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NAME

       CAKE - Common Applications Kept Enhanced (CAKE)

SYNOPSIS

       tc qdisc ... cake
       [ bandwidth RATE | unlimited* | autorate-ingress ]
       [  rtt  TIME  |  datacentre  |  lan | metro | regional | internet* | oceanic | satellite |
       interplanetary ]
       [ besteffort | diffserv8 | diffserv4 | diffserv3* ]
       [ flowblind | srchost | dsthost | hosts | flows | dual-srchost |  dual-dsthost  |  triple-
       isolate* ]
       [ nat | nonat* ]
       [ wash | nowash* ]
       [ split-gso* | no-split-gso ]
       [ ack-filter | ack-filter-aggressive | no-ack-filter* ]
       [ memlimit LIMIT ]
       [ fwmark MASK ]
       [ ptm | atm | noatm* ]
       [ overhead N | conservative | raw* ]
       [ mpu N ]
       [ ingress | egress* ]
       (* marks defaults)

DESCRIPTION

       CAKE  (Common Applications Kept Enhanced) is a shaping-capable queue discipline which uses
       both AQM and FQ.  It combines COBALT, which is an AQM algorithm combining Codel and  BLUE,
       a shaper which operates in deficit mode, and a variant of DRR++ for flow isolation.  8-way
       set-associative hashing is used to virtually eliminate hash collisions.  Priority  queuing
       is  available  through  a  simplified  diffserv implementation.  Overhead compensation for
       various encapsulation schemes is tightly integrated.

       All settings are optional; the default settings are chosen to be sensible in  most  common
       deployments.   Most  people  will  only  need to set the bandwidth parameter to get useful
       results, but reading the Overhead Compensation and Round Trip Time  sections  is  strongly
       encouraged.

SHAPER PARAMETERS

       CAKE  uses  a  deficit-mode  shaper,  which  does not exhibit the initial burst typical of
       token-bucket shapers.  It will automatically  burst  precisely  as  much  as  required  to
       maintain the configured throughput.  As such, it is very straightforward to configure.

       unlimited (default)
            No limit on the bandwidth.

       bandwidth RATE
            Set the shaper bandwidth.  See tc(8) or examples below for details of the RATE value.

       autorate-ingress
            Automatic  capacity estimation based on traffic arriving at this qdisc.  This is most
       likely to be useful with cellular  links,  which  tend  to  change  quality  randomly.   A
       bandwidth parameter can be used in conjunction to specify an initial estimate.  The shaper
       will periodically be set to a bandwidth slightly below the estimated rate.  This estimator
       cannot estimate the bandwidth of links downstream of itself.

OVERHEAD COMPENSATION PARAMETERS

       The  size  of  each  packet on the wire may differ from that seen by Linux.  The following
       parameters allow CAKE to compensate for this difference  by  internally  considering  each
       packet  to  be  bigger  than Linux informs it.  To assist users who are not expert network
       engineers, keywords have been provided to represent a number of common link technologies.

   Manual Overhead Specification
       overhead BYTES
            Adds BYTES to the size of each packet.  BYTES may be negative; values between -64 and
       256 (inclusive) are accepted.

       mpu BYTES
            Rounds  each  packet (including overhead) up to a minimum length BYTES. BYTES may not
       be negative; values between 0 and 256 (inclusive) are accepted.

       atm
            Compensates for ATM cell framing, which is normally found on  ADSL  links.   This  is
       performed after the overhead parameter above.  ATM uses fixed 53-byte cells, each of which
       can carry 48 bytes payload.

       ptm
            Compensates for PTM encoding, which is normally found  on  VDSL2  links  and  uses  a
       64b/65b  encoding  scheme. It is even more efficient to simply derate the specified shaper
       bandwidth by a factor of 64/65 or 0.984. See ITU G.992.3 Annex N and  IEEE  802.3  Section
       61.3 for details.

       noatm
            Disables ATM and PTM compensation.

   Failsafe Overhead Keywords
       These  two  keywords  are  provided  for  quick-and-dirty setup.  Use them if you can't be
       bothered to read the rest of this section.

       raw (default)
            Turns off all overhead compensation in CAKE.  The packet size reported by Linux  will
       be used directly.

