Provided by: libcw7_3.6.0-5_amd64 
NAME
CW - the international Morse code
DESCRIPTION
CW is an abbreviation for "continuous wave", the commonly used technical term for Morse code
communication. A basic knowledge or understanding of Morse code is a requirement for Radio Amateurs and
Marine Radio Operators in many parts of the world.
MORSE CODE TIMINGS
In Morse code, a dot or dash is referred to as an element. The basic timing unit is the dot period.
This is the time taken to send a dot, not including any space before or after the dot. The lengths of
all other elements are then derived from this basic unit, using the following rules:
The duration of a dash is three dots.
The time between each element (dot or dash) is one dot length.
The space between characters is three dot lengths.
The space between words is seven dot lengths.
The following formula calculates the dot period in microseconds from the Morse code speed in words per
minute:
dot period = ( 1200000 / speed )
This formula arises from the use of the word PARIS as a 'standard' word for calibrating Morse code speed.
PARIS is 50 units long when sent in Morse code. Analysis of English plain-text indicates that the
average word is 50 units, including spaces.
MORSE CODE CHARACTERS
The following list shows the IS0 8859-1 (Latin-1) characters that have commonly understood
representations in Morse code:
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789"$()+-./:;=?_@ and space
In addition, following ISO 8859-1 and ISO 8859-2 accented characters are also part of the generally
accepted international Morse code:
ÜÄÇÖÉÈÀÑŞ (S with cedilla), Ž (Z with caron/hacek),
Finally, libcw adds the following ASCII characters as extensions to single character procedural signals:
<>!&^~
MORSE CODE CHARACTER TABLES
The following table shows the Morse code equivalents for the ISO 8859-1, accented ISO 8859-1, and
accented ISO 8859-2 characters above. The ASCII portion of this table is taken from the ARRL Handbook,
and the accented extensions from various other sources:
Ch Code Ch Code
───────────────────────────
A .- B -...
C -.-. D -..
E . F ..-.
G --. H ....
I .. J .---
K -.- L .-..
M -- N -.
O --- P .--.
Q --.- R .-.
S ... T -
U ..- V ...-
W .-- X -..-
Y -.-- Z --..
0 ----- 1 .----
2 ..--- 3 ...--
4 ....- 5 .....
6 -.... 7 --...
8 ---.. 9 ----.
" .-..-. ' .----.
$ ...-..- ( -.--.
) -.--.- + .-.-.
, --..-- - -....-
. .-.-.- / -..-.
: ---... ; -.-.-.
= -...- ? ..--..
_ ..--.-
Ch Code Ch Code
──────────────────────────────────────────────────
Ü ..-- Ä .-.-
Ç -.-.. Ö ---.
É ..-.. À .-..-
À .--.- Ñ --.--
Ş (S+cedilla) ---- Ž (Z+caron/hacek) --..-
In addition to the above standard characters, the following characters are conventionally used for
punctuation and procedural signals as follows:
Ch Code Ch Code
───────────────────────────
" .-..-. ' .----.
$ ...-..- ( -.--.
) -.--.- + .-.-.
, --..-- - -....-
. .-.-.- / -..-.
: ---... ; -.-.-.
= -...- ? ..--..
_ ..--.- @ .--.-.
and the following are non-conventional extensions implemented by libcw:
Ch Code Ch Code
───────────────────────────
< ...-.- > -...-.-
! ...-. & .-...
^ -.-.- ~ .-.-..
An alternative view of punctuation and procedural signals is as combination Morse characters:
Ch Prosig Ch Prosig
─────────────────────────────
" [AF] ' [WG]
$ [SX] ( [KN]
) [KK] + [AR]
, [MIM] - [DU]
. [AAA] / [DN]
: [OS] ; [KR]
= [BT] ? [IMI]
_ [IQ] @ [AC]
< [VA],[SK] > [BK]
! [SN] & [AS]
^ [KA] ~ [AL]
NOTES
Despite the fact that this manual page constantly and consistently refers to Morse code elements as dots
and dashes, DO NOT think in these terms when trying to learn Morse code. Always think of them as 'dit's
and 'dah's.
SEE ALSO
Man pages for libcw(3,LOCAL), cw(1,LOCAL), cwgen(1,LOCAL), cwcp(1,LOCAL), and xcwcp(1,LOCAL).
CW Tutor Package CW(7)