Provided by: as31_2.3.1-9_amd64 bug

NAME

       as31 - An Intel 8031/8051 assembler

SYNOPSIS

       as31 [-h] [-l] [-s] [-v] [-Aarg] [-Ffmt] [-Ofile] infile.asm

DESCRIPTION

       As31 assembles infile.asm into one of several different output formats. The output will be
       in a file called infile.obj. The .asm extenstion is required.

OPTIONS

       The options must appear before the input file name. Both options are optional. The text of
       each  flag  must  appear  on the same argument as the flag. For example, "-Fod" is a valid
       argument, but "-F od" is not.

       -h     This causes the assembler to print out a verbose message  describing  its  options.
              The message is written to the standard error.

       -l     This option tells the assembler to also generate a listing file.  A listing will be
              placed in the file infile.lst. Where 'infile' is the file that is being  assembled.
              This  option  may appear anywhere before infile.asm. The option must occur isolated
              on the command line.

              The listing file shows the assembler generated code in hex, and up to 60 characters
              are retained from the source file.

       -s     This causes the assembler to write output to standard output.

       -v     This causes the assembler to print a version number to the standard output.

       -Aarg  This  option  specifies  a  format  specific  string  which is passed to the format
              generator. Both format "tdr" and the srecord formats use this option.

       -Fformat
              This options specifies the output format that is to be used.

              Currently the only options available for this are:

              hex    This format is the Intel HEX format which is expected by a number  of  EPROM
                     programmers  and  the  PAULMON debugger.  For use with some programmers, the
                     output file's extension may have to be changed to .HEX to be  recognized  by
                     the programmer.  No -A option is used.  This format should be the default if
                     no -F option is used.

              tdr    This format generates an asci file of hex digits formatted in such a way, so
                     that  they  can be read by tdr's debugger. An argument can be specified (See
                     -A option) which will pass a format specific string to the format generator.
                     In  this  case,  the  argument  string  represents  an  offset to add to the
                     location counter. This offset  is  specified  in  decimal  and  defaults  to
                     64*1024  (0x10000).  To  specify  and  offset  of 100, you would need "-Ftdr
                     -A100" when invoking the assembler.

              byte   This format is simply an address and a byte on each line, in ascii.   No  -A
                     option is used.

              od     This  format  is similar to the output from od(1). The format consists of an
                     address followed by sixteen hexadecimal bytes, followed  by  the  equivilant
                     ASCII. No -A option is used.

              srec2, srec3, srec4
                     The  srecord generator is capable of generating output with any one of 2, 3,
                     or 4 byte addresses. The -A option can be  used  to  set  the  base  address
                     offset, the default here is 0x0000 (unlike tdr).

              NOTE:  This  assembler allows for the output formats to be expanded to include many
              different output formats.

       -Ofile This option tells the assembler to write the output to a file.

ASSEMBLER INSTRUCTIONS

       This assembler accepts standard  8031/8051  instruction  formats.   Below  is  a  list  of
       instructions and addressing modes.