            Other  overhead keywords may be added after "raw".  The effect of this is to make the
       overhead compensation operate relative to the reported packet size, not the underlying  IP
       packet size.

       conservative
            Compensates  for  more  overhead  than is likely to occur on any widely-deployed link
       technology.
            Equivalent to overhead 48 atm.

   ADSL Overhead Keywords
       Most ADSL modems have a way to check which framing scheme is in use.  Often this  is  also
       specified  in the settings document provided by the ISP.  The keywords in this section are
       intended to correspond with these sources of information.  All of them implicitly set  the
       atm flag.

       pppoa-vcmux
            Equivalent to overhead 10 atm

       pppoa-llc
            Equivalent to overhead 14 atm

       pppoe-vcmux
            Equivalent to overhead 32 atm

       pppoe-llcsnap
            Equivalent to overhead 40 atm

       bridged-vcmux
            Equivalent to overhead 24 atm

       bridged-llcsnap
            Equivalent to overhead 32 atm

       ipoa-vcmux
            Equivalent to overhead 8 atm

       ipoa-llcsnap
            Equivalent to overhead 16 atm

       See also the Ethernet Correction Factors section below.

   VDSL2 Overhead Keywords
       ATM  was dropped from VDSL2 in favour of PTM, which is a much more straightforward framing
       scheme.  Some ISPs retained PPPoE for compatibility with their existing back-end systems.

       pppoe-ptm
            Equivalent to overhead 30 ptm

            PPPoE: 2B PPP + 6B PPPoE +
            ETHERNET: 6B dest MAC + 6B src MAC + 2B ethertype + 4B Frame Check Sequence +
            PTM: 1B Start of Frame (S) + 1B End of Frame (Ck) + 2B TC-CRC (PTM-FCS)

       bridged-ptm
            Equivalent to overhead 22 ptm
            ETHERNET: 6B dest MAC + 6B src MAC + 2B ethertype + 4B Frame Check Sequence +
            PTM: 1B Start of Frame (S) + 1B End of Frame (Ck) + 2B TC-CRC (PTM-FCS)

       See also the Ethernet Correction Factors section below.

   DOCSIS Cable Overhead Keyword
       DOCSIS  is  the  universal  standard  for  providing  Internet   service   over   cable-TV
       infrastructure.

       In this case, the actual on-wire overhead is less important than the packet size the head-
       end equipment uses for shaping and metering.  This is specified to be  an  Ethernet  frame
       including the CRC (aka FCS).

       docsis
            Equivalent to overhead 18 mpu 64 noatm

   Ethernet Overhead Keywords
       ethernet
            Accounts  for  Ethernet's  preamble,  inter-frame gap, and Frame Check Sequence.  Use
       this keyword when the bottleneck being shaped for is an actual Ethernet cable.
            Equivalent to overhead 38 mpu 84 noatm

       ether-vlan
            Adds 4 bytes to the overhead compensation, accounting for an IEEE 802.1Q VLAN  header
       appended  to the Ethernet frame header.  NB: Some ISPs use one or even two of these within
       PPPoE; this keyword may be repeated as necessary to express this.

ROUND TRIP TIME PARAMETERS

       Active Queue Management (AQM) consists of embedding congestion signals in the packet flow,
       which  receivers  use  to  instruct  senders  to  slow down when the queue is persistently
       occupied.  CAKE uses ECN signalling when available, and packet drops otherwise,  according
       to a combination of the Codel and BLUE AQM algorithms called COBALT.

       Very  short  latencies  require  a  very rapid AQM response to adequately control latency.
       However, such a rapid  response  tends  to  impair  throughput  when  the  actual  RTT  is
       relatively long.  CAKE allows specifying the RTT it assumes for tuning various parameters.
       Actual RTTs within an order of magnitude  of  this  will  generally  work  well  for  both
       throughput and latency management.

