremely chatty on the network, including checking for the lastest
malware/phishing sites, updates to firefox/etc. This option is therefore off ("0") by default,
however, it can be switched on ("1") if required. Even with chatty switched off, connections to
firefox.settings.services.mozilla.com will still be made
<https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1598562#c13>. The only way to prevent this seems to be
to set firefox.settings.services.mozilla.com to 127.0.0.1 via /etc/hosts
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//etc/hosts>. NOTE: that this option only works when
profile_name/profile is not specified.
• console - show the browser console <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Tools/Browser_Console/>
when the browser is launched. This defaults to "0" (off).
• debug - should firefox's debug to be available via STDERR. This defaults to "0". Any ssh connections
will also be printed to STDERR. This defaults to "0" (off). This setting may be updated by the
debug method.
• developer - only allow a developer edition <https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/developer/> to be
launched. This defaults to "0" (off).
• devtools - begin the session with the devtools <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Tools>
window opened in a separate window.
• height - set the height
<http://kb.mozillazine.org/Command_line_arguments#List_of_command_line_arguments_.28incomplete.29> of
the initial firefox window
• har - begin the session with the devtools <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Tools> window
opened in a separate window. The HAR Export Trigger <https://addons.mozilla.org/en-
US/firefox/addon/har-export-trigger/> addon will be loaded into the new session automatically, which
means that -safe-mode will not be activated for this session AND this functionality will only be
available for Firefox 61+.
• host - use ssh <https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1> to create and automate firefox on the specified host.
See REMOTE AUTOMATION OF FIREFOX VIA SSH.
• implicit - a shortcut to allow directly providing the implicit timeout, instead of needing to use
timeouts from the capabilities parameter. Overrides all longer ways.
• kiosk - start the browser in kiosk <https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/firefox-enterprise-kiosk-
mode> mode.
• mime_types - any MIME types that Firefox will encounter during this session. MIME types that are not
specified will result in a hung browser (the File Download popup will appear).
• nightly - only allow a nightly release <https://www.mozilla.org/en-
US/firefox/channel/desktop/#nightly> to be launched. This defaults to "0" (off).
• port - if the "host" parameter is also set, use ssh <https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1> to create and
automate firefox via the specified port. See REMOTE AUTOMATION OF FIREFOX VIA SSH.
• page_load - a shortcut to allow directly providing the page_load timeout, instead of needing to use
timeouts from the capabilities parameter. Overrides all longer ways.
• profile - create a new profile based on the supplied profile. NOTE: firefox ignores any changes made
to the profile on the disk while it is running.
• profile_name - pick a specific existing profile to automate, rather than creating a new profile.
Firefox <https://firefox.com> refuses to allow more than one instance of a profile to run at the same
time. Profile names can be obtained by using the Firefox::Marionette::Profile::names() method.
NOTE: firefox ignores any changes made to the profile on the disk while it is running.
• reconnect - an experimental parameter to allow a reconnection to firefox that a connection has been
discontinued. See the survive parameter.
• script - a shortcut to allow directly providing the script timeout, instead of needing to use
timeouts from the capabilities parameter. Overrides all longer ways.
• seer - this option is switched off "0" by default. When it is switched on "1", it will activate the
various speculative and pre-fetch options for firefox. NOTE: that this option only works when
profile_name/profile is not specified.
• sleep_time_in_ms - the amount of time (in milliseconds) that this module should sleep when
unsuccessfully calling the subroutine provided to the await or bye methods. This defaults to "1"
millisecond.
• survive - if this is set to a true value, firefox will not automatically exit when the object goes
out of scope. See the reconnect parameter for an experimental technique for reconnecting.
• trust - give a path to a root certificate <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_certificate> encoded as
a PEM encoded X.509 certificate <https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7468#section-5> that will
be trusted for this session.
• timeouts - a shortcut to allow directly providing a timeout object, instead of needing to use
timeouts from the capabilities parameter. Overrides the timeouts provided (if any) in the
capabilities parameter.
• user - if the "host" parameter is also set, use ssh <https://man.openbsd.org/ssh.1> to create and
automate firefox with the specified user. See REMOTE AUTOMATION OF FIREFOX VIA SSH. The user will
default to the current user name.
