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NAME

       Containerfile(Dockerfile) - automate the steps of creating a container image

INTRODUCTION

       The Containerfile is a configuration file that automates the steps of creating a container
       image. It is similar to a Makefile.  Container  engines  (Podman,  Buildah,  Docker)  read
       instructions  from the Containerfile to automate the steps otherwise performed manually to
       create an image. To build an image, create a file called Containerfile.

       The Containerfile describes the steps taken to assemble the image. When the  Containerfile
       has been created, call the buildah bud, podman build, docker build command, using the path
       of context directory that contains Containerfile  as  the  argument.  Podman  and  Buildah
       default  to  Containerfile  and  will fall back to Dockerfile. Docker only will search for
       Dockerfile in the context directory.

       Dockerfile is an alternate name for the same object.  Containerfile and Dockerfile support
       the same syntax.

SYNOPSIS

       INSTRUCTION arguments

       For example:

       FROM image

DESCRIPTION

       A  Containerfile  is  a  file  that  automates the steps of creating a container image.  A
       Containerfile is similar to a Makefile.

USAGE

                buildah bud .
                podman build .

       -- Runs the steps and commits them, building a final image.
         The path to the source repository defines where to find the context of the
         build.

                buildah bud -t repository/tag .
                podman build -t repository/tag .

       -- specifies a repository and tag at which to save the new image if the build
         succeeds. The container engine runs the steps one-by-one, committing the result
         to a new image if necessary, before finally outputting the ID of the new
         image.

       Container engines re-use intermediate images whenever possible. This significantly
         accelerates the build process.

FORMAT

       FROM image

       FROM image:tag

       FROM image@digest

       -- The FROM instruction sets the base image for subsequent instructions. A
         valid Containerfile must have FROM as its first instruction. The image can be any
         valid image. It is easy to start by pulling an image from the public
         repositories.

       -- FROM must be the first non-comment instruction in Containerfile.

       -- FROM may appear multiple times within a single Containerfile in order to create
         multiple images. Make a note of the last image ID output by the commit before
         each new FROM command.

       -- If no tag is given to the FROM instruction, container engines apply the
         latest tag. If the used tag does not exist, an error is returned.

       -- If no digest is given to the FROM instruction, container engines apply the
         latest tag. If the used tag does not exist, an error is returned.

       MAINTAINER
         -- MAINTAINER sets the Author field for the generated images.
         Useful for providing users with an email or url for support.

       RUN
         -- RUN has two forms:

                # the command is run in a shell - /bin/sh -c
                RUN <command>

                # Executable form
                RUN ["executable", "param1", "param2"]

       *RUN Secrets

       The RUN command has a feature to allow the passing of secret information  into  the  image
       build. These secrets files can be used during the RUN command but are not committed to the
       final image. The RUN command supports the --mount option to identify the  secret  file.  A
       secret file from the host is mounted into the container while the image is being built.

       Container engines pass secret the secret file into the build using the --secret flag.

       *RUN --mount options:

              • id  is  the  identifier to for the secret passed into the buildah bud --secret or
                podman build --secret.  This  identifier  is  associated  with  the  RUN  --mount
                identifier to use in the Containerfile.

              • dst|target|destination  rename  the  secret  file  to  a  specific  file  in  the
                Containerfile RUN command to use.

              • type=secret tells the --mount command that it is mounting in a secret file

shows secret from default secret location:

       RUN --mount=type=secret,id=mysecret cat /run/secrets/mysecret

shows secret from custom secret location:

       RUN --mount=type=secret,id=mysecret,dst=/foobar cat /foobar

       The secret needs to be passed to the build using the --secret flag. The final image  built
       does not container the secret file:

               buildah bud --no-cache --secret id=mysecret,src=mysecret.txt .

       -- The RUN instruction executes any commands in a new layer on top of the current
         image and commits the results. The committed image is used for the next step in
         Containerfile.

       -- Layering RUN instructions and generating commits conforms to the core
         concepts of container engines where commits are cheap and containers can be created from
         any point in the history of an image. This is similar to source control.  The
         exec form makes it possible to avoid shell string munging. The exec form makes
         it possible to RUN commands using a base image that does not contain /bin/sh.