              INSTRUCTION                             BYTES     CYCLES
              -----------                             -----     ------
              ACALL     addr11                        2         24
              ADD       A, #data8                     2         12
              ADD       A, @Ri                        1         12
              ADD       A, Rn                         1         12
              ADD       A, direct                     2         12
              ADDC      A, #data8                     2         12
              ADDC      A, @Ri                        1         12
              ADDC      A, Rn                         1         12
              ADDC      A, direct                     2         12
              AJMP      addr11                        2         24
              ANL       A, #data8                     2         12
              ANL       A, @Ri                        1         12
              ANL       A, Rn                         1         12
              ANL       A, direct                     2         12
              ANL       C, /bit                       2         24
              ANL       C, !bit                       2         24
              ANL       C, bit                        2         24
              ANL       direct, #data8                3         24
              ANL       direct, A                     2         12
              CJNE      @Ri, #data8, rel              3         24
              CJNE      A, #data8, rel                3         24
              CJNE      A, direct, rel                3         24
              CJNE      Rn, #data8, rel               3         24
              CLR       A                             1         12
              CLR       C                             1         12
              CLR       bit                           2         12
              CPL       A                             1         12
              CPL       C                             1         12
              CPL       bit                           2         12
              DA        A                             1         12
              DEC       @Ri                           1         12
              DEC       A                             1         12
              DEC       DPTR                          1         12
              DEC       Rn                            1         12
              DEC       direct                        2         12
              DIV       AB                            1         48
              DJNZ      Rn, rel                       2         24
              DJNZ      direct, rel                   3         24
              INC       @Ri                           1         12
              INC       A                             1         12
              INC       DPTR                          1         24
              INC       Rn                            1         12
              INC       direct                        2         12
              JB        bit, rel                      3         24
              JBC       bit, rel                      3         24
              JC        relative                      2         24
              JMP       @A + DPTR                     1         24
              JMP       @DPTR + A                     1         24
              JNB       bit, rel                      3         24
              JNC       relative                      2         24
              JNZ       relative                      2         24
              JZ        relative                      2         24
              LCALL     addr16                        3         24
              LJMP      addr16                        3         24
              MOV       @Ri, #data8                   2         12
              MOV       @Ri, A                        1         12
              MOV       @Ri, direct                   2         24
              MOV       A, #data8                     2         12
              MOV       A, @Ri                        1         12
              MOV       A, Rn                         1         12
              MOV       A, direct                     2         12
              MOV       C, bit                        2         12
              MOV       DPTR, #data16                 3         24
              MOV       Rn, #data8                    2         12
              MOV       Rn, A                         1         12
              MOV       Rn, direct                    2         24
              MOV       bit, C                        2         24
              MOV       direct, #data8                3         24
              MOV       direct, @Ri                   2         24
              MOV       direct, A                     2         12
              MOV       direct, Rn                    2         24
              MOV       direct, direct                3         24
              MOVC      A, @A + DPTR                  1         24
              MOVC      A, @A + PC                    1         24
              MOVC      A, @DPTR + A                  1         24
              MOVC      A, @PC + A                    1         24
              MOVX      @DPTR, A                      1         12
              MOVX      @Ri, A                        1         24
              MOVX      A, @DPTR                      1         24
              MOVX      A, @Ri                        1         24
              MUL       AB                            1         48
              NOP                                     1         12
              ORL       A, #data8                     2         12
              ORL       A, @Ri                        1         12
              ORL       A, Rn                         1         12
              ORL       A, direct                     2         12
              ORL       C, /bit                       2         24
              ORL       C, !bit                       2         24
              ORL       C, bit                        2         24
              ORL       direct, #data8                3         24
              ORL       direct, A                     2         12
              POP       direct                        2         24
              PUSH      direct                        2         24
              RET                                     1         24
              RETI                                    1         24
              RL        A                             1         12
              RLC       A                             1         12
              RR        A                             1         12
              RRC       A                             1         12
              SETB      A                             1         12
              SETB      bit                           2         12
              SJMP      relative                      2         24
              SUBB      A, #data8                     2         12
              SUBB      A, @Ri                        1         12
              SUBB      A, Rn                         1         12
              SUBB      A, direct                     2         12
              SWAP      A                             1         12
              XCH       A, #data8                     2         12
              XCH       A, @Ri                        1         12
              XCH       A, Rn                         1         12
              XCH       A, direct                     2         12
              XCHD      A, #data8                     2         12
              XCHD      A, @Ri                        1         12
              XCHD      A, Rn                         1         12
              XCHD      A, direct                     2         12
              XRL       A, #data8                     2         12
              XRL       A, @Ri                        1         12
              XRL       A, Rn                         1         12
              XRL       A, direct                     2         12
              XRL       direct, #data8                3         12
              XRL       direct, A                     2         12

ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

       As31 includes the following assembler directives:

       .ORG expr
              Start  assembling at the address specified by the expression expr.  An error occurs
              if the assembler starts assembling over an address space that has  previously  been
              assembled into.

       .EQU symbol, expr
              Set  symbol to the value of expr. The value for expr must be known during the first
              pass, when the line containing the .EQU is encountered.