       At  the 'lan' setting and below, the time constants are similar in magnitude to the jitter
       in the Linux kernel itself, so congestion might be signalled prematurely. The  flows  will
       then  become  sparse  and total throughput reduced, leaving little or no back-pressure for
       the fairness logic to work against. Use the "metro" setting for local lans unless you have
       a custom kernel.

       rtt TIME
            Manually specify an RTT.

       datacentre
            For extremely high-performance 10GigE+ networks only.  Equivalent to rtt 100us.

       lan
            For  pure  Ethernet  (not  Wi-Fi) networks, at home or in the office.  Don't use this
       when shaping for an Internet access link.  Equivalent to rtt 1ms.

       metro
            For traffic mostly within a single city.  Equivalent to rtt 10ms.

       regional
            For traffic mostly within a European-sized country.  Equivalent to rtt 30ms.

       internet (default)
            This is suitable for most Internet traffic.  Equivalent to rtt 100ms.

       oceanic
            For Internet traffic with generally above-average latency, such as that  suffered  by
       Australasian residents.  Equivalent to rtt 300ms.

       satellite
            For traffic via geostationary satellites.  Equivalent to rtt 1000ms.

       interplanetary
            So  named  because  Jupiter  is  about 1 light-hour from Earth.  Use this to (almost)
       completely disable AQM actions.  Equivalent to rtt 3600s.

FLOW ISOLATION PARAMETERS

       With flow isolation enabled, CAKE places  packets  from  different  flows  into  different
       queues,  each  of  which  carries  its  own  AQM  state.  Packets from each queue are then
       delivered fairly, according to a DRR++ algorithm  which  minimizes  latency  for  "sparse"
       flows.  CAKE uses a set-associative hashing algorithm to minimize flow collisions.

       These  keywords  specify  whether  fairness  based on source address, destination address,
       individual flows, or any combination of those is desired.

       flowblind
            Disables flow isolation; all traffic passes through a single queue for each tin.

       srchost
            Flows are defined only by source address.  Could be useful on the egress path  of  an
       ISP backhaul.

       dsthost
            Flows  are  defined only by destination address.  Could be useful on the ingress path
       of an ISP backhaul.

       hosts
            Flows are defined by source-destination host pairs.  This is host  isolation,  rather
       than flow isolation.

       flows
            Flows  are  defined  by  the  entire  5-tuple of source address, destination address,
       transport protocol, source port and destination port.  This is the type of flow  isolation
       performed by SFQ and fq_codel.

       dual-srchost
            Flows  are  defined  by  the  5-tuple,  and  fairness  is  applied  first over source
       addresses, then over individual flows.  Good for use on egress traffic from a LAN  to  the
       internet, where it'll prevent any one LAN host from monopolising the uplink, regardless of
       the number of flows they use.

       dual-dsthost
            Flows are defined by the 5-tuple, and fairness  is  applied  first  over  destination
       addresses,  then over individual flows.  Good for use on ingress traffic to a LAN from the
       internet, where it'll prevent any one LAN host from monopolising the downlink,  regardless
       of the number of flows they use.

       triple-isolate (default)
            Flows  are  defined  by  the  5-tuple,  and  fairness  is  applied  over source *and*
       destination addresses  intelligently  (ie.  not  merely  by  host-pairs),  and  also  over
       individual  flows.   Use  this  if you're not certain whether to use dual-srchost or dual-
       dsthost; it'll do both jobs at once, preventing any one host on *either* side of the  link
       from monopolising it with a large number of flows.

       nat
            Instructs  Cake  to  perform  a  NAT  lookup before applying flow-isolation rules, to
       determine the true addresses and port numbers of the packet, to improve  fairness  between
       hosts  "inside" the NAT.  This has no practical effect in "flowblind" or "flows" modes, or
       if NAT is performed on a different host.

       nonat (default)
            Cake will not perform a NAT lookup.  Flow  isolation  will  be  performed  using  the
       addresses and port numbers directly visible to the interface Cake is attached to.

PRIORITY QUEUE PARAMETERS

       CAKE  can  divide  traffic  into "tins" based on the Diffserv field.  Each tin has its own
       independent set of flow-isolation queues, and is serviced based on a  WRR  algorithm.   To
       avoid  perverse  Diffserv  marking incentives, tin weights have a "priority sharing" value
       when bandwidth used by that tin is below a threshold,  and  a  lower  "bandwidth  sharing"
       value when above.  Bandwidth is compared against the threshold using the same algorithm as
       the deficit-mode shaper.