• visible - should firefox be visible on the desktop. This defaults to "0".
• waterfox - only allow a binary that looks like a waterfox version <https://www.waterfox.net/> to be
launched.
• width - set the width
<http://kb.mozillazine.org/Command_line_arguments#List_of_command_line_arguments_.28incomplete.29> of
the initial firefox window
This method returns a new "Firefox::Marionette" object, connected to an instance of firefox
<https://firefox.com>. In a non MacOS/Win32/Cygwin environment, if necessary (no DISPLAY variable can be
found and the visible parameter to the new method has been set to true) and possible (Xvfb can be
executed successfully), this method will also automatically start an Xvfb
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xvfb> instance.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $remote_darwin_firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new(
debug => 1,
host => '10.1.2.3',
trust => '/path/to/root_ca.pem',
binary => '/Applications/Firefox.app/Contents/MacOS/firefox'
); # start a temporary profile for a remote firefox and load a new CA into the temp profile
...
foreach my $profile_name (Firefox::Marionette::Profile->names()) {
my $firefox_with_existing_profile = Firefox::Marionette->new( profile_name => $profile_name, visible => 1 );
...
}
new_window
accepts an optional hash as the parameter. Allowed keys are below;
• focus - a boolean field representing if the new window be opened in the foreground (focused) or
background (not focused). Defaults to false.
• private - a boolean field representing if the new window should be a private window. Defaults to
false.
• type - the type of the new window. Can be one of 'tab' or 'window'. Defaults to 'tab'.
Returns the window handle for the new window.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
my $window_handle = $firefox->new_window(type => 'tab');
$firefox->switch_to_window($window_handle);
new_session
creates a new WebDriver session. It is expected that the caller performs the necessary checks on the
requested capabilities to be WebDriver conforming. The WebDriver service offered by Marionette does not
match or negotiate capabilities beyond type and bounds checks.
nightly
returns true if the current version of firefox is a nightly release <https://www.mozilla.org/en-
US/firefox/channel/desktop/#nightly> (does the minor version number end with an 'a1'?)
paper_sizes
returns a list of all the recognised names for paper sizes, such as A4 or LEGAL.
pause
accepts a parameter in milliseconds and returns a corresponding action for the perform method that will
cause a pause in the chain of actions given to the perform method.
pdf
accepts a optional hash as the first parameter with the following allowed keys;
• landscape - Paper orientation. Boolean value. Defaults to false
• margin - A hash describing the margins. The hash may have the following optional keys, 'top',
'left', 'right' and 'bottom'. All these keys are in cm and default to 1 (~0.4 inches)
• page - A hash describing the page. The hash may have the following keys; 'height' and 'width'. Both
keys are in cm and default to US letter size. See the 'size' key.
• page_ranges - A list of the pages to print. Available for Firefox 96
<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-
US/docs/Mozilla/Firefox/Releases/96#webdriver_conformance_marionette> and after.
• print_background - Print background graphics. Boolean value. Defaults to false.
• raw - rather than a file handle containing the PDF, the binary PDF will be returned.
• scale - Scale of the webpage rendering. Defaults to 1.
• size - The desired size (width and height) of the pdf, specified by name. See the page key for an
alternative and the paper_sizes method for a list of accepted page size names.
• shrink_to_fit - Whether or not to override page size as defined by CSS. Boolean value. Defaults to
true.
returns a File::Temp object containing a PDF encoded version of the current page for printing.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
my $handle = $firefox->pdf();
foreach my $paper_size ($firefox->paper_sizes()) {
$handle = $firefox->pdf(size => $paper_size, landscape => 1, margin => { top => 0.5, left => 1.5 });
...
print $firefox->pdf(page => { width => 21, height => 27 }, raw => 1);
...
