Provided by: minimap2_2.24+dfsg-2_amd64 
NAME
minimap2 - mapping and alignment between collections of DNA sequences
SYNOPSIS
* Indexing the target sequences (optional):
minimap2 [-x preset] -d target.mmi target.fa
minimap2 [-H] [-k kmer] [-w miniWinSize] [-I batchSize] -d target.mmi target.fa
* Long-read alignment with CIGAR:
minimap2 -a [-x preset] target.mmi query.fa > output.sam
minimap2 -c [-H] [-k kmer] [-w miniWinSize] [...] target.fa query.fa > output.paf
* Long-read overlap without CIGAR:
minimap2 -x ava-ont [-t nThreads] target.fa query.fa > output.paf
DESCRIPTION
Minimap2 is a fast sequence mapping and alignment program that can find overlaps between
long noisy reads, or map long reads or their assemblies to a reference genome optionally
with detailed alignment (i.e. CIGAR). At present, it works efficiently with query
sequences from a few kilobases to ~100 megabases in length at a error rate ~15%. Minimap2
outputs in the PAF or the SAM format.
OPTIONS
Indexing options
-k INT Minimizer k-mer length [15]
-w INT Minimizer window size [10]. A minimizer is the smallest k-mer in a window of w
consecutive k-mers.
-H Use homopolymer-compressed (HPC) minimizers. An HPC sequence is constructed by
contracting homopolymer runs to a single base. An HPC minimizer is a minimizer
on the HPC sequence.
-I NUM Load at most NUM target bases into RAM for indexing [4G]. If there are more than
NUM bases in target.fa, minimap2 needs to read query.fa multiple times to map it
against each batch of target sequences. NUM may be ending with k/K/m/M/g/G. NB:
mapping quality is incorrect given a multi-part index.
--idx-no-seq
Don't store target sequences in the index. It saves disk space and memory but
the index generated with this option will not work with -a or -c. When base-
level alignment is not requested, this option is automatically applied.
-d FILE Save the minimizer index of target.fa to FILE [no dump]. Minimap2 indexing is
fast. It can index the human genome in a couple of minutes. If even shorter
startup time is desired, use this option to save the index. Indexing options are
fixed in the index file. When an index file is provided as the target sequences,
options -H, -k, -w, -I will be effectively overridden by the options stored in
the index file.
--alt FILE
List of ALT contigs [null]
--alt-drop FLOAT
Drop ALT hits by FLOAT fraction when ranking and computing mapping quality
[0.15]
Mapping options
-f FLOAT|INT1[,INT2]
If fraction, ignore top FLOAT fraction of most frequent minimizers [0.0002]. If
integer, ignore minimizers occuring more than INT1 times. INT2 is only
effective in the --sr or -xsr mode, which sets the threshold for a second round
of seeding.
-U INT1[,INT2]
Lower and upper bounds of k-mer occurrences [10,1000000]. The final k-mer
occurrence threshold is max{INT1, min{INT2, -f}}. This option prevents
excessively small or large -f estimated from the input reference. Available
since r1034 and deprecating --min-occ-floor in earlier versions of minimap2.
--q-occ-frac FLOAT
Discard a query minimizer if its occurrence is higher than FLOAT fraction of
query minimizers and than the reference occurrence threshold [0.01]. Set 0 to
disable. Available since r1105.
-e INT Sample a high-frequency minimizer every INT basepairs [500].
-g NUM Stop chain enlongation if there are no minimizers within NUM-bp [10k].
-r NUM1[,NUM2]
Bandwidth for chaining and base alignment [500,20k]. NUM1 is used for initial
chaining and alignment extension; NUM2 for RMQ-based re-chaining and closing
gaps in alignments.
-n INT Discard chains consisting of <INT number of minimizers [3]
-m INT Discard chains with chaining score <INT [40]. Chaining score equals the
approximate number of matching bases minus a concave gap penalty. It is computed
with dynamic programming.
-D If query sequence name/length are identical to the target name/length, ignore
diagonal anchors. This option also reduces DP-based extension along the
diagonal.
-P Retain all chains and don't attempt to set primary chains. Options -p and -N
have no effect when this option is in use.
--dual=yes|no
If no, skip query-target pairs wherein the query name is lexicographically
greater than the target name [yes]
-X Equivalent to '-DP --dual=no --no-long-join'. Primarily used for all-vs-all
read overlapping.
-p FLOAT Minimal secondary-to-primary score ratio to output secondary mappings [0.8].
Between two chains overlaping over half of the shorter chain (controlled by -M),
the chain with a lower score is secondary to the chain with a higher score. If
the ratio of the scores is below FLOAT, the secondary chain will not be
outputted or extended with DP alignment later. This option has no effect when
-X is applied.