       Note that the exec form is parsed as a JSON array, which means that you must
         use double-quotes (") around words not single-quotes (').

       CMD
         -- CMD has three forms:

                # Executable form
                CMD ["executable", "param1", "param2"]`

                # Provide default arguments to ENTRYPOINT
                CMD ["param1", "param2"]`

                # the command is run in a shell - /bin/sh -c
                CMD command param1 param2

       -- There should be only one CMD in a Containerfile. If more than one CMD is listed, only
         the last CMD takes effect.
         The main purpose of a CMD is to provide defaults for an executing container.
         These defaults may include an executable, or they can omit the executable. If
         they omit the executable, an ENTRYPOINT must be specified.
         When used in the shell or exec formats, the CMD instruction sets the command to
         be executed when running the image.
         If you use the shell form of the CMD, the <command> executes in /bin/sh -c:

       Note that the exec form is parsed as a JSON array, which means that you must
         use double-quotes (") around words not single-quotes (').

                FROM ubuntu
                CMD echo "This is a test." | wc -

       -- If you run command without a shell, then you must express the command as a
         JSON array and give the full path to the executable. This array form is the
         preferred form of CMD. All additional parameters must be individually expressed
         as strings in the array:

                FROM ubuntu
                CMD ["/usr/bin/wc","--help"]

       -- To make the container run the same executable every time, use ENTRYPOINT in
         combination with CMD.
         If the user specifies arguments to podman run or docker run, the specified commands
         override the default in CMD.
         Do not confuse RUN with CMD. RUN runs a command and commits the result.
         CMD executes nothing at build time, but specifies the intended command for
         the image.

       LABEL
         -- LABEL <key>=<value> [<key>=<value> ...]or

                LABEL <key>[ <value>]
                LABEL <key>[ <value>]
                ...

       The LABEL instruction adds metadata to an image. A LABEL is a
         key-value pair. To specify a LABEL without a value, simply use an empty
         string. To include spaces within a LABEL value, use quotes and
         backslashes as you would in command-line parsing.

                LABEL com.example.vendor="ACME Incorporated"
                LABEL com.example.vendor "ACME Incorporated"
                LABEL com.example.vendor.is-beta ""
                LABEL com.example.vendor.is-beta=
                LABEL com.example.vendor.is-beta=""

       An image can have more than one label. To specify multiple labels, separate
         each key-value pair by a space.

       Labels are additive including LABELs in FROM images. As the system
         encounters and then applies a new label, new keys override any previous
         labels with identical keys.

       To display an image's labels, use the buildah inspect command.

       EXPOSE
         -- EXPOSE <port> [<port>...]
         The EXPOSE instruction informs the container engine that the container listens on the
         specified network ports at runtime. The container engine uses this information to
         interconnect containers using links and to set up port redirection on the host
         system.

       ENV
         -- ENV <key> <value>
         The ENV instruction sets the environment variable  to
         the value <value>. This value is passed to all future
         RUN, ENTRYPOINT, and CMD instructions. This is
         functionally equivalent to prefixing the command with <key>=<value>.  The
         environment variables that are set with ENV persist when a container is run
         from the resulting image. Use podman inspect to inspect these values, and
         change them using podman run --env <key>=<value>.

       Note that setting "ENV DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive" may cause
         unintended consequences, because it will persist when the container is run
         interactively, as with the following command: podman run -t -i image bash

       ADD
         -- ADD has two forms:

                ADD <src> <dest>

                # Required for paths with whitespace
                ADD ["<src>",... "<dest>"]

       The ADD instruction copies new files, directories
         or remote file URLs to the filesystem of the container at path <dest>.
         Multiple <src> resources may be specified but if they are files or directories
         then they must be relative to the source directory that is being built
         (the context of the build). The <dest> is the absolute path, or path relative
         to WORKDIR, into which the source is copied inside the target container.
         If the <src> argument is a local file in a recognized compression format
         (tar, gzip, bzip2, etc) then it is unpacked at the specified <dest> in the
         container's filesystem.  Note that only local compressed files will be unpacked,
         i.e., the URL download and archive unpacking features cannot be used together.
         All new directories are created with mode 0755 and with the uid and gid of 0.