}
perform
accepts a list of actions (see mouse_up, mouse_down, mouse_move, pause, key_down and key_up) and performs
these actions in sequence. This allows fine control over interactions, including sending right clicks to
the browser and sending Control, Alt and other special keys. The release method will complete
outstanding actions (such as mouse_up or key_up actions).
use Firefox::Marionette();
use Firefox::Marionette::Keys qw(:all);
use Firefox::Marionette::Buttons qw(:all);
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
$firefox->chrome()->perform(
$firefox->key_down(CONTROL()),
$firefox->key_down('l'),
$firefox->key_up('l'),
$firefox->key_up(CONTROL())
)->content();
$firefox->go('https://metacpan.org');
my $help_button = $firefox->find_class('btn search-btn help-btn');
$firefox->perform(
$firefox->mouse_move($help_button),
$firefox->mouse_down(RIGHT_BUTTON()),
$firefox->pause(4),
$firefox->mouse_up(RIGHT_BUTTON()),
);
See the release method for an alternative for manually specifying all the mouse_up and key_up methods
profile_directory
returns the profile directory used by the current instance of firefox. This is mainly intended for
debugging firefox. Firefox is not designed to cope with these files being altered while firefox is
running.
property
accepts an element as the first parameter and a scalar attribute name as the second parameter. It
returns the current value of the property with the supplied name. This method will return the current
content, the attribute method will return the initial content.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
my $element = $firefox->find_id('search_input');
$element->property('value') eq '' or die "Initial property is the empty string";
$element->type('Test::More');
$element->property('value') eq 'Test::More' or die "This property should have changed!";
# OR getting the innerHTML property
my $title = $firefox->find_tag('title')->property('innerHTML'); # same as $firefox->title();
pwd_mgr_lock
Accepts a new primary password <https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/use-primary-password-protect-stored-
logins> and locks the Password Manager <https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/password-manager-remember-
delete-edit-logins> with it.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use IO::Prompt();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
my $password = IO::Prompt::prompt(-echo => q[*], "Please enter the password for the Firefox Password Manager:");
$firefox->pwd_mgr_lock($password);
$firefox->pwd_mgr_logout();
# now no-one can access the Password Manager Database without the value in $password
This method returns itself to aid in chaining methods.
pwd_mgr_login
Accepts the primary password <https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/use-primary-password-protect-stored-
logins> and allows the user to access the Password Manager <https://support.mozilla.org/en-
US/kb/password-manager-remember-delete-edit-logins>.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use IO::Prompt();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new( profile_name => 'default' );
my $password = IO::Prompt::prompt(-echo => q[*], "Please enter the password for the Firefox Password Manager:");
$firefox->pwd_mgr_login($password);
...
# access the Password Database.
...
$firefox->pwd_mgr_logout();
...
# no longer able to access the Password Database.
This method returns itself to aid in chaining methods.
pwd_mgr_logout
Logs the user out of being able to access the Password Manager <https://support.mozilla.org/en-
US/kb/password-manager-remember-delete-edit-logins>.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use IO::Prompt();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new( profile_name => 'default' );
my $password = IO::Prompt::prompt(-echo => q[*], "Please enter the password for the Firefox Password Manager:");
$firefox->pwd_mgr_login($password);
...
# access the Password Database.
...
$firefox->pwd_mgr_logout();
...
# no longer able to access the Password Database.
This method returns itself to aid in chaining methods.
pwd_mgr_needs_login
returns true or false if the Password Manager <https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/password-manager-
remember-delete-edit-logins> has been locked and needs a primary password
<https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/use-primary-password-protect-stored-logins> to access it.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use IO::Prompt();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new( profile_name => 'default' );
if ($firefox->pwd_mgr_needs_login()) {
my $password = IO::Prompt::prompt(-echo => q[*], "Please enter the password for the Firefox Password Manager:");
$firefox->pwd_mgr_login($password);
}
quit
Marionette will stop accepting new connections before ending the current session, and finally attempting
to quit the application. This method returns the $? (CHILD_ERROR) value for the Firefox process
rect
accepts a element as the first parameter and returns the current position and size of the element
refresh
refreshes the current page. The browser will wait for the page to completely refresh or the session's
page_load duration to elapse before returning, which, by default is 5 minutes. This method returns
itself to aid in chaining methods.
release
completes any outstanding actions issued by the perform method.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use Firefox::Marionette::Keys qw(:all);
use Firefox::Marionette::Buttons qw(:all);
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
$firefox->chrome()->perform(
$firefox->key_down(CONTROL()),
$firefox->key_down('l'),
)->release()->content();
$firefox->go('https://metacpan.org');
my $help_button = $firefox->find_class('btn search-btn help-btn');
$firefox->perform(
$firefox->mouse_move($help_button),
$firefox->mouse_down(RIGHT_BUTTON()),
$firefox->pause(4),
)->release();
restart
restarts the browser. After the restart, capabilities should be restored. The same profile settings
should be applied, but the current state of the browser (such as the uri will be reset (like after a
normal browser restart). This method is primarily intended for use by the update method. Not sure if
this is useful by itself.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
$firefox->restart(); # but why?