-N INT Output at most INT secondary alignments [5]. This option has no effect when -X
is applied.
-G NUM Maximum gap on the reference (effective with -xsplice/--splice). This option
also changes the chaining and alignment band width to NUM. Increasing this
option slows down spliced alignment. [200k]
-F NUM Maximum fragment length (aka insert size; effective with -xsr/--frag=yes) [800]
-M FLOAT Mark as secondary a chain that overlaps with a better chain by FLOAT or more of
the shorter chain [0.5]
--rmq=no|yes
Use the minigraph chaining algorithm [no]. The minigraph algorithm is better for
aligning contigs through long INDELs.
--hard-mask-level
Honor option -M and disable a heurstic to save unmapped subsequences and
disables --mask-len.
--mask-len NUM
Keep an alignment if dropping it leaves an unaligned region on query longer than
INT [inf]. Effective without --hard-mask-level.
--max-chain-skip INT
A heuristics that stops chaining early [25]. Minimap2 uses dynamic programming
for chaining. The time complexity is quadratic in the number of seeds. This
option makes minimap2 exits the inner loop if it repeatedly sees seeds already
on chains. Set INT to a large number to switch off this heurstics.
--max-chain-iter INT
Check up to INT partial chains during chaining [5000]. This is a heuristic to
avoid quadratic time complexity in the worst case.
--chain-gap-scale FLOAT
Scale of gap cost during chaining [1.0]
--no-long-join
Disable the long gap patching heuristic. When this option is applied, the
maximum alignment gap is mostly controlled by -r.
--splice Enable the splice alignment mode.
--sr Enable short-read alignment heuristics. In the short-read mode, minimap2 applies
a second round of chaining with a higher minimizer occurrence threshold if no
good chain is found. In addition, minimap2 attempts to patch gaps between seeds
with ungapped alignment.
--split-prefix STR
Prefix to create temporary files. Typically used for a multi-part index.
--frag=no|yes
Whether to enable the fragment mode [no]
--for-only
Only map to the forward strand of the reference sequences. For paired-end reads
in the forward-reverse orientation, the first read is mapped to forward strand
of the reference and the second read to the reverse stand.
--rev-only
Only map to the reverse complement strand of the reference sequences.
--heap-sort=no|yes
If yes, sort anchors with heap merge, instead of radix sort. Heap merge is
faster for short reads, but slower for long reads. [no]
--no-pairing
Treat two reads in a pair as independent reads. The mate related fields in SAM
are still properly populated.
--no-hash-name
Produce the same alignment for identical sequences regardless of their sequence
names.
Alignment options
-A INT Matching score [2]
-B INT Mismatching penalty [4]
-O INT1[,INT2]
Gap open penalty [4,24]. If INT2 is not specified, it is set to INT1.
-E INT1[,INT2]
Gap extension penalty [2,1]. A gap of length k costs min{O1+k*E1,O2+k*E2}. In
the splice mode, the second gap penalties are not used.
-C INT Cost for a non-canonical GT-AG splicing (effective with --splice) [0]
-z INT1[,INT2]
Truncate an alignment if the running alignment score drops too quickly along the
diagonal of the DP matrix (diagonal X-drop, or Z-drop) [400,200]. If the drop of
score is above INT2, minimap2 will reverse complement the query in the related
region and align again to test small inversions. Minimap2 truncates alignment if
there is an inversion or the drop of score is greater than INT1. Decrease INT2
to find small inversions at the cost of performance and false positives.
Increase INT1 to improves the contiguity of alignment at the cost of poor
alignment in the middle.
-s INT Minimal peak DP alignment score to output [40]. The peak score is computed from
the final CIGAR. It is the score of the max scoring segment in the alignment and
may be different from the total alignment score.
-u CHAR How to find canonical splicing sites GT-AG - f: transcript strand; b: both
strands; n: no attempt to match GT-AG [n]
--end-bonus INT
Score bonus when alignment extends to the end of the query sequence [0].
--score-N INT
Score of a mismatch involving ambiguous bases [1].
--splice-flank=yes|no
Assume the next base to a GT donor site tends to be A/G (91% in human and 92% in
mouse) and the preceding base to a AG acceptor tends to be C/T [no]. This trend
is evolutionarily conservative, all the way to S. cerevisiae (PMID:18688272).
Specifying this option generally leads to higher junction accuracy by several
percents, so it is applied by default with --splice. However, the SIRV control
does not honor this trend (only ~60%). This option reduces accuracy. If you are
benchmarking minimap2 on SIRV data, please add --splice-flank=no to the command
line.
--junc-bed FILE
Gene annotations in the BED12 format (aka 12-column BED), or intron positions in
5-column BED. With this option, minimap2 prefers splicing in annotations. BED12
file can be converted from GTF/GFF3 with `paftools.js gff2bed anno.gtf' [].
