NAME

       pow, powf, powl - power functions

SYNOPSIS

       #include <math.h>

       double pow(double x, double y);
       float powf(float x, float y);
       long double powl(long double x, long double y);

       Link with -lm.

   Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):

       powf(), powl():
           _ISOC99_SOURCE || _POSIX_C_SOURCE >= 200112L
               || /* Since glibc 2.19: */ _DEFAULT_SOURCE
               || /* Glibc versions <= 2.19: */ _BSD_SOURCE || _SVID_SOURCE

DESCRIPTION

       These functions return the value of x raised to the power of y.

RETURN VALUE

       On success, these functions return the value of x to the power of y.

       If  x  is  a  finite value less than 0, and y is a finite noninteger, a domain error occurs, and a NaN is
       returned.

       If the result overflows, a  range  error  occurs,  and  the  functions  return  HUGE_VAL,  HUGE_VALF,  or
       HUGE_VALL, respectively, with the mathematically correct sign.

       If result underflows, and is not representable, a range error occurs, and 0.0 is returned.

       Except as specified below, if x or y is a NaN, the result is a NaN.

       If x is +1, the result is 1.0 (even if y is a NaN).

       If y is 0, the result is 1.0 (even if x is a NaN).

       If x is +0 (-0), and y is an odd integer greater than 0, the result is +0 (-0).

       If x is 0, and y greater than 0 and not an odd integer, the result is +0.

       If x is -1, and y is positive infinity or negative infinity, the result is 1.0.

       If the absolute value of x is less than 1, and y is negative infinity, the result is positive infinity.

       If the absolute value of x is greater than 1, and y is negative infinity, the result is +0.

       If the absolute value of x is less than 1, and y is positive infinity, the result is +0.

       If  the  absolute  value  of  x  is  greater  than  1, and y is positive infinity, the result is positive
       infinity.

       If x is negative infinity, and y is an odd integer less than 0, the result is -0.

       If x is negative infinity, and y less than 0 and not an odd integer, the result is +0.

       If x is negative infinity, and y is an odd integer greater than 0, the result is negative infinity.

       If x is negative infinity, and y greater than 0 and not an odd integer, the result is positive infinity.

       If x is positive infinity, and y less than 0, the result is +0.

       If x is positive infinity, and y greater than 0, the result is positive infinity.

       If x is +0 or -0, and y is an odd integer less than 0, a pole error occurs and  HUGE_VAL,  HUGE_VALF,  or
       HUGE_VALL, is returned, with the same sign as x.

       If  x  is  +0  or  -0,  and  y  is less than 0 and not an odd integer, a pole error occurs and +HUGE_VAL,
       +HUGE_VALF, or +HUGE_VALL, is returned.

ERRORS

       See math_error(7) for information on how to determine whether an error has occurred  when  calling  these
       functions.

       The following errors can occur:

       Domain error: x is negative, and y is a finite noninteger
              errno is set to EDOM.  An invalid floating-point exception (FE_INVALID) is raised.

       Pole error: x is zero, and y is negative
              errno  is  set to ERANGE (but see BUGS).  A divide-by-zero floating-point exception (FE_DIVBYZERO)
              is raised.

       Range error: the result overflows
              errno is set to ERANGE.  An overflow floating-point exception (FE_OVERFLOW) is raised.

       Range error: the result underflows
              errno is set to ERANGE.  An underflow floating-point exception (FE_UNDERFLOW) is raised.

ATTRIBUTES

       For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see attributes(7).

       ┌──────────────────────┬───────────────┬─────────┐
       │Interface             │ Attribute     │ Value   │
       ├──────────────────────┼───────────────┼─────────┤
       │pow(), powf(), powl() │ Thread safety │ MT-Safe │
       └──────────────────────┴───────────────┴─────────┘

CONFORMING TO

       C99, POSIX.1-2001, POSIX.1-2008.

       The variant returning double also conforms to SVr4, 4.3BSD, C89.

BUGS

   Historical bugs (now fixed)
       Before glibc 2.28, on some architectures (e.g., x86-64) pow() may be more than 10,000  times  slower  for
       some  inputs  than  for  other  nearby inputs.  This affects only pow(), and not powf() nor powl().  This
       problem was fixed in glibc 2.28.

       A number of bugs in the glibc implementation of pow() were fixed in glibc version 2.16.

       In glibc 2.9 and earlier, when a pole error occurs, errno is set to EDOM instead  of  the  POSIX-mandated
       ERANGE.  Since version 2.10, glibc does the right thing.

       In version 2.3.2 and earlier, when an overflow or underflow error occurs, glibc's pow() generates a bogus
       invalid floating-point exception (FE_INVALID) in addition to the overflow or underflow exception.

SEE ALSO

       cbrt(3), cpow(3), sqrt(3)

COLOPHON

       This page is part of release 5.10 of  the  Linux  man-pages  project.   A  description  of  the  project,
       information   about   reporting   bugs,   and   the  latest  version  of  this  page,  can  be  found  at
       https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.

                                                   2020-06-09                                             POW(3)