This method returns itself to aid in chaining methods.
root_directory
this is the root directory for the current instance of firefox. The directory may exist on a remote
server. For debugging purposes only.
screen_orientation
returns the current browser orientation. This will be one of the valid primary orientation values
'portrait-primary', 'landscape-primary', 'portrait-secondary', or 'landscape-secondary'. This method is
only currently available on Android (Fennec).
script
accepts a scalar containing a javascript function body that is executed in the browser, and an optional
hash as a second parameter. Allowed keys are below;
• args - The reference to a list is the arguments passed to the function body.
• filename - Filename of the client's program where this script is evaluated.
• line - Line in the client's program where this script is evaluated.
• new - Forces the script to be evaluated in a fresh sandbox. Note that if it is undefined, the script
will normally be evaluted in a fresh sandbox.
• sandbox - Name of the sandbox to evaluate the script in. The sandbox is cached for later re-use on
the same window <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window> object if "new" is false.
If he parameter is undefined, the script is evaluated in a mutable sandbox. If the parameter is
"system", it will be evaluted in a sandbox with elevated system privileges, equivalent to chrome
space.
• timeout - A timeout to override the default script timeout, which, by default is 30 seconds.
Returns the result of the javascript function. When a parameter is an element (such as being returned
from a find type operation), the script method will automatically translate that into a javascript
object. Likewise, when the result being returned in a script method is an element
<https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-element> it will be automatically translated into a perl object.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use v5.10;
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('https://metacpan.org/');
if (my $element = $firefox->script('return document.getElementsByName("lucky")[0];')) {
say "Lucky find is a " . $element->tag_name() . " element";
}
my $search_input = $firefox->find_id('metacpan_search-input');
$firefox->script('arguments[0].style.backgroundColor = "red"', args => [ $search_input ]); # turn the search input box red
The executing javascript is subject to the script timeout, which, by default is 30 seconds.
selfie
returns a File::Temp object containing a lossless PNG image screenshot. If an element is passed as a
parameter, the screenshot will be restricted to the element.
If an element is not passed as a parameter and the current context is 'chrome', a screenshot of the
current viewport will be returned.
If an element is not passed as a parameter and the current context is 'content', a screenshot of the
current frame will be returned.
The parameters after the element parameter are taken to be a optional hash with the following allowed
keys;
• hash - return a SHA256 hex encoded digest of the PNG image rather than the image itself
• full - take a screenshot of the whole document unless the first element parameter has been supplied.
• raw - rather than a file handle containing the screenshot, the binary PNG image will be returned.
• scroll - scroll to the element supplied
• highlights - a reference to a list containing elements to draw a highlight around. Not available in
Firefox 70 <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-
US/docs/Mozilla/Firefox/Releases/70#WebDriver_conformance_Marionette> onwards.
send_alert_text
sends keys to the input field of a currently displayed modal message box
shadow_root
accepts an element as a parameter and returns it's ShadowRoot <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-
US/docs/Web/API/ShadowRoot> as a shadow root object or throws an exception.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use Cwd();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('file://' . Cwd::cwd() . '/t/data/elements.html');
$firefox->find_class('add')->click();
my $custom_square = $firefox->find_tag('custom-square');
my $shadow_root = $firefox->shadow_root($custom_square);
foreach my $element (@{$firefox->script('return arguments[0].children', args => [ $shadow_root ])}) {
warn $element->tag_name();
}
shadowy
accepts an element as a parameter and returns true if the element has a ShadowRoot
<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/ShadowRoot> or false otherwise.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use Cwd();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new()->go('file://' . Cwd::cwd() . '/t/data/elements.html');
$firefox->find_class('add')->click();
my $custom_square = $firefox->find_tag('custom-square');
if ($firefox->shadowy($custom_square)) {
my $shadow_root = $firefox->find_tag('custom-square')->shadow_root();
warn $firefox->script('return arguments[0].innerHTML', args => [ $shadow_root ]);
...