       .BYTE expr, expr, ...
              Assemble the bytes specified by the expression into memory. A string  may  also  be
              specified with this directive.

       .WORD expr, expr, ...
              Assemble  the  words  specified  by  the expression into memory.  The byte ordering
              used, is that used by the 8031.

       .FLAG symbol1, symbol.[0-7]
              Sets symbol1 to the bit address specified by  the  symbol.[0-7]  expression.  Where
              [0-7] denotes a character between 0 and 7.  The resulting bit address is checked to
              see if it is a valid bit address.

       .END   This directive is ignored.

       .SKIP expr
              Adds the value of expr to  the  location  counter.  Used  to  reserve  a  block  of
              uninitialized data. Expr should be in bytes.

LEXICAL CONVENTIONS

       -      All characters following a semi-colon are ignored until a newline is encountered.

       -      All numbers default to decimal, unless the number starts with one of the following:

              0x or 0X
                     This indicates a hexadecimal number. ie. 0x00ff

              0b or 0B
                     This indicates a binary number. (1's and 0's). ie. 0b1100110010

              0      This indicates an octal number. ie. 0377

       -      All  numbers  default  to decimal, unless the number ends with one of the following
              characters:

              b or B This indicates a binary number. Unless 0x was used above.  ie. 1010101b

              h or H This always indicates a hex number, However the if the  first  character  is
                     non-numerical, then either 0x or 0 must be specified.  This avoids confusing
                     the assembler into thinking a hex number is a symbol.   For  example:  0ffh,
                     0xffh,  0XffH, 20h, 0x20 and 020h are means to specify a valid hexdigit. But
                     the following are not: ffh, 0ff.

              d or D This forces a number to decimal. Unless 0X was used. ie. 129d

              o or O This causes the number to be interpreted as octal. ie. 377o

       -      A character constant can be entered as 'c' where c is some character. \b,  \n,  \r,
              \t, \' \0 are also valid. A character constant can be used anywhere that an integer
              value can.

       -      A string is entered as a set of characters enclosed in double quotes "".  A  string
              is  only valid with the .BYTE directive. \b, \n, \r, \t, \" are also valid escapes.
              However \0 is not.

       -      Instructions, directives, and the symbols: R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7,  A,  AB,
              and  C  can  be  entered  in upper or lower case without assembler confusion. These
              words however cannot be defined as a user symbol.  Any user symbol may be used, and
              case  will  be  preserved.  So  the user symbols "foo" and "Foo" are different, but
              "addc" is the same as "aDdC".

       -      A symbol can be any alpha numerical character plus the underscore ('_').

       -      Expressions are accepted in most places where a value or a  symbol  is  needed.  An
              expression  consists  of the following operators. All operators evaulate to integer
              objects (higher precedence opertors listed first):

              -      Unary minus

              &      Bit-wise AND.

              |      Bit-Wise OR.

              *      Integer multiplication.

              /      Integer division

              %      Integer modulus

              +      Integer addition.

              -      Integer subtraction.

       -      In addition to these operators, a special symbol '*' may be used to  represent  the
              current location counter.

EXAMPLES

              Below is a sample assembly program.

                              .org    0
              start:          mov     P3, #0xff       ; use alternate fns on P3
                                                      ; leds on P1 are inverted.
                              setb    F0              ; climbing up
                              mov     A, #0x01        ; initial bit

              write:          cpl     A               ; write it
                              mov     P1, A
                              cpl     A
                              acall   delay
                              jb      F0, climbup     ; climbing which way?

              climbdn:        rr      A               ; down - shift right
                              jnb     ACC.0, write    ; back for more
                              setb    F0
                              ajmp    write

              climbup:        rl      A               ; up - shift left
                              jnb     ACC.7, write    ; back for more
                              clr     F0
                              ajmp    write
                              .end                    ; this directive ignored.

AUTHORS

       Ken Stauffer (University of Calgary) <stauffer@cpsc.ucalgary.ca>
       Martin Langer <martin-langer@gmx.de>

                                                                                          AS31(1)