       Detailed customisation of tin parameters is not provided.  The following  presets  perform
       all necessary tuning, relative to the current shaper bandwidth and RTT settings.

       besteffort
            Disables priority queuing by placing all traffic in one tin.

       precedence
            Enables  legacy  interpretation of TOS "Precedence" field.  Use of this preset on the
       modern Internet is firmly discouraged.

       diffserv4
            Provides a general-purpose Diffserv implementation with four tins:
                 Bulk (CS1, LE in kernel v5.9+), 6.25% threshold, generally low priority.
                 Best Effort (general), 100% threshold.
                 Video (AF4x, AF3x, CS3, AF2x, CS2, TOS4, TOS1), 50% threshold.
                 Voice (CS7, CS6, EF, VA, CS5, CS4), 25% threshold.

       diffserv3 (default)
            Provides a simple, general-purpose Diffserv implementation with three tins:
                 Bulk (CS1, LE in kernel v5.9+), 6.25% threshold, generally low priority.
                 Best Effort (general), 100% threshold.
                 Voice (CS7, CS6, EF, VA, TOS4), 25% threshold, reduced Codel interval.

       fwmark MASK
            This options turns on fwmark-based overriding of CAKE's tin selection.  If  set,  the
       option specifies a bitmask that will be applied to the fwmark associated with each packet.
       If the result of this masking is non-zero, the result will be right-shifted by the  number
       of  least-significant  unset  bits in the mask value, and the result will be used as a the
       tin number for that packet.  This can be used to set policies in a  firewall  script  that
       will override CAKE's built-in tin selection.

OTHER PARAMETERS

       memlimit LIMIT
            Limit  the  memory consumed by Cake to LIMIT bytes. Note that this does not translate
       directly  to  queue  size  (so  do  not  size  this  based  on  bandwidth  delay   product
       considerations,  but rather on worst case acceptable memory consumption), as there is some
       overhead in the data structures containing the packets, especially for small packets.

            By default, the limit is calculated based on the bandwidth and RTT settings.

       wash

            Traffic entering your diffserv domain is frequently mis-marked in  transit  from  the
       perspective  of  your  network,  and  traffic  exiting  yours  may  be mis-marked from the
       perspective of the transiting provider.

       Apply the wash option to clear all extra diffserv  (but  not  ECN  bits),  after  priority
       queuing has taken place.

       If  you  are  shaping  inbound, and cannot trust the diffserv markings (as is the case for
       Comcast Cable, among others), it is best to use a  single  queue  "besteffort"  mode  with
       wash.

       split-gso

            This  option  controls  whether  CAKE  will  split General Segmentation Offload (GSO)
       super-packets into their on-the-wire components and dequeue them individually.

       Super-packets are created by the networking stack to improve efficiency.  However, because
       they  are  larger  they  take  longer  to  dequeue, which translates to higher latency for
       competing flows, especially at lower bandwidths. CAKE defaults to splitting GSO packets to
       achieve  the  lowest possible latency. At link speeds higher than 10 Gbps, setting the no-
       split-gso parameter can increase the maximum achievable throughput by retaining  the  full
       GSO packets.

OVERRIDING CLASSIFICATION WITH TC FILTERS

       CAKE  supports  overriding of its internal classification of packets through the tc filter
       mechanism. Packets can be assigned to different priority  tins  by  setting  the  priority
       field on the skb, and the flow hashing can be overridden by setting the classid parameter.

       Tin override

               To  assign  a  priority tin, the major number of the priority field needs to match
       the qdisc handle of the cake instance; if it does, the minor number will be interpreted as
       the  tin  index. For example, to classify all ICMP packets as 'bulk', the following filter
       can be used:

               # tc qdisc replace dev eth0 handle 1: root cake diffserv3
               # tc filter add dev eth0 parent 1: protocol ip prio 1 \
                 u32 match icmp type 0 0 action skbedit priority 1:1

       Flow hash override

               To override flow hashing, the classid can be set. CAKE will  interpret  the  major
       number  of  the classid as the host hash used in host isolation mode, and the minor number
       as the flow hash used for flow-based queueing. One or both of those can be set,  and  will
       be  used  if  the relevant flow isolation parameter is set (i.e., the major number will be
       ignored if CAKE is not configured in hosts mode, and the minor number will be  ignored  if
       CAKE is not configured in flows mode).