}
This function will probably be used to see if the shadow_root method can be called on this element
without raising an exception.
sleep_time_in_ms
accepts a new time to sleep in await or bye methods and returns the previous time. The default time is
"1" millisecond.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new(sleep_time_in_ms => 5); # setting default time to 5 milliseconds
my $old_time_in_ms = $firefox->sleep_time_in_ms(8); # setting default time to 8 milliseconds, returning 5 (milliseconds)
ssh_local_directory
returns the path to the local directory for the ssh connection (if any). For debugging purposes only.
strip
returns the page source of the content document after an attempt has been made to remove typical firefox
html wrappers of non html content types such as text/plain and application/json. See the json method for
an alternative when dealing with response content types such as application/json and html for an
alterative when dealing with html content types. This is a convenience method that wraps the html
method.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use JSON();
use v5.10;
say JSON::decode_json(Firefox::Marionette->new()->go("https://fastapi.metacpan.org/v1/download_url/Firefox::Marionette")->strip())->{version};
Note that this method will assume the bytes it receives from the html method are UTF-8 encoded and will
translate accordingly, throwing an exception in the process if the bytes are not UTF-8 encoded.
switch_to_frame
accepts a frame as a parameter and switches to it within the current window.
switch_to_parent_frame
set the current browsing context for future commands to the parent of the current browsing context
switch_to_window
accepts a window handle (either the result of window_handles or a window name as a parameter and switches
focus to this window.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
$firefox->version
my $original_window_uuid = $firefox->window_handle();
$firefox->new_window( type => 'tab' );
$firefox->new_window( type => 'window' );
$firefox->switch_to_window($original_window_uuid);
$firefox->go('https://metacpan.org');
tag_name
accepts a Firefox::Marionette::Element object as the first parameter and returns the relevant tag name.
For example 'a <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/a>' or 'input
<https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input>'.
text
accepts a element as the first parameter and returns the text that is contained by that element (if any)
timeouts
returns the current timeouts for page loading, searching, and scripts.
title
returns the current title <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/title> of the
window.
type
accepts an element as the first parameter and a string as the second parameter. It sends the string to
the specified element in the current page, such as filling out a text box. This method returns itself to
aid in chaining methods.
update
queries the Update Services and applies any available updates. Restarts the browser if necessary to
complete the update. This function is experimental and currently has not been successfully tested on
Win32 or MacOS.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use v5.10;
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
my $update = $firefox->update();
while($update->successful()) {
$update = $firefox->update();
}
say "Updated to " . $update->display_version() . " - Build ID " . $update->build_id();
$firefox->quit();
returns a status object that contains useful information about any updates that occurred.
uninstall
accepts the GUID for the addon to uninstall. The GUID is returned when from the install method. This
method returns itself to aid in chaining methods.
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
my $extension_id = $firefox->install('/full/path/to/gnu_terry_pratchett-0.4-an+fx.xpi');
# do something
$firefox->uninstall($extension_id); # not recommended to uninstall this extension IRL.
uri
returns the current URI of current top level browsing context for Desktop. It is equivalent to the
javascript "document.location.href"
win32_organisation
accepts a parameter of a Win32 product name and returns the matching organisation. Only of interest when
sub-classing.
win32_product_names
returns a hash of known Windows product names (such as 'Mozilla Firefox') with priority orders. The
lower the priority will determine the order that this module will check for the existance of this
product. Only of interest when sub-classing.
window_handle
returns the current window's handle. On desktop this typically corresponds to the currently selected tab.
returns an opaque server-assigned identifier to this window that uniquely identifies it within this
Marionette instance. This can be used to switch to this window at a later point.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use 5.010;
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
my $original_window_uuid = $firefox->window_handle();
window_handles
returns a list of top-level browsing contexts. On desktop this typically corresponds to the set of open
tabs for browser windows, or the window itself for non-browser chrome windows. Each window handle is
assigned by the server and is guaranteed unique, however the return array does not have a specified
ordering.