--junc-bonus INT
Score bonus for a splice donor or acceptor found in annotation (effective with
--junc-bed) [9].
--end-seed-pen INT
Drop a terminal anchor if s<log(g)+INT, where s is the local alignment score
around the anchor and g the length of the terminal gap in the chain. This option
is only effective with --splice. It helps to avoid tiny terminal exons. [6]
--no-end-flt
Don't filter seeds towards the ends of chains before performing base-level
alignment.
--cap-sw-mem NUM
Skip alignment if the DP matrix size is above NUM. Set 0 to disable [100m].
--cap-kalloc NUM
Free thread-local kalloc memory reservoir if after the alignment the size of the
reservoir above NUM. Set 0 to disable [0].
Input/output options
-a Generate CIGAR and output alignments in the SAM format. Minimap2 outputs in PAF
by default.
-o FILE Output alignments to FILE [stdout].
-Q Ignore base quality in the input file.
-L Write CIGAR with >65535 operators at the CG tag. Older tools are unable to
convert alignments with >65535 CIGAR ops to BAM. This option makes minimap2 SAM
compatible with older tools. Newer tools recognizes this tag and reconstruct the
real CIGAR in memory.
-R STR SAM read group line in a format like @RG\tID:foo\tSM:bar [].
-y Copy input FASTA/Q comments to output.
-c Generate CIGAR. In PAF, the CIGAR is written to the `cg' custom tag.
--cs[=STR]
Output the cs tag. STR can be either short or long. If no STR is given, short
is assumed. [none]
--MD Output the MD tag (see the SAM spec).
--eqx Output =/X CIGAR operators for sequence match/mismatch.
-Y In SAM output, use soft clipping for supplementary alignments.
--seed INT
Integer seed for randomizing equally best hits. Minimap2 hashes INT and read
name when choosing between equally best hits. [11]
-t INT Number of threads [3]. Minimap2 uses at most three threads when indexing target
sequences, and uses up to INT+1 threads when mapping (the extra thread is for
I/O, which is frequently idle and takes little CPU time).
-2 Use two I/O threads during mapping. By default, minimap2 uses one I/O thread.
When I/O is slow (e.g. piping to gzip, or reading from a slow pipe), the I/O
thread may become the bottleneck. Apply this option to use one thread for input
and another thread for output, at the cost of increased peak RAM.
-K NUM Number of bases loaded into memory to process in a mini-batch [500M]. Similar
to option -I, K/M/G/k/m/g suffix is accepted. A large NUM helps load balancing
in the multi-threading mode, at the cost of increased memory.
--secondary=yes|no
Whether to output secondary alignments [yes]
--max-qlen NUM
Filter out query sequences longer than NUM.
--paf-no-hit
In PAF, output unmapped queries; the strand and the reference name fields are
set to `*'. Warning: some paftools.js commands may not work with such output for
the moment.
--sam-hit-only
In SAM, don't output unmapped reads.
--version Print version number to stdout
Preset options
-x STR Preset []. This option applies multiple options at the same time. It should be
applied before other options because options applied later will overwrite the
values set by -x. Available STR are:
map-ont Align noisy long reads of ~10% error rate to a reference genome. This
is the default mode.
map-hifi Align PacBio high-fidelity (HiFi) reads to a reference genome (-k19
-w19 -U50,500 -g10k -A1 -B4 -O6,26 -E2,1 -s200).
map-pb Align older PacBio continuous long (CLR) reads to a reference genome
(-Hk19).
asm5 Long assembly to reference mapping (-k19 -w19 -U50,500 --rmq -r1k,100k
-g10k -A1 -B19 -O39,81 -E3,1 -s200 -z200 -N50). Typically, the
alignment will not extend to regions with 5% or higher sequence
divergence. Only use this preset if the average divergence is far
below 5%.
asm10 Long assembly to reference mapping (-k19 -w19 -U50,500 --rmq -r1k,100k
-g10k -A1 -B9 -O16,41 -E2,1 -s200 -z200 -N50). Up to 10% sequence
divergence.
asm20 Long assembly to reference mapping (-k19 -w10 -U50,500 --rmq -r1k,100k
-g10k -A1 -B4 -O6,26 -E2,1 -s200 -z200 -N50). Up to 20% sequence
divergence.
splice Long-read spliced alignment (-k15 -w5 --splice -g2k -G200k -A1 -B2
-O2,32 -E1,0 -b0 -C9 -z200 -ub --junc-bonus=9 --cap-sw-mem=0 --splice-
flank=yes). In the splice mode, 1) long deletions are taken as
introns and represented as the `N' CIGAR operator; 2) long insertions
are disabled; 3) deletion and insertion gap costs are different during
chaining; 4) the computation of the `ms' tag ignores introns to demote
hits to pseudogenes.