       This example will assign all ICMP packets to the first queue:

               # tc qdisc replace dev eth0 handle 1: root cake
               # tc filter add dev eth0 parent 1: protocol ip prio 1 \
                 u32 match icmp type 0 0 classid 0:1

       If  only  one of the host and flow overrides is set, CAKE will compute the other hash from
       the packet as normal. Note, however, that the host isolation mode  works  by  assigning  a
       host  ID to the flow queue; so if overriding both host and flow, the same flow cannot have
       more than one host assigned. In addition, it is not possible to  assign  different  source
       and destination host IDs through the override mechanism; if a host ID is assigned, it will
       be used as both source and destination host.

EXAMPLES

       # tc qdisc delete root dev eth0
       # tc qdisc add root dev eth0 cake bandwidth 100Mbit ethernet
       # tc -s qdisc show dev eth0
       qdisc cake 1: root refcnt 2 bandwidth 100Mbit diffserv3 triple-isolate rtt  100.0ms  noatm
       overhead 38 mpu 84
        Sent 0 bytes 0 pkt (dropped 0, overlimits 0 requeues 0)
        backlog 0b 0p requeues 0
        memory used: 0b of 5000000b
        capacity estimate: 100Mbit
        min/max network layer size:        65535 /       0
        min/max overhead-adjusted size:    65535 /       0
        average network hdr offset:            0

                          Bulk  Best Effort        Voice
         thresh       6250Kbit      100Mbit       25Mbit
         target          5.0ms        5.0ms        5.0ms
         interval      100.0ms      100.0ms      100.0ms
         pk_delay          0us          0us          0us
         av_delay          0us          0us          0us
         sp_delay          0us          0us          0us
         pkts                0            0            0
         bytes               0            0            0
         way_inds            0            0            0
         way_miss            0            0            0
         way_cols            0            0            0
         drops               0            0            0
         marks               0            0            0
         ack_drop            0            0            0
         sp_flows            0            0            0
         bk_flows            0            0            0
         un_flows            0            0            0
         max_len             0            0            0
         quantum           300         1514          762

       After some use:
       # tc -s qdisc show dev eth0

       qdisc  cake  1: root refcnt 2 bandwidth 100Mbit diffserv3 triple-isolate rtt 100.0ms noatm
       overhead 38 mpu 84
        Sent 44709231 bytes 31931 pkt (dropped 45, overlimits 93782 requeues 0)
        backlog 33308b 22p requeues 0
        memory used: 292352b of 5000000b
        capacity estimate: 100Mbit
        min/max network layer size:           28 /    1500
        min/max overhead-adjusted size:       84 /    1538
        average network hdr offset:           14

                          Bulk  Best Effort        Voice
         thresh       6250Kbit      100Mbit       25Mbit
         target          5.0ms        5.0ms        5.0ms
         interval      100.0ms      100.0ms      100.0ms
         pk_delay        8.7ms        6.9ms        5.0ms
         av_delay        4.9ms        5.3ms        3.8ms
         sp_delay        727us        1.4ms        511us
         pkts             2590        21271         8137
         bytes         3081804     30302659     11426206
         way_inds            0           46            0
         way_miss            3           17            4
         way_cols            0            0            0
         drops              20           15           10
         marks               0            0            0
         ack_drop            0            0            0
         sp_flows            2            4            1
         bk_flows            1            2            1
         un_flows            0            0            0
         max_len          1514         1514         1514
         quantum           300         1514          762

SEE ALSO

       tc(8), tc-codel(8), tc-fq_codel(8), tc-htb(8)

AUTHORS

       Cake's principal author is Jonathan Morton, with contributions from Tony  Ambardar,  Kevin
       Darbyshire-Bryant,  Toke  Høiland-Jørgensen,  Sebastian Moeller, Ryan Mounce, Dean Scarff,
       Nils Andreas Svee, and Dave Täht.

       This manual page was written by Loganaden Velvindron. Please  report  corrections  to  the
       Linux Networking mailing list <netdev@vger.kernel.org>.