use Firefox::Marionette();
use 5.010;
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new();
my $original_window_uuid = $firefox->window_handle();
$firefox->new_window( type => 'tab' );
$firefox->new_window( type => 'window' );
say "There are " . $firefox->window_handles() . " tabs open in total";
say "Across " . $firefox->chrome()->window_handles()->content() . " chrome windows";
window_rect
accepts an optional position and size as a parameter, sets the current browser window to that position
and size and returns the previous position, size and state of the browser window. If no parameter is
supplied, it returns the current position, size and state of the browser window.
window_type
returns the current window's type. This should be 'navigator:browser'.
xvfb_pid
returns the pid of the xvfb process if it exists.
xvfb_display
returns the value for the DISPLAY environment variable if one has been generated for the xvfb
environment.
xvfb_xauthority
returns the value for the XAUTHORITY environment variable if one has been generated for the xvfb
environment
AUTOMATING THE FIREFOX PASSWORD MANAGER
This module allows you to login to a website without ever directly handling usernames and password
details. The Password Manager may be preloaded with appropriate passwords and locked, like so;
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new( profile_name => 'locked' ); # using a pre-built profile called 'locked'
if ($firefox->pwd_mgr_needs_login()) {
my $new_password = IO::Prompt::prompt(-echo => q[*], 'Enter the password for the locked profile:');
$firefox->pwd_mgr_login($password);
} else {
my $new_password = IO::Prompt::prompt(-echo => q[*], 'Enter the new password for the locked profile:');
$firefox->pwd_mgr_lock($password);
}
...
$firefox->pwd_mgr_logout();
Usernames and passwords (for both HTTP Authentication popups and HTML Form based logins) may be added,
viewed and deleted.
use WebService::HIBP();
my $hibp = WebService::HIBP->new();
$firefox->add_login(host => 'https://github.com', user => 'me@example.org', password => 'qwerty', user_field => 'login', password_field => 'password');
$firefox->add_login(host => 'https://pause.perl.org', user => 'AUSER', password => 'qwerty', realm => 'PAUSE');
...
foreach my $login ($firefox->logins()) {
if ($hibp->password($login->password())) { # does NOT send the password to the HIBP webservice
warn "HIBP reports that your password for the " . $login->user() " account at " . $login->host() . " has been found in a data breach";
$firefox->delete_login($login); # how could this possibly help?
}
}
And used to fill in login prompts without explicitly knowing the account details.
$firefox->go('https://pause.perl.org/pause/authenquery')->accept_alert(); # this goes to the page and submits the http auth popup
$firefox->go('https://github.com/login')->fill_login(); # fill the login and password fields without needing to see them
REMOTE AUTOMATION OF FIREFOX VIA SSH
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new( host => 'remote.example.org', debug => 1 );
$firefox->go('https://metacpan.org/');
# OR specify a different user to login as ...
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new( host => 'remote.example.org', user => 'R2D2', debug => 1 );
$firefox->go('https://metacpan.org/');
# OR specify a different port to connect to
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new( host => 'remote.example.org', port => 2222, debug => 1 );
$firefox->go('https://metacpan.org/');
This module has support for creating and automating an instance of Firefox on a remote node. It has been
tested against a number of operating systems, including recent version of Windows 10 or Windows Server
2019 <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/administration/openssh/openssh_install_firstuse>,
OS X, and Linux and BSD distributions. It expects to be able to login to the remote node via public key
authentication. It can be further secured via the command
<https://man.openbsd.org/sshd#command=_command_> option in the OpenSSH <https://www.openssh.com/>
authorized_keys <https://man.openbsd.org/sshd#AUTHORIZED_KEYS_FILE_FORMAT> file such as;
no-agent-forwarding,no-pty,no-X11-forwarding,permitopen="127.0.0.1:*",command="/usr/local/bin/ssh-auth-cmd-marionette" ssh-rsa AAAA ... == user@server
As an example, the ssh-auth-cmd-marionette command is provided as part of this distribution.