       COPY
         -- COPY has two forms:

                COPY <src> <dest>

                # Required for paths with whitespace
                COPY ["<src>",... "<dest>"]

       The COPY instruction copies new files from <src> and
         adds them to the filesystem of the container at path . The <src> must be
         the path to a file or directory relative to the source directory that is
         being built (the context of the build) or a remote file URL. The <dest> is an
         absolute path, or a path relative to WORKDIR, into which the source will
         be copied inside the target container. If you COPY an archive file it will
         land in the container exactly as it appears in the build context without any
         attempt to unpack it.  All new files and directories are created with mode 0755
         and with the uid and gid of 0.

       ENTRYPOINT
         -- ENTRYPOINT has two forms:

                # executable form
                ENTRYPOINT ["executable", "param1", "param2"]`

                # run command in a shell - /bin/sh -c
                ENTRYPOINT command param1 param2

       -- An ENTRYPOINT helps you configure a
         container that can be run as an executable. When you specify an ENTRYPOINT,
         the whole container runs as if it was only that executable.  The ENTRYPOINT
         instruction adds an entry command that is not overwritten when arguments are
         passed to podman run. This is different from the behavior of CMD. This allows
         arguments to be passed to the entrypoint, for instance podman run <image> -d
         passes the -d argument to the ENTRYPOINT.  Specify parameters either in the
         ENTRYPOINT JSON array (as in the preferred exec form above), or by using a CMD
         statement.   Parameters  in  the  ENTRYPOINT  are  not  overwritten  by  the  podman run
       arguments.  Parameters specified via CMD are overwritten by podman run arguments.  Specify
       a plain string for the ENTRYPOINT, and it will execute in
         /bin/sh -c, like a CMD instruction:

                FROM ubuntu
                ENTRYPOINT wc -l -

       This means that the Containerfile's image always takes stdin as input (that's
         what "-" means), and prints the number of lines (that's what "-l" means). To
         make this optional but default, use a CMD:

                FROM ubuntu
                CMD ["-l", "-"]
                ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/bin/wc"]

       VOLUME
         -- VOLUME ["/data"]
         The VOLUME instruction creates a mount point with the specified name and marks
         it as holding externally-mounted volumes from the native host or from other
         containers.

       USER
         -- USER daemon
         Sets the username or UID used for running subsequent commands.

       The USER instruction can optionally be used to set the group or GID. The
         following examples are all valid:
         USER [user | user:group | uid | uid:gid | user:gid | uid:group ]

       Until the USER instruction is set, instructions will be run as root. The USER
         instruction can be used any number of times in a Containerfile, and will only affect
         subsequent commands.

       WORKDIR
         -- WORKDIR /path/to/workdir
         The WORKDIR instruction sets the working directory for the RUN, CMD,
         ENTRYPOINT, COPY and ADD Containerfile commands that follow it. It can
         be used multiple times in a single Containerfile. Relative paths are defined
         relative to the path of the previous WORKDIR instruction. For example:

                WORKDIR /a
                WORKDIR b
                WORKDIR c
                RUN pwd

       In the above example, the output of the pwd command is a/b/c.

       ARG
          -- ARG [=]

       The ARG instruction defines a variable that users can pass at build-time to
         the builder with the podman build command using the --build-arg
         <varname>=<value> flag. If a user specifies a build argument that was not
         defined in the Containerfile, the build outputs a warning.

                [Warning] One or more build-args [foo] were not consumed

       The Containerfile author can define a single variable by specifying ARG once or many
         variables by specifying ARG more than once. For example, a valid Containerfile:

                FROM busybox
                ARG user1
                ARG buildno
                ...

       A Containerfile author may optionally specify a default value for an ARG instruction:

                FROM busybox
                ARG user1=someuser
                ARG buildno=1
                ...

       If an ARG value has a default and if there is no value passed at build-time, the
         builder uses the default.

       An ARG variable definition comes into effect from the line on which it is
         defined in the Containerfile not from the argument's use on the command-line or
         elsewhere.  For example, consider this Containerfile:

                1 FROM busybox
                2 USER ${user:-some_user}
                3 ARG user
                4 USER $user
                ...