splice:hq Long-read splice alignment for PacBio CCS reads (-xsplice -C5 -O6,24
-B4).
sr Short single-end reads without splicing (-k21 -w11 --sr --frag=yes -A2
-B8 -O12,32 -E2,1 -b0 -r100 -p.5 -N20 -f1000,5000 -n2 -m25 -s40 -g100
-2K50m --heap-sort=yes --secondary=no).
ava-pb PacBio CLR all-vs-all overlap mapping (-Hk19 -Xw5 -e0 -m100).
ava-ont Oxford Nanopore all-vs-all overlap mapping (-k15 -Xw5 -e0 -m100 -r2k).
Miscellaneous options
--no-kalloc
Use the libc default allocator instead of the kalloc thread-local allocator.
This debugging option is mostly used with Valgrind to detect invalid memory
accesses. Minimap2 runs slower with this option, especially in the multi-
threading mode.
--print-qname
Print query names to stderr, mostly to see which query is crashing minimap2.
--print-seeds
Print seed positions to stderr, for debugging only.
OUTPUT FORMAT
Minimap2 outputs mapping positions in the Pairwise mApping Format (PAF) by default. PAF is
a TAB-delimited text format with each line consisting of at least 12 fields as are
described in the following table:
┌────┬────────┬─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│Col │ Type │ Description │
├────┼────────┼─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 1 │ string │ Query sequence name │
│ 2 │ int │ Query sequence length │
│ 3 │ int │ Query start coordinate (0-based) │
│ 4 │ int │ Query end coordinate (0-based) │
│ 5 │ char │ `+' if query/target on the same strand; `-' if opposite │
│ 6 │ string │ Target sequence name │
│ 7 │ int │ Target sequence length │
│ 8 │ int │ Target start coordinate on the original strand │
│ 9 │ int │ Target end coordinate on the original strand │
│ 10 │ int │ Number of matching bases in the mapping │
│ 11 │ int │ Number bases, including gaps, in the mapping │
│ 12 │ int │ Mapping quality (0-255 with 255 for missing) │
└────┴────────┴─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
When alignment is available, column 11 gives the total number of sequence matches,
mismatches and gaps in the alignment; column 10 divided by column 11 gives the BLAST-like
alignment identity. When alignment is unavailable, these two columns are approximate. PAF
may optionally have additional fields in the SAM-like typed key-value format. Minimap2 may
output the following tags:
┌────┬──────┬───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│Tag │ Type │ Description │
├────┼──────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ tp │ A │ Type of aln: P/primary, S/secondary and I,i/inversion │
│ cm │ i │ Number of minimizers on the chain │
│ s1 │ i │ Chaining score │
│ s2 │ i │ Chaining score of the best secondary chain │
│ NM │ i │ Total number of mismatches and gaps in the alignment │
│ MD │ Z │ To generate the ref sequence in the alignment │
│ AS │ i │ DP alignment score │
│ SA │ Z │ List of other supplementary alignments │
│ ms │ i │ DP score of the max scoring segment in the alignment │
│ nn │ i │ Number of ambiguous bases in the alignment │
│ ts │ A │ Transcript strand (splice mode only) │
│ cg │ Z │ CIGAR string (only in PAF) │
│ cs │ Z │ Difference string │
│ dv │ f │ Approximate per-base sequence divergence │
│ de │ f │ Gap-compressed per-base sequence divergence │
│ rl │ i │ Length of query regions harboring repetitive seeds │
└────┴──────┴───────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
The cs tag encodes difference sequences in the short form or the entire query AND
reference sequences in the long form. It consists of a series of operations:
┌───┬────────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────────┐
│Op │ Regex │ Description │
├───┼────────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────┤
│ = │ [ACGTN]+ │ Identical sequence (long form) │
│ : │ [0-9]+ │ Identical sequence length │
│ * │ [acgtn][acgtn] │ Substitution: ref to query │
│ + │ [acgtn]+ │ Insertion to the reference │
│ - │ [acgtn]+ │ Deletion from the reference │
│ ~ │ [acgtn]{2}[0-9]+[acgtn]{2} │ Intron length and splice signal │
└───┴────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────┘
LIMITATIONS
* Minimap2 may produce suboptimal alignments through long low-complexity regions where
seed positions may be suboptimal. This should not be a big concern because even the
optimal alignment may be wrong in such regions.
* Minimap2 requires SSE2 or NEON instructions to compile. It is possible to add non-
SSE2/NEON support, but it would make minimap2 slower by several times.
SEE ALSO
miniasm(1), minimap(1), bwa(1).