When using ssh, Firefox::Marionette will attempt to pass the TMPDIR
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TMPDIR> environment variable across the ssh connection to make cleanups
easier. In order to allow this, the AcceptEnv <https://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config#AcceptEnv> setting in
the remote sshd configuration <https://man.openbsd.org/sshd_config> should be set to allow TMPDIR, which
will look like;
AcceptEnv TMPDIR
This module uses ControlMaster <https://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config#ControlMaster> functionality when
using ssh <https://man.openbsd.org/ssh>, for a useful speedup of executing remote commands.
Unfortunately, when using ssh to move from a cygwin <https://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/SSH_connection_caching>,
Windows 10 or Windows Server 2019 <https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-
server/administration/openssh/openssh_install_firstuse> node to a remote environment, we cannot use
ControlMaster <https://man.openbsd.org/ssh_config#ControlMaster>, because at this time, Windows does not
support ControlMaster <https://github.com/Microsoft/vscode-remote-release/issues/96> and therefore this
type of automation is still possible, but slower than other client platforms.
DIAGNOSTICS
"Failed to correctly setup the Firefox process"
The module was unable to retrieve a session id and capabilities from Firefox when it requests a
new_session as part of the initial setup of the connection to Firefox.
"Failed to correctly determined the Firefox process id through the initial connection capabilities"
The module was found that firefox is reporting through it's Capabilities object a different process
id than this module was using. This is probably a bug in this module's logic. Please report as
described in the BUGS AND LIMITATIONS section below.
"'%s --version' did not produce output that could be parsed. Assuming modern Marionette is available:%s"
The Firefox binary did not produce a version number that could be recognised as a Firefox version
number.
"Failed to create process from '%s':%s"
The module was to start Firefox process in a Win32 environment. Something is seriously wrong with
your environment.
"Failed to redirect %s to %s:%s"
The module was unable to redirect a file handle's output. Something is seriously wrong with your
environment.
"Failed to exec %s:%s"
The module was unable to run the Firefox binary. Check the path is correct and the current user has
execute permissions.
"Failed to fork:%s"
The module was unable to fork itself, prior to executing a command. Check the current "ulimit" for
max number of user processes.
"Failed to open directory '%s':%s"
The module was unable to open a directory. Something is seriously wrong with your environment.
"Failed to close directory '%s':%s"
The module was unable to close a directory. Something is seriously wrong with your environment.
"Failed to open '%s' for writing:%s"
The module was unable to create a file in your temporary directory. Maybe your disk is full?
"Failed to open temporary file for writing:%s"
The module was unable to create a file in your temporary directory. Maybe your disk is full?
"Failed to close '%s':%s"
The module was unable to close a file in your temporary directory. Maybe your disk is full?
"Failed to close temporary file:%s"
The module was unable to close a file in your temporary directory. Maybe your disk is full?
"Failed to create temporary directory:%s"
The module was unable to create a directory in your temporary directory. Maybe your disk is full?
"Failed to clear the close-on-exec flag on a temporary file:%s"
The module was unable to call fcntl using F_SETFD for a file in your temporary directory. Something
is seriously wrong with your environment.
"Failed to seek to start of temporary file:%s"
The module was unable to seek to the start of a file in your temporary directory. Something is
seriously wrong with your environment.
"Failed to create a socket:%s"
The module was unable to even create a socket. Something is seriously wrong with your environment.
"Failed to connect to %s on port %d:%s"
The module was unable to connect to the Marionette port. This is probably a bug in this module's
logic. Please report as described in the BUGS AND LIMITATIONS section below.
"Firefox killed by a %s signal (%d)"
Firefox crashed after being hit with a signal.
"Firefox exited with a %d"
Firefox has exited with an error code
"Failed to bind socket:%s"
The module was unable to bind a socket to any port. Something is seriously wrong with your
environment.
"Failed to close random socket:%s"
The module was unable to close a socket without any reads or writes being performed on it. Something
is seriously wrong with your environment.
"moz:headless has not been determined correctly"
The module was unable to correctly determine whether Firefox is running in "headless" or not. This
is probably a bug in this module's logic. Please report as described in the BUGS AND LIMITATIONS
section below.