       A user builds this file by calling:

                $ podman build --build-arg user=what_user Containerfile

       The USER at line 2 evaluates to some_user as the user variable is defined on the
         subsequent line 3. The USER at line 4 evaluates to what_user as user is
         defined  and the what_user value was passed on the command line. Prior to its definition
       by an
         ARG instruction, any use of a variable results in an empty string.

              Warning: It is not recommended to use build-time variables for
               passing secrets like github keys, user credentials etc. Build-time variable
               values are visible to any user of the image with the podman history command.

       You can use an ARG or an ENV instruction to specify variables that are
         available to the RUN instruction. Environment variables defined using the
         ENV instruction always override an ARG instruction of the same name. Consider
         this Containerfile with an ENV and ARG instruction.

                1 FROM ubuntu
                2 ARG CONT_IMG_VER
                3 ENV CONT_IMG_VER=v1.0.0
                4 RUN echo $CONT_IMG_VER

       Then, assume this image is built with this command:

                $ podman build --build-arg CONT_IMG_VER=v2.0.1 Containerfile

       In this case, the RUN instruction uses v1.0.0 instead of the ARG setting
         passed by the user:v2.0.1 This behavior is similar to a shell
         script where a locally scoped variable overrides the variables passed as
         arguments or inherited from environment, from its point of definition.

       Using the example above but a different ENV specification you can create more
         useful interactions between ARG and ENV instructions:

                1 FROM ubuntu
                2 ARG CONT_IMG_VER
                3 ENV CONT_IMG_VER=${CONT_IMG_VER:-v1.0.0}
                4 RUN echo $CONT_IMG_VER

       Unlike an ARG instruction, ENV values are always persisted in the built
         image. Consider a podman build without the --build-arg flag:

                $ podman build Containerfile

       Using this Containerfile example, CONT_IMG_VER is still persisted in the image but
         its value would be v1.0.0 as it is the default set in line 3 by the ENV instruction.

       The variable expansion technique in this example allows you to pass arguments
         from the command line and persist them in the final image by leveraging the
         ENV instruction. Variable expansion is only supported for a limited set of
         Containerfile instructions.  ⟨#environment-replacement⟩

       Container engines have a set of predefined ARG variables that you can use without a
         corresponding ARG instruction in the Containerfile.

              • HTTP_PROXYhttp_proxyHTTPS_PROXYhttps_proxyFTP_PROXYftp_proxyNO_PROXYno_proxyALL_PROXYall_proxy

       To use these, pass them on the command line using --build-arg flag, for
         example:

                $ podman build --build-arg HTTPS_PROXY=https://my-proxy.example.com .

       ONBUILD
         -- ONBUILD [INSTRUCTION]
         The ONBUILD instruction adds a trigger instruction to an image. The
         trigger is executed at a later time, when the image is used as the base for
         another build. Container engines execute the trigger in the context of the downstream
         build, as if the trigger existed immediately after the FROM instruction in
         the downstream Containerfile.

       You can register any build instruction as a trigger. A trigger is useful if
         you are defining an image to use as a base for building other images. For
         example, if you are defining an application build environment or a daemon that
         is customized with a user-specific configuration.

       Consider an image intended as a reusable python application builder. It must
         add application source code to a particular directory, and might need a build
         script called after that. You can't just call ADD and RUN now, because
         you don't yet have access to the application source code, and it is different
         for each application build.

       -- Providing application developers with a boilerplate Containerfile to copy-paste
         into their application is inefficient, error-prone, and
         difficult to update because it mixes with application-specific code.
         The solution is to use ONBUILD to register instructions in advance, to
         run later, during the next build stage.

SEE ALSO

       buildah(1), podman(1), docker(1)

HISTORY

       *May 2014, Compiled by Zac Dover (zdover at redhat dot com) based on docker.com Dockerfile
       documentation.   *Feb  2015,  updated  by  Brian Goff (cpuguy83@gmail.com) for readability
       *Sept 2015, updated by Sally O'Malley (somalley@redhat.com) *Oct 2016,  updated  by  Addam
       Hardy (addam.hardy@gmail.com) *Aug 2021, converted Dockerfile man page to Containerfile by
       Dan Walsh (dwalsh@redhat.com)

                                             Aug 2021                            CONTAINERFILE(5)