"%s method requires a Firefox::Marionette::Element parameter"
This function was called incorrectly by your code. Please supply a Firefox::Marionette::Element
parameter when calling this function.
"Failed to write to temporary file:%s"
The module was unable to write to a file in your temporary directory. Maybe your disk is full?
"Failed to close socket to firefox:%s"
The module was unable to even close a socket. Something is seriously wrong with your environment.
"Failed to send request to firefox:%s"
The module was unable to perform a syswrite on the socket connected to firefox. Maybe firefox
crashed?
"Failed to read size of response from socket to firefox:%s"
The module was unable to read from the socket connected to firefox. Maybe firefox crashed?
"Failed to read response from socket to firefox:%s"
The module was unable to read from the socket connected to firefox. Maybe firefox crashed?
CONFIGURATION AND ENVIRONMENT
Firefox::Marionette requires no configuration files or environment variables. It will however use the
DISPLAY and XAUTHORITY environment variables to try to connect to an X Server. It will also use the
HTTP_PROXY, HTTPS_PROXY, FTP_PROXY and ALL_PROXY environment variables as defaults if the session
capabilities do not specify proxy information.
DEPENDENCIES
Firefox::Marionette requires the following non-core Perl modules
• JSON
• URI
• XML::Parser
INCOMPATIBILITIES
None reported. Always interested in any products with marionette support that this module could be
patched to work with.
BUGS AND LIMITATIONS
DOWNLOADING USING GO METHOD
When using the go method to go directly to a URL containing a downloadable file, Firefox can hang. You
can work around this by setting the page_load_strategy to "none" like below;
#! /usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
use Firefox::Marionette();
my $firefox = Firefox::Marionette->new( capabilities => Firefox::Marionette::Capabilities->new( page_load_strategy => 'none' ) );
$firefox->go("https://github.com/david-dick/firefox-marionette/archive/refs/heads/master.zip");
while(!$firefox->downloads()) { sleep 1 }
while($firefox->downloading()) { sleep 1 }
foreach my $path ($firefox->downloads()) {
warn "$path has been downloaded";
}
$firefox->quit();
MISSING METHODS
Currently the following Marionette methods have not been implemented;
• WebDriver:SetScreenOrientation
To report a bug, or view the current list of bugs, please visit
<https://github.com/david-dick/firefox-marionette/issues>
SEE ALSO
• MozRepl
• Selenium::Firefox
• Firefox::Application
• Mozilla::Mechanize
• Gtk2::MozEmbed
AUTHOR
David Dick "<ddick@cpan.org>"
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to the entire Mozilla organisation for a great browser and to the team behind Marionette for
providing an interface for automation.
Thanks to Jan Odvarko <http://www.softwareishard.com/blog/about/> for creating the HAR Export Trigger
<https://github.com/firefox-devtools/har-export-trigger> extension for Firefox.
Thanks to Mike Kaply <https://mike.kaply.com/about/> for his post
<https://mike.kaply.com/2015/02/10/installing-certificates-into-firefox/> describing importing
certificates into Firefox.
Thanks also to the authors of the documentation in the following sources;
• Marionette Protocol <https://firefox-source-
docs.mozilla.org/testing/marionette/marionette/index.html>
• Marionette Documentation <https://firefox-source-
docs.mozilla.org/testing/marionette/marionette/index.html>
• Marionette driver.js <https://hg.mozilla.org/mozilla-central/file/tip/remote/marionette/driver.js>
• about:config <http://kb.mozillazine.org/About:config_entries>
• nsIPrefService interface <https://developer.mozilla.org/en-
US/docs/Mozilla/Tech/XPCOM/Reference/Interface/nsIPrefService>
LICENSE AND COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 2021, David Dick "<ddick@cpan.org>". All rights reserved.
This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl
itself. See "perlartistic" in perlartistic.
The Firefox::Marionette::Extension::HarExportTrigger module includes the HAR Export Trigger
<https://github.com/firefox-devtools/har-export-trigger> extension which is licensed under the Mozilla
Public License 2.0 <https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/2.0/>.
DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY
BECAUSE THIS SOFTWARE IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE SOFTWARE, TO THE EXTENT
PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER
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